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This research investigated the teaching materials of elementary school social science, including lessons and exercises in textbooks, to understand the status represented in the teaching materials of social science of sex awareness that is covered in sex role, sex bias, sex discrimination, and the role of two sexes in modern life. The research was designed to accomplish the following purposes: (I) Analysis of sex roles in the teaching materials of social science; (II) Analysis of sex discrimination in the teaching materials; (III) Analysis of sex bias in the teaching materials; Content analysis and inductive approach were used as the primary methods, and the content analysis method of this research was mainly based on qualitative analysis as well as on quantitative analysis. The findings are presented in tables. The framework of this research: Chapter 1 This chapter mainly describes the background, motive and purpose of this research. Chapter 2 The doctoral and master¡¦s dissertations, journals and literature, domestic and foreign, on gender consciousness in the textbooks of primary schools are reviewed in this chapter. This research also studies the five analytical indexes, define check classifications, and submit the findings of the study. Chapter 3 The theories of social science as well as the information collected from literature were used to analyze the teaching materials. This research was conducted only based on literature and theories. As far as the research approaches are concerned, the methods employed for this research were a little different from the quantified approach. This is the restriction on methods for this research. Chapter 4 The issues such as sex role, sex discrimination, sex bias, etc. are focuses of this research in analysis of the gender consciousness in teaching materials. The researcher also used theories of social science to explain those issues. Chapter 5 In this research, the teaching units were analyzed in the content analysis approach and the check classification tables were also developed for analysis of the teaching materials. Based on the criterion for check classification tables, the subjects of this research, their occupation and activities were discussed. This Chapter also submitted criterion and methods for checking the contents of teaching materials. Chapter 6 In this chapter, a conclusion was drawn from the results of analysis and study of this research as well as the main findings of each chapter, literature and some theories. The researcher also provided suggestions from the viewpoints of this research. The researcher used the literature review done by scholars as the reliability index of this research, and developed the criteria for checking sex awareness patterns studied by scholars into check classification tables and operational definitions of the sex awareness patterns of this research. These tables and definitions were used as the basis for content analysis of the teaching materials of social science. The criteria for check classification tables of this research are divided into six types that are as follows: (¢¹) The condition of sex stereotype in occupational activities and people; (¢º) The condition of deviation imbalance in occupational hierarchy, position ratio, and types of activities; (¢») The condition of gender relationships in activity role play, types of the positions of men and women, and types of activities; (¢¼) Omission in activities and game content, types of occupational contributions by men and women, activities of adults and children; (¢½) Comparisons of superficial work in occupational types and division of labor of modern men and women, occupational types of female positions, and types of roles and positions of men and women, and sex social hierarchy of men and women. (¢¾) Detachment from reality in emphasizing occupational types and occupational hierarchy of modern women, types of contributory people and roles of two sexes, and activities of contributions of two sexes. The major findings concerning the lessons are as follows: 1. Division of household chores between adults and children: a few household, labor and caring roles present in the teaching materials. 2. Most accomplished people in illustrations, such as emperors, religious leaders, revolutionary heroes, and great scholars, are male, while only a few eminent heroes are female. Results of checking deviation imbalance: 1.A few male children are oriented towards structural and household games. 