1 |
兩性平權之研究─以女性警官陞遷為例王芳美 Unknown Date (has links)
隨著婦女就業情形的普遍,兩性議題也愈顯得重要,欲落實兩性平權,法律是最根本之道,從近年政府制定「兩性工作平等法」及「性別平等教育法」對於推進兩性平權,均具有劃時代的意義。所謂「玻璃天花板效應」(glass ceiling effect),就是一種不易被察覺的、人為的或組織的偏差所造成的無形阻礙,使得女性在事業生涯方面,無法獲得與男性公平競爭的機會。本研究藉由對玻璃天花板、陞遷、性別角色等相關理論與實務之檢視,對我國女性警官陞遷潛藏之問題進行探討,期能依據研究結果,提出一些建議,以供女性警官個人及有關機關參考。
在研究方法方面,本研究係採用問卷調查法為主,以我國女性警官為普測對象,取得回收有效問卷525份。研究問卷內容包含影響陞遷之「社會心理」構面、「歧視偏差」構面、「系統結構」構面與「陞遷發展」構面及女性警官個人基本資料等量表。問卷調查所得資料運用電腦統計套裝軟體SPSS for Windows 10.0版,以描述性統計分析、t考驗、單因子變異數分析及Pearson積差相關等統計分析方法進行資料處理:
本研究經由實證分析之後,歸納結論如下:
一、就各構面之認知程度而言:其同意程度依次為影響陞遷之「社會心理」構面,其次是「陞遷發展」構面,再次是「歧視偏差」構面,最後為「系統結構」構面。
二、就各構面之認知差異情形而言:在「社會心理」構面上,因年齡、婚姻、子女數、教育程度、警官年資、職務官階、服務單位、有無進修、現任職位及代理主管的不同而有顯著差異存在;在「歧視偏差」構面上,因婚姻、職務官階、工作內容、現任職位及代理主管的不同而有顯著差異存在;在「系統結構」構面上,因工作照顧、教育程度、職務官階、有無進修及代理主管的不同而有顯著差異存在;在「陞遷發展」構面上,因有無進修、現任職位及代理主管的不同而有顯著差異存在。
三、就各構面之相關分析而言:本研究所探討的四個構面的關連非常強,不論是整體或是其各個的因素之間均達顯著水準的正相關。 / With the rise of female employment rate in workplace, gender issues have been of higher importance in recent years. To realize gender equality in workplace, legislation serves to be the most fundamental solutions of all. Following the enactment of the Gender Equality in Employment Law and the Gender Equality Education Law, Taiwan female employees have seen landmark on their workplace status. But the so-called glass-ceiling effects, are less perceivable, man-made or organizational bias still persist, which deprive female employees of an equal opportunity as those bestowed on their male counterparts. In this study, the author will discuss the obstacles posed for Taiwan’s female police officers in their quest organizational positions based on the observation from the theoretical and practical sides of glass-ceiling effects, promotional and gender roles, and will further propose suggestions for improvements for female police officers.
Methodologically, this study uses questionnaire survey research, with female police officers as subjects and results in 525 successful samples. Contents of the questionnaire include facets of promotional importance, such as socio-psychology, discrimination bias, systematic structures, promotional development and personal information. With the analysis of descriptive statistics, t-test, one way ANOVA and the Pearson product-moment correlation coefficient supported by SPSS for Windows 10.0, information gathered from the results of questionnaire is processed:
After empirical analysis, our conclusions are:
1.On the acknowledgement level of each facet: respondents find most of their agreements on the importance of obstacles to their promotion, are socio-psychology, promotional development, discrimination bias and systematic structure.
2.On the perceptional difference of each facet: on the socio-psychological aspect, there are differences according to the age, marital status, children number, educational level, years of working as police officer, rank, current position, deputy supervisor, further education. On the discrimination bias facet, there are differences according to marital status, rank, job description, current position and deputy supervisor. On the systematic structure facet, the differences exists among respondents of different educational level, rank, further education and deputy supervisor. On the promotional development facet, there are differences according to further education, current position and deputy supervisor.
