組織新進成員的工作適應是組織行為中相當重要的議題，而我國基層警察的工作具有高度危險與辛勞等特殊性，因此新進基層警察的工作適應議題值得重視，我國自民國93年起，推行「女警政策」與「公務人員特種考試基層警察人員考試」，使得近年來我國基特班女警人數漸增，而這些多數具有一般大學學歷，並且僅接受1年警察教育訓練即任職的基特班女警，其工作內容多與一般基層男警無異，必須擔服第一線警察勤務工作，亦因而延伸出許多基特班女警工作適應不良的情形，又我國過去幾無針對新進基特班女警工作適應的相關研究，且由於民國100年警察人員考試將分為警校正期生與一般生分流考試招生，一般特考生將取消男女比例限制，故未來亦可能產生女性錄取人數增多的情形，因此，本研究主要即在探討新進基特班女警工作適應之議題，並對未來基層女警管理實務提出建議。 本研究先透過文獻檢閱，探討工作適應之內涵，並分析期望落差、組織社會化，以及離職傾向與工作適應之關聯後，建立本研究架構，再透過深度訪談法，共訪談13位新進基特班女警，且受訪者皆為工作1至3年，主要任職於北部警察單位者，而本研究透過分析與受訪者的訪談內容，彙整出主要研究發現，首先在期望落差部分，本研究發現警察工作與女警角色產生期望落差，並影響工作適應，而在警察組織社會化部分，包含職前訓練與在職訓練，皆影響新進基特班女警之工作適應情形，接著在工作單位之不同，亦有不同之適應情況，最後有關離職傾向部分，研究發現工作熟悉與團隊認同影響離職傾向的產生，並發現女警工作角色影響職涯發展方向，又本研究提出未來基層女警之政策議題，包含：基層女警考試制度、基層女警之教育訓練，以及基層女警工作適應三個面向，並對未來基層女警管理實務提出建議，包含：基層女警之工作資訊應適度公開、加強基層女警之教育訓練並提升團隊認同感、重視基層女警之職前實習階段，以及基層女警之任用應採取以同工同酬為主，專才專用為輔之用人策略。

摘要 性別主流是近代各國都相當關注的議題，無論制訂各項公共政策或討論與婦女權益有關的各項議題，都致力將性別平權的觀念納入。無性別歧視是為現代社會潮流所趨，警察人員是整體社會的一份子，自無法置之度外，而我國現階段所面臨最大的衝擊，應屬「女警政策」取消警察人力招考之性別限制，其女警比例每年勢必會提高，對於警察勤、業務推展及治安維護工作勢必有不同情勢之改變。而長期以來，警察勤務都在警察應該是專屬男性的工作之性別意識下運作，在性別平等的潮流中，女警本身的性別意識是否會影響警察勤務之執行，以及人數的擴增，這些因素並涉及「女警政策」的發展，因此，此課題實值得深究。 本研究採深入訪談法，計訪談12位女警，以探討專業警察機關任職的女警之性別意識發展歷程與認知、執行警察勤務現況及對女警政策的看法與建議。研究結果發現： 一、經濟考量，女性從警主因 女性投入警察職場，主要以以取得工作保障、家庭經濟因素為考量，而男性親友鼓勵女性從警，也是基於女警的工作性質大多比較沒有危險性。 二、價值內化，傳統角色殘存 在社會文化所規範的男女性別角色之下，導致女性從事警察工作仍處於相對不利的處境，女性依舊擔負家庭主要責任，而這也造成女警工作的限制。 三、女警勤務，實際與認知不同 女警本身對勤務編排的認知，大多能接受以任務需要為主；但單位主管基於女警安全問題，在實際規劃或編排勤務時，仍有明顯的性別考量。 四、值班婦幼，女警服勤具信心 從我國女警發展的過程，以往在保護迷婦迷童，增進到家庭暴力案件的處理、性侵害防治，婦幼人身安全防護等工作，卓有績效；相較於男女員警一律執行外勤警察勤務，尚須時日調整、適應。 五、女警招生，限定比例為宜 諸多因素考量，本研究發現女警人數，無須增加且應限定女警招生比例。 最後，本研究並依據研究發現，提出幾項建議：（一）支持女性從警，增強成就動機；（二）提高人的尊重，超越性別束縛；（三）建構專屬平台，分享執勤經驗；（四）執勤經驗智慧，需要累積傳承；（五）調整勤務規劃，加強機動與支援；（六）團隊模式學習，完善過渡時期；（七）重視人格特質，擘畫長遠願景；（八）性別主流策略，理論結合實務；及（九）限制女警名額，務實招生說明。 / Gender ideology is an issue that has received much concern from countries around the year lately, and they have, no matter if it is the formulation of various public policies or discussions of various issues concerning women’s rights, worked with effort to put in the concept of gender equality. For now, freedom from sexual discrimination has become the trend of modern society, and since police is a part of the entire community there is no way that they can be excluded from it. As such, the greatest impact we will be confronted at the stage should be of “policy of woman policy” as it has canceled the restriction for the recruitment of police manpower, and the proportion of police women will, for sure, increase annually, which will render diverse changes to various scenarios of police duty and business promotion as well as the work of order maintenance. For quite a long period of time, police duty has, actually, been operated under gender consciousness that it is of specialized male work. Therefore, within the trend of gender equality issues as if the gender consciousness of police women will affect the execution of policy, and increase of population that involve with the development of “police women” are most worthy for investigation. This study has employed in-depth interview, and 