2.A few female children are towards dominating, autonomous, scientific, and technical games. 3.Males occupy 8 types of high-level positions, while females occupy only 5 types of high-level positions. Gender relationships: 1. Males engage in dominating, leadership, economic, religious, and art activities, for example, (1) They have high social status ¡V emperors, leaders with revolution power. (2) Great artists and priests in illustrations all are male. (3) Male contributions are primarily in commerce, service industries, and education. 2. Activities of males only appear in a few groups of females; as far as contributions of males and females are concerned, there is a bias against female minority groups. 3. Male and female children are to some degree balanced in terms of their contributory role, but female children have less opportunity to participate in leadership, for example, chairman of class meetings. 4. With regard to contributions of males and females in occupational hierarchy, males are generally higher than their female counterparts in terms of social class, social status, and reputation, and low-level types are more likely female. 5. Male children prefer religious, traditional and competitive activities. 6. Male accomplishments are related with religion, academic, medicine, culture, and education. 7. Male children are more likely than their female counterparts to take up dominating roles, for example, in public affairs; only a few male children participate in household games. 8. Only a few female children take up dominating games; most of them participate in activity games. Omissions: 1. Males prefer affective, venturous, experimental, and competitive activities, which are usually active and dominating; only a few of them are dominated, participants, or observers. 2. Both female adults and children prefer caring activities. Results of checking omissions: 1. With regard to character, most social contributors are males. 2. Male children are dominating characters. 3. Female children are auxiliary characters. 4. Traditional females take up low-level positions. 5. Modern females are more likely to take up occupations suitable for females. Superficial work: 1. Female and male social status in traditional and modern society: in traditional society, most characters of high social status are males; they are superior to females in both types and numbers. 2. In modern society, the gap between males and females in terms of social status has narrowed, but males are still more likely to take up high-level positions. 3. Most contributions presented in the teaching materials are made by males, while social contributions made by females are rarely mentioned. With regard to sex equality, the teaching materials obviously suppress females. 4. Among political occupations held by females, only a few are high-level occupations. 5. Division of labor between males and females in modern society includes household, tool, labor, economic, caring, and females primarily take up household, caring roles, only a few take up economic roles. Results of checking detachment from realities: 1. With regard to occupational types, females are more likely to take up science and economics fields. 2. With regard to occupational types, males are more likely to be high-tech personnel, bank shareholders, medical doctors, teachers. They are more likely to hold high-level positions in 13 occupations, while females hold only positions in six types. 3. In modern occupational types, males and females are getting close, but males are still superior to their female counterparts in terms of occupational positions. The major findings concerning the exercises are as follows: With regard to exercises, only the question texts with relation to sex awareness appearing in questions after lessons were checked. In most cases, there appear language bias and cultural bias. In question texts, single gender was used to cover both sexes, and single topics were used as perspectives. The exercises ignore the problem of females being discriminated, and the social contributions, social development and status of females are omitted. Keywords: gender consciousness ideology, social science material in the Elementary school