3.On the correlation analysis of each facet: the four facets discussed in the study has strong correlations, no matter individual factor or integral whole has all reached a high standard level of positive relationship.
|
2 |
星空下的玻璃天花板現象─以警政單位女性警官升遷為例 / Glass ceiling effect among female police officers林祐慈 Unknown Date (has links)
台灣女性勞動參與率逐年提高,越來越多的女性勞動力進入就業市場,然而,女性晉升至中高階層職位之人數並無明顯增加。顯然女性的職涯發展似乎受到一定程度的限制,此限制即為玻璃天花板現象。玻璃天花板現象存在於各行各業中,但於警界之程度更為嚴重。此現象之原因乃警界人為與體制上的排除女警官人數,導致整個警界中的女性人數稀少,更遑論通往高階之女性所遇之玻璃天花板現象更甚一般企業或公務體系人員。因此本研究透過質性訪談方式,藉此試圖探討警政中、高層女性所占比例極低的原因何在,其中人為或非人為因素為何?
本研究發現警界升遷制度隱性侷限女警升遷發展,以績效導向為主導致功獎多寡牽制著積分排名順序,而主管評分比重過高亦會影響女警官升遷;再者由於警察組織性別化的工作指派,在偏好男性的外勤工作能夠快速與大量的累積分數之下,女警官敘獎機會較少,相對不容易累積積分;此外警界必須運用交際應酬的手段維繫良好的人際關係,但女警官不擅進入男性應酬圈,男性網絡之官場文化間接造影響女警官們的升遷發展;最後女性被賦予養兒育女之母職天性,家庭責任之重擔落在女性身上,一但女警官走入婚姻,即必須在工作與家庭上做取捨,工作與家庭實為難以兼顧。
因此建議國家應放寬警大入學名額的性別設限並推動國家照顧工作;對於警界之職務分派勿侷限性別,重視女警人才,並且減少組織內外勤工作差異,再者建議主官建立公平的考核原則,破除性別刻板印象之成見,以及建立兩性平等的教育訓練;建議女警官破除自我設限的迷思,並強化女警官之人際網絡;以及女警官人力資本之維持。 / The female labor participation rate has gradually increased in Taiwan, more and more Female labor force has been entered the labor market. However, the number of female senior positions who is not increases significantly. Women's career advancement has seemed to be limited to a certain extent; this restriction shall be the glass ceiling. The glass ceiling exists in all walks of life; particularly the police are more serious than the general business and public service system. The reason is artificial and institutional exclusion, not to mention the number of women with the senior positions. Therefore, this study through qualitative interviews so as to explore the low proportion of women in senior positions.
The study found that promotion system limited women's career advancement, the performance-oriented approach the award amount in order to contain the standings, while the chief rates with a high proportion will also affect female police officer promotion; Furthermore, due to the gender-based assignment of work in police organizations, female police officers award fewer opportunities that is not easy to accumulate points; In addition to maintain good interpersonal relationships in police, female police officers is hard to enter the male entertainment circle; the last is that women has the nature of motherhood, so family responsibilities falls on women which must be choice between work and family.
The government should be relax the gender-based retractions of Central Police University and to promote the care work of the state; the Police should not limit the duties assigned in gender and to value the talent of female police officers ,also it should reduce the differences in the police work of the organization .Moreover the chief should set the fair principal on assessment, and break the gender stereotypes with the prejudices. Also it should be establish the gender equality in education and training; finally suggesting that female police officers should get rid of the myth of self-handicapping, and to strengthen the interpersonal networks of female police officers; as well as the maintenance of female police officers in human capital.
