O Metano (CH4) é o segundo gás de efeito estufa mais importante, com aproximadamente 40% de sua emissão proveniente de fontes naturais, enquanto as fontes antrópicas representam cerca de 60%. Sua média global em 2009 foi de 1803ppb, que representa um aumento de 5ppb em relação ao ano anterior. Neste estudo foram calculados os fluxos de CH4, utilizando medidas de perfis verticais com aviões de pequeno porte, desde a superfície até 4,4km na Bacia Amazônica, sobre Santarém (SAN), Alta Floresta (ALF), Rio Branco (RBA) e Tabatinga (TAB), por meio do Método de Integração de Coluna. Estas medidas de CH4 em escala regional até o presente momento são únicas e representam uma nova abordagem nas emissões nesta escala. As medidas em SAN foram realizadas entre 2000 e 2010 e o fluxo de CH4 encontrado para este período foi de 53,0 ± 27,9mgCH4.m-2.dia-1. Para o ano de 2010, o maior fluxo de emissão de CH4 foi observado no lado leste da Bacia Amazônica, entre a costa e SAN, 56,4 ± 22,4mgCH4.m-2.dia-1. Entre a costa e ALF, ao sul da Bacia Amazônica, o fluxo médio anual foi de 17,1 ± 2,3mgCH4.m-2.dia-1, e entre a costa e os locais TAB e RBA, no lado oeste da Bacia, foi observado um fluxo médio anual de 18,7 ± 4,2 e 19,3 ± 10,2mgCH4.m-2.dia-1, respectivamente. Extrapolando os resultados obtidos em TAB e RBA para toda a área da Bacia Amazônica (5 milhões Km2) obtêm-se uma emissão de 34,7 ± 13,5TgCH4.ano-1. Com o objetivo de determinar a influência da queima de biomassa no fluxo regional de emissão de CH4, foi utilizada a correlação 6,4ppbCO/ppbCH4 calculada neste estudo, ALF foi o local de estudo que apresentou a maior influência no fluxo de CH4 oriundo da queima de biomassa, 23% do fluxo total anual. / Methane (CH4) is the second most important greenhouse gas with approximately 40% of emission from natural sources, while anthropogenic sources account for about 60%. The global average was 1803ppb in 2009, representing an increase of 5ppb in relation to the previous year. This study calculated the fluxes of CH4, using measurements of vertical profiles with small aircraft, from the surface to 4.4km in the Amazon Basin, over Santarém (SAN), Alta Floresta (ALF), Rio Branco (RBA) and Tabatinga (TAB), using the Column Integration Technique. These measurements of CH4 at a regional scale until now are unique and represent a new approach to emissions on this scale. SAN measurements were realized between 2000 and 2010 and CH4 flux found for this period was 53.0 ± 27.9mgCH4.m-2.day-1. For the year 2010, the largest flux of CH4 emission was observed in the eastern Amazon Basin, between the coast and SAN, 56.4 ± 22.4mgCH4.m-2.day-1. Between the coast and ALF, located in the south of the Amazon Basin, the annual mean flux was 17.1 ± 2.3mgCH4.m -2.day-1, and between the coast and the local TAB and RBA on the west side of the Basin was observed an mean annual flux of 18.7 ± 4.2 and 19.3 ± 10.2mgCH4.m-2.day-1, respectively. Extrapolating the results obtained in TAB and RBA for the whole area of the Amazon Basin (5 million km2) to obtain an emission of 34,7 ± 13,5TgCH4.year-1. In order to determine the influence of biomass burning on regional emission flux of CH4, was used a correlation 6.4ppbCO/ppbCH4 calculated in this study, ALF was the site that had the most influence on the CH4 flux from the burning biomass, 23% of the total annual flux.