本研究以婦女新知基金會作為個案研究的分析對象，在於其前身─婦女新知雜誌社於1982年成立，為台灣第一個女性主義雜誌社，也是發起台灣婦女運動的先驅者之ㄧ。婦女新知基金會多年來致力於推動性別法案的撰擬與修正，如：民法親屬編、兩性工作平等法和家事事件法等；因此，研究者認為有必要探究此一重要婦運團體中的女性志工，其性別意識的發展與實踐經驗為何，以助於日後研究者對於性別意識這個主題有較深入的了解。 研究重要性和預期貢獻主要有二：首先，由於婦女新知基金會在台灣婦運發展歷程中扮演相當重要的角色，因而欲了解此一組織對於成員的性別意識發展與實踐的影響為何，以提供多元、豐富的資料展現性別意識的課題。其次，欲探究個人實踐性別意識的可能困境，除了將研究焦點置於婦運團體女性志工的個人生命經驗之外，本研究透過志工性別意識實踐的情形，來了解成員性別意識與實踐間的關係，並將研究結果提供組織參考，以達到兩性平權的目標。 研究者採用質性取向的研究方法，以半結構式深度訪談法深入了解14位婦運團體女性志工之性別意識發展及其實踐經驗；藉由深度訪談探究及理解受訪者個人之感受、改變、他人的互動情形及受訪者對性別議題之看法。 研究發現主要如下：一、婦女新知基金會女性志工的性別意識狀態兼具意識和行動改變層面。二、受訪者過去的性別意識發展，包括在原生家庭中、求學過程中、婚姻（伴侶）生活中、社會經驗中的性別經驗，對其性別意識發展深具意義。三、從反思性別意識的論述、溝通以改善性別關係，到了解與接納爭議性的性別議題，這些都是新知姐妹們參加課程、活動與接線服務的經歷所帶來的改變，顯示在新知這個環境下，除了豐富她們的性別意識，也讓更了解性別差異和不平等。四、儘管新知女性志工性別意識有所發展，但實際上仍受限環境結構：家庭環境、周遭親友等因素都會造成個人行動者在實踐過程中的困難。 最後，研究者提出四點研究建議以提供婦女新知基金會之參考：ㄧ、增加性別必修課程之培訓時數；二、提升志工參與接線工作以外的新知相關活動之誘因；三、恢復定期舉辦性別相關的讀書會活動；四、邀請志工參與工作會議以增進彼此交流。 / The researcher took the Awakening Foundation as a case study because this foundation published the first feminist magazine in 1982 and was one of pioneers in Taiwan’s women’s movements. In recent years, workers in the Awakening Foundation have been dedicated themselves to amending gender equality act and laws, such as the Book of Family in the Civil Code, the Equal Employment Law, and the Family Affairs Law. Therefore, the researcher thinks it is significant to explore these female volunteers’ gender consciousness and daily practice, in order to help other researchers have a better understanding of this topic in the future. The importance of this study is as follows; first of all, since the Awakening Foundation plays a vital role in Taiwan’s women’s movements, the researcher attempts to discover how this organization influences its members’ gender consciousness, to provide gender issues with abundant data. In addition, the researcher would like to know difficulties female volunteers experience when they practice their gender consciousness in daily life. Furthermore, the focus is both stressed on personal experiences and structural relations, in order to offer the Awakening Foundation research findings for reference. Qualitative research method was adopted in this study, and the researcher used semi- structural interview to collect data of fourteen female volunteers’ gender consciousness and daily practice. Meanwhile, the researcher analyzed participants’ feeling, thoughts toward gender issues and relations in their families and daily life. Four main research results are presented. First, female volunteers’ gender consciousness consists of consciousness and action respectively. Second, participants’ past gender experiences, including their original families, school life, marriage, and social interaction, are meaningful to their gender consciousness. Third, after participating in the Civil Law Enquiry Hotline, courses, and activities held by the Awakening Foundation, female volunteers’ communication and views on gender relations are changed, and they gradually accepted critical gender issues. It illustrates the Awakening Foundation raises their gender consciousness and helps them understand gender difference. Forth, despite the development of their gender consciousness, female volunteers cope with a variety of difficulties in daily practice, such as structural factors. Finally, based on researching findings, the researcher suggests the Awakening Foundation to increase discussion hours of gender issues as required courses, to motivate volunteers’ incentives to engage in women’s movements, press conferences, and activities, to reset up a study group concerning gender equlity, and to invite volunteers to work conferences for exachanging both notions of gender issues.

摘要 性別主流是近代各國都相當關注的議題，無論制訂各項公共政策或討論與婦女權益有關的各項議題，都致力將性別平權的觀念納入。無性別歧視是為現代社會潮流所趨，警察人員是整體社會的一份子，自無法置之度外，而我國現階段所面臨最大的衝擊，應屬「女警政策」取消警察人力招考之性別限制，其女警比例每年勢必會提高，對於警察勤、業務推展及治安維護工作勢必有不同情勢之改變。而長期以來，警察勤務都在警察應該是專屬男性的工作之性別意識下運作，在性別平等的潮流中，女警本身的性別意識是否會影響警察勤務之執行，以及人數的擴增，這些因素並涉及「女警政策」的發展，因此，此課題實值得深究。 本研究採深入訪談法，計訪談12位女警，以探討專業警察機關任職的女警之性別意識發展歷程與認知、執行警察勤務現況及對女警政策的看法與建議。研究結果發現： 一、經濟考量，女性從警主因 女性投入警察職場，主要以以取得工作保障、家庭經濟因素為考量，而男性親友鼓勵女性從警，也是基於女警的工作性質大多比較沒有危險性。 二、價值內化，傳統角色殘存 在社會文化所規範的男女性別角色之下，導致女性從事警察工作仍處於相對不利的處境，女性依舊擔負家庭主要責任，而這也造成女警工作的限制。 三、女警勤務，實際與認知不同 女警本身對勤務編排的認知，大多能接受以任務需要為主；但單位主管基於女警安全問題，在實際規劃或編排勤務時，仍有明顯的性別考量。 四、值班婦幼，女警服勤具信心 從我國女警發展的過程，以往在保護迷婦迷童，增進到家庭暴力案件的處理、性侵害防治，婦幼人身安全防護等工作，卓有績效；相較於男女員警一律執行外勤警察勤務，尚須時日調整、適應。 五、女警招生，限定比例為宜 諸多因素考量，本研究發現女警人數，無須增加且應限定女警招生比例。 