|
3 |
職場性別歧視相關法律問題之研究郭賢真 Unknown Date (has links)
我國兩性工作平等法(以下簡稱兩平法)自民國九十一年三月八日施行,迄今已五年,兩平法之立法不但符合禁止就業上性別歧視之國際潮流,也與我國日益重視女性就業問題之需求息息相關,更為性別平等理念之實現,向前邁進一大步。依據現有就業歧視案例,有百分之九十以上都是屬於性別歧視案件。所謂「性別歧視」係指在工作職場中,求職者或受雇者因其性別,而受到雇主不公平待遇。禁止性別歧視之精神,在於性別乃個人與生俱來,所無法改變的特質。因此,由於本身無法改變的特質,而在工作職場中受到不平等待遇是不合理的。所以不論在工作職種、職位、薪資、升遷、訓練、退休條件等,只要工作相當及能力相等,均不得有性別歧視之情形。
根據行政院勞工委員會之統計資料,累計至95年12月底止,各縣市計受理申訴案件446件,經移送評議件數329件。91至95年底評議件數計329件,其中以性別歧視居首達205件(包括離職或解僱98件,婚育歧視53件),性騷擾119件,因產假之申訴案件計44件。我國職場中較為常見之性別歧視案例類型有:招募歧視、晉升歧視、同工不同酬、婚育歧視(包含婚姻歧視及懷孕歧視)以及性騷擾。
本研究共分六部分,前五部分為緒論、我國促進職場兩性平等理論基礎、相關法制之介紹與事業單位執行情形、國際組織及美國有關促進職場兩性平等措施與規定、我國職場常見性別歧視案例類型暨法院判決案例介紹與分析,以及結論與建議等五章,最後一部分則為參考文獻。茲將各章所探討之內容分述如下:
第一章為緒論,說明本文之研究動機與背景、研究範圍與限制、研究方法與研究架構、文獻分析與名詞釋義。
第二章為我國促進職場兩性平等理論基礎與相關法制之介紹,首將透過憲法中有關兩性工作平等條文規定,以及工作權、平等權內涵之論述,深入瞭解兩性工作平等的理論基礎後,復將我國落實兩性工作平等相關法令與兩性工作平等法之立法淵源與規範內容及我國兩性工作平等法中所規定之公部門與私部門、事業單位內部及外部申訴、救濟制度與其他法律救濟途徑,於本章中說明,末將國內事業單位執行兩平法相關規定之情形加以說明。
第三章為國際組織及美國有關促進職場兩性平等措施與規定,透過對於聯合國及國際勞工組織有關促進職場兩性平等相關公約及美國重要法律與總統行政命令、平等就業機會委員會之簡介,以瞭解國際間有關消除職場性別歧視、促進兩性平等此一議題之進展及其立法趨勢。
第四章為我國職場常見性別歧視案例類型暨法院判決案例介紹與分析,從實務角度觀察在我國職場中常見之性別歧視案例類型,輔以實際案例或法院判決內容介紹方式,探討並瞭解招募歧視、晉升歧視、同工同酬、懷孕歧視、職場性騷擾等問題在我國發生之情形。
第五章為結論與建議,綜合本文各章論述提供建議。
最後則列出參考文獻與附錄供參。
|
4 |
組織異化與成員專業化之研究:以中華電信桃園營運處為例 / Organization alienation and personnel professionalization─a case study of chunghwa telecom Tao Yuan service center呂易芝 Unknown Date (has links)
組織為追求利益極大化,將員工視為生產的機器,組織內成員不過是其中的一顆螺絲釘而已,使得人與人或人與組織產生無力感、無規範感、無意義感等負面的情緒,形成組織異化(Alienation)的病態現象,在這樣的情形下,組織中的成員認為自己只是組織中的小螺絲釘,渺小而無用處,對工作、組織失去認同,員工不再精進自我的專業知識,也不遵守專業的倫理規範,提升員工專業化變成一件相當困難的事,進而影響組織的效能與運作。本研究將以中華電信桃園營運處為研究對象,探討異化與專業化的意義和各種理論、異化和專業化所包含各面向的內涵,分析組織異化和人員專業化(Professionalization)間的關連性,並根據研究結果,提供組織管理階層在人員管理上之參考。
實證研究的結果顯示,組織異化與員工專業化之間有關聯性存在。組織異化各面向與員工專業化各面向呈現負相關,亦即組織異化的程度越高,其員工專業化的程度越低。基於上述實證研究發現,本研究提出組織應實施績效管理、破除玻璃天花板效應(Glass Ceiling Effect)及建立組織學習文化等實務上之建議。
|
5 |
性別角色期待的枷鎖:擺盪於家庭與工作之間的女性公務人員 / The Bondage of Expectation for Gender Role: Female Civil Servants, Swinging between Family and work蕭奕蕙, Shiao, Yi-Huey Unknown Date (has links)
本篇論文研究主要以正式女性公務人員為對象,並採用質化研究的深入訪談法,總共有十五位女性公務人員接受訪問;另外,本篇論文引用相關的理論來觀察女性公務人員的實際生活情況。十五位女性公務人員的家庭發展階段分成未婚、已婚無子女、已婚懷孕初期、已婚育有學齡前兒童、已婚育有青少年子女、以及已婚育有成年子女等等家庭類型。
本篇論文的研究發現有下列幾點:
一、因為性別角色期待而選擇進入公務人員體制
女性因為性別角色期待選擇進入公務人員體制中。女性公務人員為了扮演生育、照顧的家庭角色;以及社會普遍認為女性適合從事公務人員;在婚姻市場裡面,女性公務人員更成為理想結婚對象。因此,女性選擇進入公務人員體制的意願提高。
二、公務人員體制具有科層制特性