Neste trabalho apresenta-se o estudo da transferência de massa (oxigênio) de bolhas de ar para a água, geradas por um difusor de ar, confeccionado com plástico microporoso e de fabricação nacional, em uma coluna de aeração. O processo de aeração conduziu à determinação do coeficiente volumétrico de transferência de massa, coeficiente volumétrico de transferência de massa global, e foi executado na coluna mencionada, construída em material transparente. Utilizou-se água de fonte, existente no abastecimento do Laboratório de Hidráulica Ambiental (SHS/CRHEA). Variou-se a vazão do ar no processo de aeração de 400 l/h a 2.000 l/h e o nível de água dentro da coluna de 0,50 m a 1,80 m. Optou-se pelo método químico para deaerar a água, utilizando sulfito de sódio anidro antes do início de cada ensaio. O aparelho WTW-323, um medidor de oxigênio do tipo membrana permeável, foi usado para determinar a evolução da concentração de oxigênio dissolvido na água durante todo o processo de aeração. Características hidrodinâmicas foram quantificadas, como os campos de velocidade ascensional das bolhas de ar, o diâmetro equivalente das bolhas e sua freqüência de ocorrência. Para essas quantificações utilizou-se equipamento Laser para velocimetria não-intrusiva. As características mencionadas são fundamentais para verificar as previsões para o coeficiente de transferência de massa encontradas na literatura. A coluna usada tem seção transversal quadrada de 0,19 m x 0,19 m, constante em toda sua extensão, e altura de 2,00 m. Através da determinação da eficiência de transferência de massa de oxigênio na água, variando a vazão de aeração e o nível de água na coluna, concluiu-se que a vazão entre 600 l/h e 800 l/h e nível de água de 1.80 m é que apresentou maior eficiência de transferência de massa. / The present work is a study of the oxygen mass transfer from air bubbles into water, generated by a diffuser of air, in a column of aeration. This diffuser was made of microporous plastic and produced in Brazil. The process of aeration in the column built with transparent material determined the volumetric coeficient of the mass transfer Kla. Water from the well located in the Environmental Hydraulic Laboratory (SHS/CRHEA) was used. The air flow in the process of aeration was changed from 400 l/h to 2000 l/h and the level of water, from 0,50 m to 1,80 m. The chemical method was chosen to deoxygenate water and sulfite of anhydrous sodium was used before starting each experiment. The equipment WTW-323, an oxygen gauge with permeable membrane, was used to determine the development of the oxygen concentration dissolved in water during the process of aeration. Several hydrodinamic characteristics were measured, such as the velocity range of the air bubbles, their diameter and their frequency, by using a laser equipment for non-intrusive velocimetry. These characteristics are fundamental to check the mass transfer coeficient that are in literature. The column used for the experiment had a square cross section of 0,19 m x 0,19 m in alI extension and height of 2 meters. After determination of the efficiency of the mass transfer of oxygen into water, changing the air flow rate and the level of water in the column, it was concluded that the air flow between 600 l/h and 800 l/h and the level of water of 1,80 m were the most efficient.

Orientador: Roberto Luzzi / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Fisica Gleb Wataghin / Made available in DSpace on 2018-07-14T06:06:03Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Bassi_AlmaAidaGarciade_M.pdf: 1566192 bytes, checksum: 5f933b8d20f3ee66f288e42b2b9e9a5c (MD5) Previous issue date: 1975 / Resumo: Estudamos a constante dielétrica e o coeficiente de absorção do gás de elétrons em cujo estado fundamental se desenvolve uma onda estática de carga. Aplicamos ao caso de metais do tipo alcalino. Uma contribuição adicional ao coeficiente de absorção2 foi encontrada, e mostra-se na forma de uma banda que antecede e se extende até o nascedouro da contribuição interbanda. Não obstante, esta contribuição resulta ser um par de ordens de grandeza menor que a usual interbanda, e só uma muito alta resolução experimental seria capaz de evidenciá-la / Abstract: Not informed. / Mestrado / Física / Mestre em Física

