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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
11

Diarreia em bezerros na região sul do Rio Grande do Sul / Diarrhea in calves in Southern Brazil

Vargas Júnior, Sergio Farias 14 May 2015 (has links)
Submitted by Ubirajara Cruz (ubirajara.cruz@gmail.com) on 2017-05-15T15:25:47Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Dissertacao_Sergio_Vargas_Junior.pdf: 2395722 bytes, checksum: ea675296329c1671251fe645132fea16 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Aline Batista (alinehb.ufpel@gmail.com) on 2017-05-16T16:45:36Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertacao_Sergio_Vargas_Junior.pdf: 2395722 bytes, checksum: ea675296329c1671251fe645132fea16 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-05-16T16:45:36Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertacao_Sergio_Vargas_Junior.pdf: 2395722 bytes, checksum: ea675296329c1671251fe645132fea16 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-05-14 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / Esta dissertação trata-se de um estudo dos distúrbios entéricos em bezerros diagnosticados na região sul do Rio Grande do Sul em um período de 36 anos. É apresentado um trabalho com a descrição das principais causas de diarreia em bezerros, sendo as causas parasitárias e as bacterianas as mais prevalentes. Foram diagnosticados 94 casos de bezerros com diarreia, destes, 44,7% foram de causas parasitárias e 34,0% de causas bacterianas. A diarreia de causa parasitária foi a mais importante na região sul do Rio Grande do Sul e afetou bezerros de três a 12 meses de idade. É apresentado, também, um estudo que descreve os aspectos epidemiológicos, sinais clínicos e a patologia de um surto de criptosporidiose ocorrido em bezerros na mesma região. De um lote de 400 animais de 30-45 dias de idade, 35 adoeceram e 16 morreram. Os bezerros nasciam fracos e logo após o nascimento apresentavam diarreia amarela, emagrecimento progressivo, desidratação, depressão e morte entre 10 e 15 dias após o início dos sinais clínicos. Na necropsia havia congestão dos vasos sanguíneos intestinais e mesentéricos. Havia distensão intestinal por gás e dilatação de vasos linfáticos. Microscopicamente havia achatamento das vilosidades intestinais, com necrose e atrofia. Aderidas à superfície das células epiteliais das vilosidades, havia estruturas puntiformes basofílicas de 2-5μm de diâmetro compatíveis com Cryptosporidium spp. A microscopia eletrônica revelou a presença de diferentes estágios do agente aderidos às microvilosidades de enterócitos. A criptosporidiose é uma importante causa de diarreia em bezerros não só como um agente oportunista, mas também como um agente primário de diarreia em bezerros. / This dissertation is a study of enteric disorders in calves diagnosed in southern Brazil in 36 years. It is presented a study with the description of the main causes of diarrhea in calves. Parasitic and the bacterial causes are the most prevalent. Ninetyfour cases of calves with diarrhea were diagnosed, of these, 44.7% were of parasitic causes and 34.0% of bacterial causes. Diarrhea of parasitic cause was the most important in southern Brazil and affected calves from three to 12 months of age. Another study is also presented, describing the epidemiological, clinical signs and pathology of an outbreak of cryptosporidiosis in calves in southern Brazil. Thirty-five out of 400 calves with 30-45 days of age were affected and 16 died. The calves were born weak and just after birth, they had yellow diarrhea, weight loss, dehydration, depression, and death between 10 and 15 days after onset of clinical signs. Congestion of the bowel and mesenteric blood vessels were observed at necropsy. Intestinal distension by gas and dilation of lymphatic vessels were also observed. Microscopically, the intestine showed flattening of the villi with necrosis and atrophy. Adhered to the surface of the villus epithelial cells there were round basophilic structures of 2- to 5-μm diameter compatible with Cryptosporidium spp. The electron microscopy revealed the presence of different stages of the agent adhered to the microvilli of enterocytes. Cryptosporidiosis is an important cause of diarrhea in calves not only as an opportunistic agent, but also as a primary agent of diarrhea in calves.
12

Modélisation épidémiologique et génétique des parasites gastro-intestinaux au sein d’un troupeau d’ovins / Epidemiological and genetic modelling of gastro-intestinal parasites in sheep flock