公務人員體制中的科層體制強調「固定職掌」、「依法行政」、「層級節制」,並且形成特定的官僚運作方式;整個組織運作強調「客觀」、「理性」、「陽剛性質」。女性在這樣的官僚運作底下,因為其性別而被標示出來,因為整個科層組織是由男性設計與主導,女性則被看成性別化的行動者(sexualized actors);同時科層體制的反功能造成組織成員對組織產生疏離感,不過正因為這樣的反功能有利女性公務人員兼顧家庭生活,因此,女性公務人員在兼顧家庭的工作考量中以公務人員的工作內容配合度最高。在升遷的過程當中受到男性權威與性別角色刻板印象雙重影響,「玻璃天花板」效應明顯存在而女性公務人員也無法從工作中獲得滿足。
三、公務人員體制特殊的官場文化
公務人員體制要求「去個人化」、接受新的官僚人格,以及運用特殊的組織文化,其中最盛行的就是「關係」、「人情」。光具備工作能力表現是不夠的,公務人員還必須透過「關說」、「人事背景」才能獲得長官的賞識與提拔。整個組織的在上位者多數都是男性,男性有其特殊的人際關係互動,女性公務人員必須同時去性別化與接受男性的組織網絡之後,才有可能獲得晉升的機會。
四、女性公務人員因為家庭與工作出現精疲力盡
大部分已婚的女性公務人員仍然扮演「女主內」的角色,也就是說踏進門板之後的領域全歸為女性的責任,因此,只能用「心力交瘁」的字眼來形容女性公務人員的處境,唯一值得慶幸的是,女性公務人員會尋求社會資源來解決工作與家庭兩者間的衝突。
五、女性公務人員既主動創造又被動接受性別角色期待
根據本篇論文觀察與訪談結果,女性在某種情境底下才會既主動創造又被動接受性別角色期待。那就是只有在家庭因素考量出現時,女性才會主動創造與被對接受既予的性別角色期待。為了逃避這種左右為難的窘境,女性就必須建立自主性,可是這種自主性也是在既有社會價值框架下,並不是完全的自由。因此,我認為唯有去除傳統將女性與家庭連結在一起的社會價值,進而建立兩性平等的關係。 / This paper aims mainly at qualified female civil servants, employs the qualitative method by which fifteen women are interviewed, and takes also on the relevant theories to observe their actual life experiences. The family life cycle of them is divided as following: single, married without children, pregnant, married with preschool ones, married with teenagers, and married with adult children.
In this paper I discover the facts that follows:
1. In accordance with the expectation for gender role, women choose to be civil servants.
In order to play well role on caring and childbearing in family life, on account of the common social assumption that women are suitable for the work of civil servants, and owing to the favor in the selection of marriage partner, women thus are willing to run for this status.
2. Public institution is characteristic of bureaucracy.
The working of civil service emphasizes on the fixed working contents, administrating by law, and obviously hierarchizing in levels, so this institution develops the bureaucratic feature. Under the emphases of the whole institution on the rationality, objectivity and masculinity wrought by men, women are labeled as sexualized actors. In this case, the bureaucracy produces the anti-function which on the one hand results in the alienation of the member in the organization and which on the other hand is good for women to take care of their family. In the process of promotion, the influences of male authority and gender stereotype on women forms the glass ceiling effect that defers women from the satisfaction with their works.
