Tyrime dalyvavo 222 pirmų klasių mokiniai iš septynių Kauno mokyklų. Tiriamųjų amžius– nuo 6 iki 8 metų. Tyrime dalyvavo 134 mergaitės (60,4 %) ir 88 berniukai (39,6 %). Vaikų socialinė kompetencija buvo matuojama naudojant Socialinės kompetencijos pradinėje mokykloje skalės (SKPMS) trumpąją versiją, kurią užpildė klasės mokytoja. Metodika parengta Vytauto Didžiojo universiteto Teorinės psichologijos katedros doktorantės Šarūnės Magelinskaitės- Legkauskienės. Tėvų tarpusavio santykių kokybė vertinta Suvokiamos santykio kokybės skale (Perceived Relationship Quality Components (PRQC)) (Flet-cher et al., 2000), kurią užpildė vaikų tėvai. Lietuviška skalės versija buvo gauta iš Vytauto Didžiojo universiteto Bendrosios psichologijos katedros doc. dr. Visvaldo Legkausko. Šeimos sudėtis buvo vertinta klausiant tėvų, ar vaikas gyvena su abiem biologiniais tėvais, ar vaiko tėvai yra išsiskyrę, teiraujamasi apie vaikų skaičių šeimoje, jų amžių, tiriamojo gimimo eiliškumą. Tyrimo rezultatai parodė, kad socialinė kompetencija tarp berniukų ir mergaičių nesiskiria, tačiau yra tendencija skirtumui atsirasti. Pirmaklasių mergaičių iš pilnų šeimų, socialinė kompetencija yra aukštesnė nei mergaičių iš išsiskyrusių šeimų. Pirmaklasių socialinės kompetencijos ir vaikų skaičiaus šeimoje ryšys yra susijęs su lytimi: berniukų, turinčių bent vieną brolį ar seserį, socialinė kompetencija nesiskiria nuo vienintelių šeimoje berniukų; mergaičių, turinčių bent vieną brolį ar seserį, socialinė... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / The aim of the study was to assess first graders' social competence links with the family composition and parental relationship quality. Subjects were 222 first-grade students attending seven schools in Kaunas. Age of subjects was ranging from 6 to 8 years. 134 (60.4%) of the subjects were girls and the rest 88 (39.6%) were boys (39.6%). Children's social competence was measured using the short versijon of the Social competence of elementary school scale (SKPMS),completed by the class teacher. The methodology developed by doctoral student Šarūnė Magelinskaitė-Legkauskienė at Vytautas Magnus University, Department of Theoretical Psychology. The quality of the relationship between parents rated Perceived Relationship Quality Components (PRQC) (Flet-cher et al., 2000), completed by the parents of children. Lithuanian version of the scale was obtained from doc. dr..Visvaldas Legkauskas at Vytautas Magnus University, Department of General Psychology. Family composition has been rated by asking parents whether the child lives with both biological parents or the child's parents are divorced, has been asked about the number of children in the family, their ages, birth order of the first – graders. The results showed that social competence is not different between boys and girls, but there is the tendency to occur the difference. First-graders living in two-parent families in the girls sample groups have a higher social competence than first-graders living in divorced families... [to full text]

Suicide is a major public health issue in the United States. Some studies show decreased suicide rates in religious populations, but it is unclear how religiosity might be linked to suicidal behavior of adolescents emerging into adulthood. To this point few studies have examined the relationship between adolescent suicidal ideation and several risk factors at once and the role of religiosity in these relationships. Drawing from Waves I-III of the National Longitudinal Survey of Adolescent Health data from 1994 to 2002, I sought to explore the relationship between religiosity (i.e. religious affiliation, service attendance, prayer, perceived importance of religion) and suicidal ideation of adolescents over time. Additionally, associations between risk factors (i.e. poor parental relationship, low self-esteem, depressive symptoms, suicidal behavior of friends and family, drug use, alcohol use, aggressive behavior) and risk of suicidal ideation were assessed by simple logistic regression analyses. Multivariate analyses were then used to examine the relationships among the risk factors and suicidal ideation. In a second step of the multivariate analyses, religiosity was added to the model to test if there would be a change in the odds ratios. Results of the simple logistic regression indicated adolescents’ religiosity was negatively correlated with suicidal ideation, while the selected risk factors were positively correlated with suicidal ideation among adolescent participants. However, as participants became young adults, one religiosity measure (i.e. prayer) and one aggressive behavior measure (i.e. access to weapons) were no longer significantly related to their suicidal ideation. Also, females and Whites were more likely to report suicidal ideation than males or African Americans, respectively. In the multivariate models all the selected suicide risk factors were positively correlated with suicidal ideation. When religiosity was added to the model, it had a positive impact on aggressive behavior among older adolescents in Wave II (35% reduced risk) and drug use among younger adolescents in Wave I (14% reduced risk). Religiosity had marginal impact on the rest of the risk factors: 0.1% – 2.4% reduced risk in some and 0.2% – 1.6% increased risk in others in all 3 waves.