12 police women are interviewed so as to explore the development and recognition of gender consciousness of police women currently working in professional police authorities, current status in execution of police duty, and their view and suggestion regarding policy of police women. It is found with the study results as follows: 1. Economic consideration as primary cause for woman to work as police: It is mainly to obtain work security and economic consideration of family for consideration as women devote themselves into work. As for male friends and relatives who encourage woman to work as police, it is mostly because the work nature of police women is relatively less risky. 2. Value internalized, with surviving residue of traditional role-play: With the role-play stipulated socially and culturally for male and female, it has led to woman who involves in work of police women situated in relatively inferior context as woman would still have to shoulder the primary responsibility of the family, ending up with constraint upon work of police women. 3. Duty of police women – Gap between actuality and recognition: For recognition of duty arrangement for police women, most of them find it comfortable mainly to take duty as assigned. However, authority executives have, based on the concern for safety of police women, shown prominent gender consideration in actual planning or duty arrangement. 4. Duty for woman and children service – police women are confident with their duty: from the process of development in our police women, the aspects of their work has developed from protection of woman and children who have lost way in the past, to the administration of family abuse, sexual abuse, and safety protection of women, and significant results are observed. In comparison to male and female police who are, unanimously, assigned to work at the field for police duty, it will, still, take sometime for adjustment and adaptation. 5. Recruitment of policewomen should be appropriately set with proportion: With consideration of these various factors, this study finds that there is no need to increase the population of police women, and the recruitment of police women should be set down with certain proportion. At the end, this study has, based its research, discovered following findings, and would like to put forth several suggestions: 1. support woman to join police work, and increase their motive of achievement; 2. enhance respect for man, and surpass gender bondage; 3. establish specialized platform, and share duty-execution experience; 4. wisdom and experience of duty-execution have to be accumulated and passed on; 5. adjust duty planning, and strengthen mobility and support; 6. group model learning, and render transition period comprehensive; 7. focus on personality trait, and program for long-term vision; 8. gender ideology strategy, combination of theory and practice; 9. restrict quota for recruitment of police women, and conduct recruitment presentation in realistic terms.