Numerous informal houses have been built on and adjacent to a landfill in iBayi, Port Elizabeth, South Africa, which accepted domestic and industrial waste. Formal housing surrounds most of the site at a greater distance - some 60 m, or further, from the landfill. Both formal and informally housed residents complain of odours, burning eyes, sore throats and headaches - symptoms which they believed were caused by the landfill. The landfill gas and ambient air were analyzed to classify and quantify the VOCs (volatile organic compounds) emitted and then to compare the quantitative data with recognised standards to establish if the residents are at risk. Eighteen target (potentially hazardous) VOCs were quantified. A wide variety of compounds were detected in both the ambient air and landfill gas. The results of the VOC analyses were similar to those of other workers in both the qualitative and quantitative studies. The concentrations of the VOCs were mostly lower than the TLV (threshold limit values) values, but exceeded the MRLs (minimum recommended levels). The combined concentrations of the VOC’s in the ambient air either approached or exceeded the limit values for combined exposure thus indicating that a potential health hazard exists. One third of the VOCs were detected in both the ambient air and the subsurface gas, however, external pollution sources also appear to contribute to the VOC concentrations ambient air. Dangerously high methane concentrations were repeatedly detected in the landfill gas amongst the informal houses. There was a vast improvement in the aesthetic qualities of the landfill since the disposal restriction to accept only domestic refuse and building rubble in July 1997. The ambient air was less odorous and landfill site littered. Fewer informal recyclers were present and their concomitant squabbling over valuables had almost vanished. The management of the iBayi landfill holds much room for improvement. There is potential for serious injury or even death if no action is taken to remedy the problems at the iBayi landfill. A holistic solution will have to be found to make the landfill a safe neighbour. Some complementary analyses (such as pH, heavy metal concentrations in the water and sediments etc.) were performed on the leachate and water surrounding the landfill.

The perturbation in a glow discharge in hydrogen is studied theoretically and experimentally. In an ordinary glow discharge a perturbation has been produced by applying a small sinusoidal high frequency electric field. This modulates the electron energy and hence the number density of atoms in excited states; The relative phase and amplitude of light emitted in the first four lines of the Balmer series have been measured. A theory based on the work of Bates et al, is developed in this thesis and the results predicted give better agreement with the experimental values than do alternative theories which have been published recently. These if absorption of line radiation by the discharge is shown to have a critical effect on the behaviour of the plasma. The limitations and validity of assumptions are discussed and a modified experiment is suggested. / Science, Faculty of / Physics and Astronomy, Department of / Graduate

Ingeniero Civil / En el presente trabajo de título se presenta una metodología para la evaluación energética y medición de la huella de carbono operacional de un edificio existente, tomando como caso de estudio las oficinas pertenecientes a la división Construcción, al interior del edificio de IDIEM ubicado en el campus de la FCFM. Debido a que no existe un procedimiento para calcular huella de carbono de edificios en etapa de uso en Chile, la primera etapa de la investigación consiste en una revisión y comparación de las metodologías usadas comúnmente a nivel internacional. El resultado de esta etapa es la identificación de la metodología más adecuada, o adaptación de esta, para aplicar al caso de estudio. La metodología propuesta está orientada a la identificación de oportunidades de reducción de emisiones de GEI mediante medidas de eficiencia energética. Además, plantea la utilización de un modelo energético calibrado del edificio como fuente de información de datos de consumo, con lo cual se pretende dar solución a los problemas de falta de información que normalmente se presenta en edificios existentes Con la metodología definida se procede al cálculo de la huella de carbono de las oficinas de la división Construcción. De esta etapa se obtiene el total de gases efecto invernadero, expresados en toneladas equivalentes de CO2, que las oficinas en estudio liberan al ambiente durante su operación. La última etapa del trabajo corresponde a la elaboración de una guía de buenas prácticas para la medición de huella de carbono para edificios existentes. En el texto se resume los diversos aspectos y los resultados de la investigación realizada, que se estima puedan servir de guía para otros casos de estudio.