Uppsatsens övergripande syfte är att undersöka om, och i så fall hur, unga vuxnas erfarenheter av separation och vårdnadstvist mellan föräldrarna under barndomen inverkat när det gäller inställning till samlevnadsfrågor. Mer konkret är avsikten att söka svar på frågor som beaktar principen om barnets bästa, attityder gentemot relationer, separationer och giftermål liksom dagens relation till föräldrarna. Tolkningsramen som användes för att tolka och förstå uppsatsens empiriska material baseras på de inledande bestämmelserna enligt 6 kap. föräldrabalken, några risker med socialarbetarens förhållningssätt, barnets känsla av ansvar, lojalitet och hemlighållande, barnets överlevnadsstrategier och kognitiv dissonansteori. Dessa tolkningsredskap var effektiva för att belysa unga vuxnas erfarenheter från barndomen och deras attityder till samlevnadsfrågor. En kvalitativ metodansats tillämpades för att inhämta det empiriska materialet och fem kvinnliga respondenter intervjuades med hjälp av en semistrukturerad intervjuguide. Uppsatsens slutsatser indikerar att principen om barnets bästa inte alltid beaktades för de unga vuxna under barndomen. Deras attityder gentemot relationer, separationer och giftermål präglas av en öppen inställning till olika familjekonstellationer med goda kvalitéer, positiva respektive negativa följder av föräldrarnas separation och uppfattningen om att vilja gifta sig i framtiden. Dagens relation till den ena föräldern har visat sig vara fortsatt god medan relationen till den andra föräldern varierar. / The purpose of the essay is to examine whether, and if so how, young adults' experiences of separation and contested custody between parents during childhood influenced their attitudes to coexistence issues. Further, the intention is to seek answers to questions regarding: the best interests of the child, attitudes towards relationships, separation and marriage, as well as the current relationship to the parents. The interpretative framework adopted to interpret and understand the empirical material is based on the initial provisions under chapter 6, some risks with the social workers' approach, the children's sense of responsibility, loyalty and concealment, the child’s survival strategies as well as cognitive dissonance theory.  These are considered effective to highlight young adults' experiences in childhood and their attitudes to coexistence issues. A qualitative method was applied to obtain the empirical material. Five female respondents were interviewed using a semi-structured interview guide. The essay’s findings indicate that the principle of the child’s best interests is not always applicable for the young adults during childhood. Their attitude towards relationships, separation and marriage is characterized by an open attitude to different family constellations with good qualities, positive and negative consequences of their parents' separation and a desire to get married in the future. The relationship today remains good with one parent, while the relationship with the other parent differs.

Research on stepfamilies strongly supports the importance of positive parent-child relationships on child outcomes. However, most of this research has focused on one or two of these relationships failing to acknowledge the interconnected impact of all three parental figures. To fill this gap, I used latent class analysis and identified six classes of parent-child relationship constellations. The national sample in this study (n=1,159) were all participants in The Stepfamily Experiences Project (STEP). Parent-child relationship quality indicators were based on participants' retrospective reports on the warmth/closeness, communication, and level of active parenting they experienced in their stepfamily household. After identifying classes I examined how class membership was affected by resident parent relationships status, EA sex, stepparent sex, years spent in a stepfamily, the age the EA entered the stepfamily and the time spent with the nonresident parent. Finally, I examined how class membership impacted depression, drug use, and hooking up. Ultimately, the analysis indicated that there is much complexity in the stepfamily experience and its potential influence on later life outcomes.

The focus of this dissertation revolved around the phenomenon of friendship, specifically amongst adolescents. Friendship is a universal phenomenon, that occurs in every race, culture and religion. Within friendship there are some universal aspects that were investigated. The research attempted to understand the phenomenon of friendship amongst the developmental phase of the adolescent. Furthermore, the effect of friendship on the adolescent’s general psychological functioning had been investigated. The research came to the conclusion that friendship does have a positive influence on an adolescent’s general psychological functioning but that some psychological factors, such as communication skills, social skills and self confidence need to be developed to a certain extent in order for friendship to have a positive influence on the adolescent’s psychological functioning. If these psychological factors are however not in place, friendship may to a certain extent highlight an adolescent’s weaknesses and reinforce his/her social inadequacy, inferiority, lack of self confidence and negative self talk. / Psychology of Education / M. Ed. (Guidance and Counselling)