隨著婦女就業情形的普遍，兩性議題也愈顯得重要，欲落實兩性平權，法律是最根本之道，從近年政府制定「兩性工作平等法」及「性別平等教育法」對於推進兩性平權，均具有劃時代的意義。所謂「玻璃天花板效應」（glass ceiling effect），就是一種不易被察覺的、人為的或組織的偏差所造成的無形阻礙，使得女性在事業生涯方面，無法獲得與男性公平競爭的機會。本研究藉由對玻璃天花板、陞遷、性別角色等相關理論與實務之檢視，對我國女性警官陞遷潛藏之問題進行探討，期能依據研究結果，提出一些建議，以供女性警官個人及有關機關參考。 在研究方法方面，本研究係採用問卷調查法為主，以我國女性警官為普測對象，取得回收有效問卷525份。研究問卷內容包含影響陞遷之「社會心理」構面、「歧視偏差」構面、「系統結構」構面與「陞遷發展」構面及女性警官個人基本資料等量表。問卷調查所得資料運用電腦統計套裝軟體SPSS for Windows 10.0版，以描述性統計分析、t考驗、單因子變異數分析及Pearson積差相關等統計分析方法進行資料處理： 本研究經由實證分析之後，歸納結論如下： 一、就各構面之認知程度而言：其同意程度依次為影響陞遷之「社會心理」構面，其次是「陞遷發展」構面，再次是「歧視偏差」構面，最後為「系統結構」構面。 二、就各構面之認知差異情形而言：在「社會心理」構面上，因年齡、婚姻、子女數、教育程度、警官年資、職務官階、服務單位、有無進修、現任職位及代理主管的不同而有顯著差異存在；在「歧視偏差」構面上，因婚姻、職務官階、工作內容、現任職位及代理主管的不同而有顯著差異存在；在「系統結構」構面上，因工作照顧、教育程度、職務官階、有無進修及代理主管的不同而有顯著差異存在；在「陞遷發展」構面上，因有無進修、現任職位及代理主管的不同而有顯著差異存在。 三、就各構面之相關分析而言：本研究所探討的四個構面的關連非常強，不論是整體或是其各個的因素之間均達顯著水準的正相關。 / With the rise of female employment rate in workplace, gender issues have been of higher importance in recent years. To realize gender equality in workplace, legislation serves to be the most fundamental solutions of all. Following the enactment of the Gender Equality in Employment Law and the Gender Equality Education Law, Taiwan female employees have seen landmark on their workplace status. But the so-called glass-ceiling effects, are less perceivable, man-made or organizational bias still persist, which deprive female employees of an equal opportunity as those bestowed on their male counterparts. In this study, the author will discuss the obstacles posed for Taiwan’s female police officers in their quest organizational positions based on the observation from the theoretical and practical sides of glass-ceiling effects, promotional and gender roles, and will further propose suggestions for improvements for female police officers. Methodologically, this study uses questionnaire survey research, with female police officers as subjects and results in 525 successful samples. Contents of the questionnaire include facets of promotional importance, such as socio-psychology, discrimination bias, systematic structures, promotional development and personal information. With the analysis of descriptive statistics, t-test, one way ANOVA and the Pearson product-moment correlation coefficient supported by SPSS for Windows 10.0, information gathered from the results of questionnaire is processed: After empirical analysis, our conclusions are: 1.On the acknowledgement level of each facet: respondents find most of their agreements on the importance of obstacles to their promotion, are socio-psychology, promotional development, discrimination bias and systematic structure. 2.On the perceptional difference of each facet: on the socio-psychological aspect, there are differences according to the age, marital status, children number, educational level, years of working as police officer, rank, current position, deputy supervisor, further education. On the discrimination bias facet, there are differences according to marital status, rank, job description, current position and deputy supervisor. On the systematic structure facet, the differences exists among respondents of different educational level, rank, further education and deputy supervisor. On the promotional development facet, there are differences according to further education, current position and deputy supervisor. 3.On the correlation analysis of each facet: the four facets discussed in the study has strong correlations, no matter individual factor or integral whole has all reached a high standard level of positive relationship.

