Potential output is used as the indicator of the business cycle. The aim of this study is to compare the results of different methods used for estimating potential output and verify the hypothesis that potential output or rather the output gap can serve as a reliable indicator to determine the phase of the business cycle in the Czech Republic in the years 1996-2012. 6 different methods - linear trend, Hodrick-Prescott filter, Baxter-King filter, Butterworth filter, Kalman filter and the production function have been used to estimate potential output. The output gap was determined based on the estimated potential output. The comparison of the results of all methods has confirmed the same development trend of potential output. All the methods for estimating potential output, except Butterworth filter, have showed that their results are good indicators of the business cycle in the Czech Republic.

The field of taxation and its influence on economy has been a very actual topic in economic and political discussions recently. It is also a topic very controversial with two fierce groups of opponents standing against each other. Primary goal of this thesis is to analyze an influence of taxation on economy and find enough evidence to be able to say whether tax competition is beneficial or not. The paper is divided into theoretical part focusing on theories of taxation and concepts of international tax competition and practical part which analyses effects of taxation on GDP growth and other macroeconomic variables such as labor markets and international investment.

The thesis deals with tax issue in Kingdom of Cambodia. The main goal is to analyse government tax income. The first chapter reveals historical development of tax system in consideration of the political and economical periods. The second chapter relates to the individual parts of the current tax system. The last chapter describes process of tax collection, primarily analyzing tax income and it's development in time. The analytic part of thesis also includes the breakdown of state expenditures.

This diploma thesis analyses the development of tax collection from personal income tax in the Czech Republic from 2000 to 2012. The first chapter describes the tax reforms that took place in the period in the Czech Republic. Furthermore, it describes the relationship of collection and GDP. In the second chapter I analyse the PIT collection as whole. By regression and correlation analysis I shall identify the relationship and the degree of dependence between collection and different variables such as GDP, the number of taxpayers, unemployment and sub-collections. In the third chapter, the PIT collection is divided into three sub-collections -- levied on tax returns, from employment and withholding. Each of the sub-collection is analysed separately. I describe factors that in a given year or in group of years the most influenced their size. By regression and correlation analysis I shall identify the relationship and the degree of dependence between the sub-collections and GDP. Likewise, I shall identify the relationship and the degree of dependence between the sub-collections each other. In the last chapter the PIT collection is divided by individual financial authorities, ie by region. The development of tax collection in each region is analysed and by regression and correlation analysis is detected the relationship and the degree of dependence between the regional collections and GDP.

The role of energy in wealth and development is evident but the manner that a population’s access to energy effects overall growth is unclear. Understanding the role of energy in society can impact policies to push improvement in underdeveloped countries. Therefore, it is necessary to know how energy improves quality of life and what improvements need to be made to provide the necessary resources to underdeveloped populations. The first half of the thesis focuses on the role of energy use in society and its effect on human development. It is established that underdeveloped countries are in fact positively affected from increased energy access. Additionally, that the use of renewables will improve all the aspects of human development: health, wealth, and education. These results suggest that policy makers should focus on increasing clean energy in developing countries to also improve overall development. The second half shifts to the design and characterization of a water tunnel and the role it has in understanding fluid flow for near-wall visualization. Using refractive index matching (RIM) this experimental method can be used to study micro-surfaces that could improve efficiency in transportation or renewable energy. The water tunnel herein can achieve turbulent flows, unlike previous RIM designs.

The final thesis is focused on type selection housing, financing this investment and suitability of the proposed. The interest rates on products that are used to invest in this activity are monitored. Interest rate developments are related to HDP development Czech republic.

This article goes on to explain and seek if there is any predictive power in the stock markets toward GDP. Put in other words, this study examines whether or not the stock market can be seen as a leading indicator toward GDP for the ten biggest economies measured by GDP in the year 2020. What can be concluded from the results discussed in the analysis section is that the best predictability is when the stock market leads GDP with three to five quarters. In earlier studies on the same topic, the same results can be concluded. However, these previous studies have all shown an extended predictive period between one and five quarters, compared to our results which showed three to five quarters. One note worth mentioning is that we obtained contradictory results depending on if the tests were implemented for each country individually through time series data analysis, or collectively through panel data analysis. Our conclusion was drawn with the panel data analysis as the underlying truth, as it is viewed as more efficient and informative while also being a more suitable tool for studying the dynamics of change.

The repo rate, which is the key interest rate, set by the central banks has been declining for many years and hitting zero in Sweden in late 2014. We analyse the effectiveness on the economy from a change in the repo rate, comparing two time periods with high and low repo rate environments. We use quarterly data on GDP and its components, between 1994 and 2019. For analysing the effectiveness, we use multiple Auto Regressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) modelling to compute a total of 12 models. In our findings, we saw that the effectiveness of a change in repo rate has been increased in the low repo rate environment, making it harder to increase the rate without harming the economy but also increasing the effect of a decrease in the repo rate. Also, we found that the investment component of GDP may exhibit extra high effectiveness in the low repo rate environment. This method of analysing the repo rates impact on the economy could be used for decision makers regarding monetary policies.

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Although a number of studies have been conducted to understand the impact of ICT on a country’s economic output; a complete account for ICT’s influence on real GDP per capita has yet to be visualized. This study aims to investigate this topic, by exploring the hypothesis whether ICT has an impact (causal relationship) on real GDP per worker in 41 European countries from 1996-2010. Confidence in the judicial system is taken as an instrument to solve for endogeneity problems. ICT is defined as mobile, broadband and internet penetration per 100 people. We find that confidence in the justice system is a strong instrument for ICT. Therefore, using IV 2sls regression, it is observed that ICT does have a strong positive correlation and causal relationship with GDP per worker, with an elasticity of 0.4 between the variables. In light of the results, the author recommends that economic policies must be tailored to support ICT development in countries.