最後，本研究並依據研究發現，提出幾項建議：（一）支持女性從警，增強成就動機；（二）提高人的尊重，超越性別束縛；（三）建構專屬平台，分享執勤經驗；（四）執勤經驗智慧，需要累積傳承；（五）調整勤務規劃，加強機動與支援；（六）團隊模式學習，完善過渡時期；（七）重視人格特質，擘畫長遠願景；（八）性別主流策略，理論結合實務；及（九）限制女警名額，務實招生說明。 / Gender ideology is an issue that has received much concern from countries around the year lately, and they have, no matter if it is the formulation of various public policies or discussions of various issues concerning women’s rights, worked with effort to put in the concept of gender equality. For now, freedom from sexual discrimination has become the trend of modern society, and since police is a part of the entire community there is no way that they can be excluded from it. As such, the greatest impact we will be confronted at the stage should be of “policy of woman policy” as it has canceled the restriction for the recruitment of police manpower, and the proportion of police women will, for sure, increase annually, which will render diverse changes to various scenarios of police duty and business promotion as well as the work of order maintenance. For quite a long period of time, police duty has, actually, been operated under gender consciousness that it is of specialized male work. Therefore, within the trend of gender equality issues as if the gender consciousness of police women will affect the execution of policy, and increase of population that involve with the development of “police women” are most worthy for investigation. This study has employed in-depth interview, and 12 police women are interviewed so as to explore the development and recognition of gender consciousness of police women currently working in professional police authorities, current status in execution of police duty, and their view and suggestion regarding policy of police women. It is found with the study results as follows: 1. Economic consideration as primary cause for woman to work as police: It is mainly to obtain work security and economic consideration of family for consideration as women devote themselves into work. As for male friends and relatives who encourage woman to work as police, it is mostly because the work nature of police women is relatively less risky. 2. Value internalized, with surviving residue of traditional role-play: With the role-play stipulated socially and culturally for male and female, it has led to woman who involves in work of police women situated in relatively inferior context as woman would still have to shoulder the primary responsibility of the family, ending up with constraint upon work of police women. 3. Duty of police women – Gap between actuality and recognition: For recognition of duty arrangement for police women, most of them find it comfortable mainly to take duty as assigned. However, authority executives have, based on the concern for safety of police women, shown prominent gender consideration in actual planning or duty arrangement. 4. Duty for woman and children service – police women are confident with their duty: from the process of development in our police women, the aspects of their work has developed from protection of woman and children who have lost way in the past, to the administration of family abuse, sexual abuse, and safety protection of women, and significant results are observed. In comparison to male and female police who are, unanimously, assigned to work at the field for police duty, it will, still, take sometime for adjustment and adaptation. 5. Recruitment of policewomen should be appropriately set with proportion: With consideration of these various factors, this study finds that there is no need to increase the population of police women, and the recruitment of police women should be set down with certain proportion. At the end, this study has, based its research, discovered following findings, and would like to put forth several suggestions: 1. support woman to join police work, and increase their motive of achievement; 2. enhance respect for man, and surpass gender bondage; 3. establish specialized platform, and share duty-execution experience; 4. wisdom and experience of duty-execution have to be accumulated and passed on; 5. adjust duty planning, and strengthen mobility and support; 6. group model learning, and render transition period comprehensive; 7. focus on personality trait, and program for long-term vision; 8. gender ideology strategy, combination of theory and practice; 9. restrict quota for recruitment of police women, and conduct recruitment presentation in realistic terms.