台灣女性勞動參與率逐年提高，越來越多的女性勞動力進入就業市場，然而，女性晉升至中高階層職位之人數並無明顯增加。顯然女性的職涯發展似乎受到一定程度的限制，此限制即為玻璃天花板現象。玻璃天花板現象存在於各行各業中，但於警界之程度更為嚴重。此現象之原因乃警界人為與體制上的排除女警官人數，導致整個警界中的女性人數稀少，更遑論通往高階之女性所遇之玻璃天花板現象更甚一般企業或公務體系人員。因此本研究透過質性訪談方式，藉此試圖探討警政中、高層女性所占比例極低的原因何在，其中人為或非人為因素為何？ 　　本研究發現警界升遷制度隱性侷限女警升遷發展，以績效導向為主導致功獎多寡牽制著積分排名順序，而主管評分比重過高亦會影響女警官升遷；再者由於警察組織性別化的工作指派，在偏好男性的外勤工作能夠快速與大量的累積分數之下，女警官敘獎機會較少，相對不容易累積積分；此外警界必須運用交際應酬的手段維繫良好的人際關係，但女警官不擅進入男性應酬圈，男性網絡之官場文化間接造影響女警官們的升遷發展；最後女性被賦予養兒育女之母職天性，家庭責任之重擔落在女性身上，一但女警官走入婚姻，即必須在工作與家庭上做取捨，工作與家庭實為難以兼顧。 　　因此建議國家應放寬警大入學名額的性別設限並推動國家照顧工作；對於警界之職務分派勿侷限性別，重視女警人才，並且減少組織內外勤工作差異，再者建議主官建立公平的考核原則，破除性別刻板印象之成見，以及建立兩性平等的教育訓練；建議女警官破除自我設限的迷思，並強化女警官之人際網絡；以及女警官人力資本之維持。 / The female labor participation rate has gradually increased in Taiwan, more and more Female labor force has been entered the labor market. However, the number of female senior positions who is not increases significantly. Women's career advancement has seemed to be limited to a certain extent; this restriction shall be the glass ceiling. The glass ceiling exists in all walks of life; particularly the police are more serious than the general business and public service system. The reason is artificial and institutional exclusion, not to mention the number of women with the senior positions. Therefore, this study through qualitative interviews so as to explore the low proportion of women in senior positions. The study found that promotion system limited women's career advancement, the performance-oriented approach the award amount in order to contain the standings, while the chief rates with a high proportion will also affect female police officer promotion; Furthermore, due to the gender-based assignment of work in police organizations, female police officers award fewer opportunities that is not easy to accumulate points; In addition to maintain good interpersonal relationships in police, female police officers is hard to enter the male entertainment circle; the last is that women has the nature of motherhood, so family responsibilities falls on women which must be choice between work and family. The government should be relax the gender-based retractions of Central Police University and to promote the care work of the state; the Police should not limit the duties assigned in gender and to value the talent of female police officers ,also it should reduce the differences in the police work of the organization .Moreover the chief should set the fair principal on assessment, and break the gender stereotypes with the prejudices. Also it should be establish the gender equality in education and training; finally suggesting that female police officers should get rid of the myth of self-handicapping, and to strengthen the interpersonal networks of female police officers; as well as the maintenance of female police officers in human capital.

警察勤務是24小時晝夜輪替服勤，其工作性質具高度危險性、辛勞性、不確定性及機動性，警政署規劃逐年降低男女警員員額十比一的錄取比例限制，未來女警人數勢必增加且在未來人力運用上，女警扮演日益重要的角色。以往女警在警界中往往扮演邊陲角色或擔任性質單純的內勤工作，現在的勤務卻是包羅萬象，諸如，值班、巡邏、交通整理、執行擴大路檢、追捕逃犯、緝毒肅槍等勤務。如此，女警要面對多元複雜的治安環境及兼顧家務，此舉是否導致她們面臨角色衝突，女警的角色是否必須有所調整，為值得探究的課題。 本研究採用質性研究法中的深入訪談法，以基隆市警察局機關編制內已婚且育有子女的12位女警為訪談對象，以探討女性員警之親子關係、角色期望與衝突，以期深入了解女性員警的生活及所面臨的問題，並探究其在扮演多重角色時，如何有效因應身兼工作角色及家庭角色。訪談所得資料，經歸類、分析所得研究結果： 一、親子關係、權威管教 受訪者受到傳統觀念的影響，再加上雙薪家庭，工作時間長且工作時間日夜顛倒，壓縮到陪伴子女的時間，親子間互動減少，然而必須在短暫的時間內傳遞溝通的訊息，避免子女出現偏差行為，所以大多數受訪者採取權威式管教方式，並設定規範要求子女遵守。 二、經濟考量、從警主因 受訪者當初選擇進入警界的原因，經濟因素是女性選擇從警的主因之一，另一項原因就是崇拜警察陽剛、打擊犯罪的正義形象。 三、母職扮演、傳統依舊 受訪者對於「母職」與「妻職」的角色，仍無法擺脫傳統的性別角色與義務，她們通常把家庭與教養視為自己理所當然的責任與義務，不得不犧牲自己的時間，滿足子女與先生的需求。 四、兼顧子女、負荷頗重 受訪者對於學齡前子女教養工作花費的許多時間與精力，超出體力的負荷，有時會將子女帶進辦公處所，一邊工作、一邊照顧子女與指導作業；如果先生無法分擔家庭事務工作，更增加受訪者的壓力，而無法調適的情形，感到蠟燭兩頭燒的窘境。 五、角色衝突、尋求支持 受訪者在面臨工作與家庭事務衝突時，最重要的是尋求支持系統，例如長輩的照顧、辦公室的托育等；另一方式就是會找尋丈夫、家人、朋友聊天獲抒發己見以獲得暫時的安慰或者聽音樂、做運動紓解壓力，這些都是對於受訪者感到有效的策略。但是女警在專心追求事業的同時，仍會配合家庭運作，以家庭生活為重心，畢竟維持家庭生活運作仍然是女性員警的最終考量。 本研究依據研究結果，提一些建議：一、對警察機關的建議：舉辦健康親子休閒活動、宣導女警角色、強化性別平等教育、合理勤務時間、紓解工作壓力、協助育兒托育、適當的女警輪調制度；二、對已婚女警的建議：提供社會支持、重視家庭溝通、做好時間管理、尋求支持，善用資源、平權的家務分工。 關鍵字：已婚女警、親子關係、多重角色、角色期望、角色衝突 / Police staff works round the clock and on a shift basis. Their jobs involve high risks, physical strength requirements, uncertainty and mobility. On a year-by-year basis, the National Police Agency is planning to lift the 10:1 quota for male and female recruitments. Increase in the number of female police staff, therefore, is foreseeable. In terms of human resources management, policewomen will play an increasingly important role in the industry. In the past, policewomen were normally assigned to minor tasks or less complicated office works. Now their roles are becoming versatile, having to fulfill different job requirements including shift works, patrolling, traffic conduction, roadside inspection, chasing criminals, combating guns and drugs, etc. They have to