TESIS PARA OPTAR AL GRADO DE MAGÍSTER EN CONTROL DE GESTIÓN / Gases Multinacionales Chile S.A. es una filial del Grupo Gases Mundiales, empresa líder en la producción y comercialización de gases del aire para sectores industriales, salud y medio ambiente, entregando un servicio completo avalado por su presencia en más de 75 países y sus más de 100 años de experiencia en el rubro. Las operaciones comerciales se inician a principios de los años ‘90 como filial dependiente de Gases Multinacionales Brasil. A partir del año 2005 comienza a operar como una filial directa del grupo, la cual ya comercializa un catálogo completo de gases capaz de entregar el conjunto de servicios relacionados; logrando con ello, imponer el sello del Grupo basado en una atención personalizada con soluciones innovadoras, con respuestas rápidas y orientadas a las necesidades específicas de cada cliente. Para efectos de la presente tesis se define a la filial en Chile como la Unidad Estratégica de Negocio estudiada; ahora bien, para introducir en su análisis se menciona que el Core de la empresa es la venta de gases, los cuales son producidos y distribuidos en tres formatos principalmente: .‐ Plantas de producción exclusivas que abastecen gases líquidos a través de cañerías. .‐ Gases en formato líquido que se abastecen en tanques acumuladores ubicados en las dependencias de los clientes. .‐ Gases en formato gaseoso que se abastecen a través de cilindros, termos y equipos autónomos de distintas capacidades. La diferencia principal entre los mencionados formatos está asociada al volumen de consumo que son requeridos en las aplicaciones de los clientes; considerando además que cada formato de aplicación conlleva una gama de servicios complementarios que son suministrados adicionalmente a los clientes, entre ellos: .‐ El cobro de arriendo por los envases y equipos en uso (cilindros, termos, tanques). .‐ El cobro por el transporte de los productos.