3. The special bureaucratic culture in public institution.
In this institution the member is required to be depersonalized, to accept a new bureaucratic trait and to implement the special organizational culture that is fashioned with human relationship and influence. Most of the higher officials are men who possess the different network of human relations from women, women must desexualize themselves to receive bureaucratic culture dominated by men for the opportunity of promotion.
4. The exhaustion of female civil servants in family and work.
A great number of married female civil servants simultaneously play the role of housewives--that is to say, women are responsible for all the things indoors. Fortunately, women, when facing this dilemma, would by the capacity of their positioning search for the social support so that they solve the confrontations between family and work.
5. Female civil servants either positively create or negatively accept the expectation for gender role.
The choice of whether to create or accept the expected gender role for women civil servants depends on certain "circumstances." That is, only when for family's sake women civil servants are forced to definitely both create and accept such given gender role. To escape this dilemma, they try to establish a kind of autonomy--neither to create nor to accept the "given" namely, to slip off the bondage of the family. However, this sort of "autonomy" is limited in the framework of social value, far from complete freedom. Consequently, I think all we have to do is change the social value of setting the bondage between women and family and strive for the equality of both sexes.
|
6 |
玻璃天花板效應:中央行政機關女性公務人員陞遷障礙因素之研究 / Glass Ceiling Effect:An Empirical Research on the Factors of Promotion Barriers of Female Public Officers in Central Government Agencies廖捐惠, LIAO, JYUAN HUEI Unknown Date (has links)
知識經濟時代,人力素質的良窳是組織致勝關鍵因素,隨著社會經濟發展與教育水準的提昇,女性就業能力及意願亦隨之大幅提高,使得職場的性別議題亦愈顯重要。近年來,在兩性平權呼聲高漲的氛圍下,兩性在政治、經濟、社會地位的差距已隨著社會多元開放而日益縮小,女性逐漸能在各個領域嶄露頭角,然而,「玻璃天花板」(glass ceiling)現象卻普遍存在於公、私部門組織,使女性受到各種無形的﹑態度的或組織的偏差所造成的障礙,無法獲得公平機會與男性同儕競爭,而造成「男性職等高、女性職等低」的性別不平等現象。本研究希冀藉由玻璃天花板相關理論的探討及女性管理議題相關文獻的檢閱,了解目前女性公務人員所面臨的陞遷障礙因素及兩性間的差異情形,並依研究結果及發現研提具體可行建議,提供未來人事政策制定及執行的參考,期使女性公務人力資源運用效益極大化。
本研究以文獻探討法探究包含社會心理、系統結構及入性別主流化政策等三大面向,並以性別角色特質、工作與家庭衝突、師徒關係、社會網絡關係、性別主流化政策認知為次變項建立研究架構,以行政院暨所屬中央一級行政機關為研究範圍,針對行政院暨所屬部會處局署等37個機關薦(派)任級以上男、女公務人員進行問卷調查,以各機關人數、官等(薦任、簡任)及性別(男、女)比例作為抽樣分配數之依據,再以行政院人事行政局2009年5月編印之行政院暨所屬各機關職員錄作為抽樣架構,取得有效樣本數411人,包含男性218人及女性193人,再以SPSS for Windows 12.0中文版套裝統計軟體進行描述性統計分析、t檢定、單因子變異數分析及皮爾森積差相關分析,經歸納分析及假設驗證,獲得以下結論:
一、公務人員個人變項的不同,其在陞遷、社會心理、系統結構及性別主流化政策等構面認知上均有顯著差異
二、公務人員之社會心理因素(性別角色特質及工作與家庭衝突)與陞遷具有顯著相關
三、公務人員之系統結構因素(師徒關係及社會網絡關係)與陞遷具有顯著相關
四、公務人員之性別主流化政策看法(政策認知及政策認同)與陞遷具有顯著相關性
|
Page generated in 0.0359 seconds