deal with a diversified and complicated environment for public security and to fulfill their family responsibilities at the same time. Are policewomen, therefore, facing role conflicts? Do they need role adjustments? These are all issues worthy of further exploration. In this research, we adopted the In-Depth Interview approach, one of the Qualitative Research methodologies, and have interviewed 12 married policewomen with children, who are working for the Keelung City Police Bureau. The purpose is to achieve an in-depth understanding of the life of these policewomen; the parental relationship, role expectation and role conflicts; as well as various problems they encountered. We also tried to understand the approaches they took to achieve an effective work/family balance when dealing with their multiple roles. The results of the interview have been classified and analyzed, and are summarized below: 一、Parental Relationship and the Authority Teaching Style Most of the interviewees are influenced by traditional concepts. Facing the pressure of double-income families, as well as lengthy and irregular working hours, they are forced to squeeze the time spent with their children. The interaction between parents and children, therefore, is reduced. Having to communicate with the kids within limited time and minimize undesired behaviors from the children, most of the interviewees adopt the authority teaching style. They set up rules and asked their children to follow. 二、Financial Considerations – The Key Reason for Selecting Police Jobs For female police staff, one of the key reasons for joining the police force is financial considerations. Another reason is their adoration of the “manlike” nature of the police jobs and their positive image in combating crime and protecting justice. 三、 The Traditional Role as a Mother In terms of their roles as a “mother” and a “wife”, the interviewees still could not free themselves from the traditional roles and obligations for the gender. They believed that they had unshirkable responsibilities to look after the family and educate the children. They have no choice but to sacrifice their own time to satisfy the need of their husbands and children. 四、 Childcare – a Heavy Load The interviewees have spent tremendous time and energy in looking after and educating their preschool children. They felt physically overloaded. Sometimes they needed to bring the kids to offices so that they could, while working, look after the kids and help with their homework at the same time. The pressure would become worse if their husbands were unable to share the house chores. Some interviewees felt themselves “a candle burning at both ends”, having difficulties in adapting themselves to the situation. 五、Role Conflicts and the Need for Support When facing a role conflict between family and work, the interviewees felt it most important to turn to a support system. For example, they would seek help from the elders in the family for help, or rely on the childcare services from the employers. Other methods for temporary relief are to talk with their husbands, families or friends, listening to music or join sport activities. These are all effective strategies for the interviewees. While striving for their career, policewomen are still required to remain family-focused and support all family activities, since family care is still reckoned as their ultimate goal of life. Based on the results of this research, we wish to provide the following recommendations: (1) For police agencies: We recommend to arrange parental/children activities, provide education on the roles of policewomen, enhance education on sexual equality; review and ensure reasonable working hours, provide childcare supports and build up a good rotation system for policewomen. (2) For married policewomen: Provide social supports, improve communication within the family, develop time management skills, solicit external supports, improve resource management and ensure equality in the sharing of housework. Key Words: Married Policewomen, Parental Relationship, Multiple Role, Role Expectation, Role Conflicts