LD2668 .T4 1954 H9 / Master of Science

There were 12.5 million head of cattle in all of Canada as of January 1st, 2012, of which 7.4 million were on cow-calf farms. Of this population, 1.2 million head of cattle were in Manitoba, and within that, 880 thousand were on cow-calf farms. Canadian and Manitoba beef producers have experienced significant volatility in the cattle market. This is partly as a result of loss of exports of cattle to the United States, first due to occurrence of the Bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) Crisis, and then through the Country of Origin Labelling (COOL) legislation developed in the United States. While the beef industry has endured market fluctuations, the North American cattle herd has also been responsible for greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, through enteric fermentation within their digestive tracks, storage of manure on farms, through the spread of manure on crop fields, and through the production of feed for cattle. Of the total Canadian GHG emissions, agriculture contributed 8 percent in 2013. For the same year, within the total agricultural GHG emissions, cattle and sheep production resulted in 40 percent of methane emissions, and 90 percent of nitrous oxide emissions, both expressed in carbon dioxide equivalent. Regionally, the share of agricultural GHG emissions in Manitoba make up a larger proportion of total provincial GHG emissions, at 31 percent of 21.4 Mt CO2e, as the province has fewer emissions from transportation or stationary combustion.. The confluence of low profitability and larger amounts of GHG emission (relative to other provinces) has led to some discussion on adopting measures to reduce these emissions. This has caused some stress in the beef industry, as some of these proposed solutions could lead to further loss in profits. An European study of the beef sector has investigated the impact of some policy instruments, such as emission taxes, and has suggested that while such measures are effective, they would also be financially restrictive to beef producers, or result in high administrative costs for governments (Neufeldt and Schäfer 2008). However, these measures might be unnecessary, as the Manitoba Beef Producers (2011) have indicated that the Manitoba beef producers are willing to undertake alternate management practices to benefit environmental causes if they do not negatively affect their profitability or livelihoods. Therefore, providing methods that lead to lower GHG emissions while providing high levels of profitability, or maintaining current levels of profitability would be considered a welcome set of information for the Manitoba beef cattle producers (and likely producers in other provinces). In order to understand GHG emissions on beef farms, a Canada-wide survey was undertaken in 2012. Financial support for this survey was provided by a variety of interested parties including the University of Manitoba, Alberta Agriculture and Rural Development, the BC Ministry of Agriculture, Manitoba Agriculture Food and Rural Initiatives, and Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, with the support of the Beef Cattle Research Council. Researcher Aklilu Alemu from the University of Manitoba used principle component analysis and cluster analysis to create eight clusters of representative farms across the country. Of the eight Canadian clusters, only four clusters had a population greater than one in Manitoba. The centroid from each cluster was chosen as a representative farm for this study. Estimates of GHG emissions from each farm were then determined using Holos, a GHG emission model developed by the Government of Canada. To compare GHG emissions against profitability on a farm, this study evaluated revenues and costs of four Manitoba farms (One each from the four clusters). The revenues included the sale of weaned calves and cull cows, as well as the sale of unused feed and non-feed grain. The costs for the whole farm included the cost to grow feed for the cattle, while operating costs for each of these farms included veterinary, transportation, manure removal, and utility costs. The fixed costs (related to farm structures and machinery) were comprised of depreciation and interest costs. In order to understand the profitability of the beef enterprise as well as the whole farm, the costs and revenues were estimated at three levels: beef enterprise, the whole farm, and the family level. With regards to the beef enterprise, the farm in Cluster Four had the highest level of profitability, at $0.05 per pound of live animal weight sold [or on a per pound sold (PPS) basis]. At the same time, this farm was also able to achieve the lowest GHG emissions, at 2.20 lbs. PPS basis measured in Carbon Dioxide Equivalent (CO2e). The farm with the second lowest level of GHG emissions (9.68 lbs. CO2e on a PPS basis) were estimated for the Cluster Six Farm, which also had the second highest profitability ($0.01 on a PPS basis). When measured at the beef enterprise level, several farms had net GHG emissions. Higher farm level profitability was contributed by a high weaning weight, the lower cost to produce feed, and the strategic purchase of machinery to feed each herd. Lower emissions were noted on farms with tame pastureland and greater amounts of forage with alfalfa. Comparing profits and GHG emissions at the whole farm level showed different results. The Cluster Seven farm had the highest level of profitability ($1.53 on a PPS basis) while it was also the largest contributor to GHG emissions (12.16 lbs. CO2e on a PPS basis). Cluster Six farm was the second largest contributor to GHG emissions (7.54 lbs. CO2e on a PPS basis), but also created the least profit on its farm ($0.13 on a PPS basis). The farms with net sequestration (i.e., GHG emissions were negative) were Cluster Four and Cluster One farms. Both of these farms were both able to create profitability. On a PPS basis, Cluster Four farm had the second highest profitability ($0.80 on a PPS Basis) and sequestered second greatest emissions (2.38 lbs CO2e on a PPS basis). Cluster One farm had the second lowest profitability ($0.33 on a PPS basis) and sequestered the most GHGs (30.17 lbs CO2e on a PPS basis). Increases in the level of net sequestration were due to tame pastureland and large amounts of unused hay growth which included legumes such as alfalfa. Increases in profitability were due to the sale of non-feed grains, feed grains or hay, as well as other factors noted above regarding the beef enterprise. These findings suggest that Manitoba beef producers could provide greater profitability and lower GHG emissions if they increased their weaning weights, increased the size of their herds, invested in tame pastureland when possible, and cut their forage several times throughout the growing season. Since this study is based on a single farm from four clusters, additional research is necessary. This may include studying several farms in each cluster in order to determine variability in long-term feed production, as well as in costs and revenues.

The purpose of this report was to investigate which of the two products peat and granular sulphur that generates the least greenhouse gas emissions. The study was performed by doing a comparative Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) on the two different products. To perform the LCA, a standard from the Swedish Standards Institute was used. Data to put into the calculation was obtained from both Umeå Energi, their contractors and different internet-sources. The data was then multiplied with specific emission factors to get the total emission of greenhouse gases, expressed as carbon dioxide equivalents. Since peat is considered both a fossil energy source and a renewable energy source two calculations were made in the case of peat production. Results showed that granular sulphur generated the least emissions (23.0), peat classified as a renewable energy source second most emissions (71.5) and peat classified as a fossil energy source by far the most emissions (978.2). The conclusion to be made by this study is that if only the emission of greenhouse gases are important when choosing a product, granular sulphur should be used. Key words: peat, greenhouse gases, LCA, sulphur.