Saccareau, Mathilde 28 November 2016 (has links)
Les nématodes gastro-intestinaux sont l’une des contraintes majeures pour la santé des petits ruminants mis en pâture, entraînant de nombreuses pertes de production. Leur contrôle au moyen de traitements anthelminthiques est de moins en moins efficace à cause du développement de la résistance larvaire. De nombreuses recherches ont mené à l’étude de différentes stratégies complémentaires à l’utilisation massive de ces traitements chimiques : nutrition de l’hôte, gestion des pâtures, sélection génétique. Une approche de modélisation permet de simuler de multiples scénarios en minimisant l’effort expérimental, et notamment le recours à des infestations coûteuses en animaux, afin de trouver la meilleure stratégie de lutte intégrée du parasitisme. Le modèle épidémio-génétique précédemment développé par le Roslin Institute modélisant un troupeau d’agneaux en croissance infecté par le parasite T. circumcincta permet d’étudier l’impact d’une utilisation raisonnée des traitements, de la nutrition et de la résistance de l’hôte sur le niveau d’infection et de production du troupeau. Les travaux de la présente thèse consistaient à modifier ce modèle afin de modéliser des brebis adultes, notamment autour de la période d’agnelage où les besoins nutritionnels sont très importants. Cette modélisation a été complétée par la prise en compte du renouvellement d’un troupeau afin de considérer un troupeau durable, avec des accouplements, des réformes et des reproductions. Ainsi, notre modèle permet d’étudier les différentes stratégies de contrôle du parasite sur le long terme. Afin de s’assurer de la cohérence des sorties de cette modélisation avec des données réelles, le niveau d’infection a été comparé à celui de femelles infestées autour de l’agnelage. Cependant, comme de nombreux paramètres sont propres à la modélisation et donc non estimables à partir d’expérimentations, une analyse de sensibilité a aussi été mise en place pour dégager les paramètres qui contribuaient le plus à la variation du niveau d’infection. Parmi les parasites les plus fréquents chez le mouton, on trouve deux parasites majeurs T. circumcincta et H. contortus. Le parasite H. contortus est le plus virulent dans des climats chauds et humides, il nous paraissait donc utile de développer un nouveau modèle prenant en compte ce parasite. Préalablement, une méta-analyse des études utilisant des infections par le parasite H. contortus a été réalisée afin d’estimer les traits de vie du cycle parasitaire de ce parasite. Ces estimations ont ensuite été utilisées pour adapter le modèle épidémio-génétique à des infections par H. contortus. Cependant certains paramètres restent inconnus car ils ne sont pas estimables directement. C’est pourquoi nous avons réalisé l’estimation des trois paramètres inconnus principaux de notre modèle (précédemment soulignés par l’analyse de sensibilité sur T. circumcincta) en minimisant les écarts entre le niveau de charge parasitaire reportée dans une étude considérant des infestations successive par H. contortus ([25]) et nos simulations correspondantes. Dans cette thèse nous avons développé des modèles permettant d’évaluer sur le long terme les différentes stratégies de contrôle de deux nématodes gastro-intestinaux (T. circumcincta et H. contortus) dans les troupeaux ovins. Notamment, le modèle prenant en compte H. contortus pourra être utilisé pour prédire l’impact à l’échelle de l’élevage (nombre de traitements nécessaire, niveau d’infection des animaux) d’une sélection génétique sur la résistance au parasitisme dans une race. Les nématodes gastro-intestinaux sont l’une des contraintes majeures pour la santé des petits ruminants mis en pâture, entraînant de nombreuses pertes de production. Leur contrôle au moyen de traitements anthelminthiques est de moins en moins efficace à cause du développement de la résistance larvaire. ... / Gastro-intestinal parasitism is one of the most pervasive challenge for health and welfare in grazing small ruminants, leading to consequent production loss. Its control through the use of anthelminthic treatments is no longer sustainable due to the development of parasitic resistance to anthelmintics, but also due to environmental and consumer concerns. A substantial research effort proposed different supplementary control strategies to the massive use of anthelmintics: host nutrition, pasture management, breeding for resistance. Modelling approach allows for multiple scenarios to be considered without having to resort to experimentation in order to find the best integrated control strategies of parasitism. The epidemio-genetic model previously developed by the Roslin Institute modelling a growing lamb flock infected by the parasite T. circumcincta help to study the impact of rational use of anthelmintics, host nutrition and resistance on the flock level of infection and production. The researches of the current PhD thesis aimed to modify this model in order to add adult ewes modelling, especially around parturition where the nutritional requirements are very high. This modelling was improved by taking into account flock replacement in order to have a persistent flock with matings, reforms and reproductions. In this way, our model allows to study several control strategies of parasitism on long term perspective. In order to ensure adequacy of the model outputs to data, the infection level was compared to published data of ewes infected around parturition. However, some parameters were idiosyncratic to the modelling and then they were not be directly estimated from experiments. So a sensitivity analysis was also performed to highlight the parameters which mostly contribute to the infection level variations. Among the most prevalent parasites in sheep, T. circumcincta and H. contortus are the two main parasites. H. contortus is the most virulent parasite est le plus virulent parasite in hot and wet climates, so it is helpful to develop a similar model for this parasite. Beforehand, a meta-analysis of the published studies on infections with the H. contortus parasite was performed to estimate the main life history traits of its parasitic phase. Then, these estimations were used to change the epidemio-genetic model with H. contortus infections. However, some parameters remained unknown because they were not directly estimable. So, the three main unknown parameters (previously highlighted by the sensitivity analysis of the model with T. circumcincta infections) were estimated by minimizing the worm burden differences between published data of H. contortus trickle infection ([25]) and the corresponding model outputs. In this PhD thesis, models were developed in order to evaluate, in a long term perspective, several control strategies of two gastro-intestinal nematodes (T. circumcincta et H. contortus) infections in sheep flock. Notably, the model on H. contortus infections could be used to predict the impact of breeding for resistance to parasitism at the flock level (number of necessary treatments, infection level of the sheep).

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