警察勤務是24小時晝夜輪替服勤，其工作性質具高度危險性、辛勞性、不確定性及機動性，警政署規劃逐年降低男女警員員額十比一的錄取比例限制，未來女警人數勢必增加且在未來人力運用上，女警扮演日益重要的角色。以往女警在警界中往往扮演邊陲角色或擔任性質單純的內勤工作，現在的勤務卻是包羅萬象，諸如，值班、巡邏、交通整理、執行擴大路檢、追捕逃犯、緝毒肅槍等勤務。如此，女警要面對多元複雜的治安環境及兼顧家務，此舉是否導致她們面臨角色衝突，女警的角色是否必須有所調整，為值得探究的課題。 本研究採用質性研究法中的深入訪談法，以基隆市警察局機關編制內已婚且育有子女的12位女警為訪談對象，以探討女性員警之親子關係、角色期望與衝突，以期深入了解女性員警的生活及所面臨的問題，並探究其在扮演多重角色時，如何有效因應身兼工作角色及家庭角色。訪談所得資料，經歸類、分析所得研究結果： 一、親子關係、權威管教 受訪者受到傳統觀念的影響，再加上雙薪家庭，工作時間長且工作時間日夜顛倒，壓縮到陪伴子女的時間，親子間互動減少，然而必須在短暫的時間內傳遞溝通的訊息，避免子女出現偏差行為，所以大多數受訪者採取權威式管教方式，並設定規範要求子女遵守。 二、經濟考量、從警主因 受訪者當初選擇進入警界的原因，經濟因素是女性選擇從警的主因之一，另一項原因就是崇拜警察陽剛、打擊犯罪的正義形象。 三、母職扮演、傳統依舊 受訪者對於「母職」與「妻職」的角色，仍無法擺脫傳統的性別角色與義務，她們通常把家庭與教養視為自己理所當然的責任與義務，不得不犧牲自己的時間，滿足子女與先生的需求。 四、兼顧子女、負荷頗重 受訪者對於學齡前子女教養工作花費的許多時間與精力，超出體力的負荷，有時會將子女帶進辦公處所，一邊工作、一邊照顧子女與指導作業；如果先生無法分擔家庭事務工作，更增加受訪者的壓力，而無法調適的情形，感到蠟燭兩頭燒的窘境。 五、角色衝突、尋求支持 受訪者在面臨工作與家庭事務衝突時，最重要的是尋求支持系統，例如長輩的照顧、辦公室的托育等；另一方式就是會找尋丈夫、家人、朋友聊天獲抒發己見以獲得暫時的安慰或者聽音樂、做運動紓解壓力，這些都是對於受訪者感到有效的策略。但是女警在專心追求事業的同時，仍會配合家庭運作，以家庭生活為重心，畢竟維持家庭生活運作仍然是女性員警的最終考量。 本研究依據研究結果，提一些建議：一、對警察機關的建議：舉辦健康親子休閒活動、宣導女警角色、強化性別平等教育、合理勤務時間、紓解工作壓力、協助育兒托育、適當的女警輪調制度；二、對已婚女警的建議：提供社會支持、重視家庭溝通、做好時間管理、尋求支持，善用資源、平權的家務分工。 關鍵字：已婚女警、親子關係、多重角色、角色期望、角色衝突 / Police staff works round the clock and on a shift basis. Their jobs involve high risks, physical strength requirements, uncertainty and mobility. On a year-by-year basis, the National Police Agency is planning to lift the 10:1 quota for male and female recruitments. Increase in the number of female police staff, therefore, is foreseeable. In terms of human resources management, policewomen will play an increasingly important role in the industry. In the past, policewomen were normally assigned to minor tasks or less complicated office works. Now their roles are becoming versatile, having to fulfill different job requirements including shift works, patrolling, traffic conduction, roadside inspection, chasing criminals, combating guns and drugs, etc. They have to deal with a diversified and complicated environment for public security and to fulfill their family responsibilities at the same time. Are policewomen, therefore, facing role conflicts? Do they need role adjustments? These are all issues worthy of further exploration. In this research, we adopted the In-Depth Interview approach, one of the Qualitative Research methodologies, and have interviewed 12 married policewomen with children, who are working for the Keelung City Police Bureau. The purpose is to achieve an in-depth understanding of the life of these policewomen; the parental relationship, role expectation and role conflicts; as well as various problems they encountered. We also tried to understand the approaches they took to achieve an effective work/family balance when dealing with their multiple roles. The results of the interview have been classified and analyzed, and are summarized below: 一、Parental Relationship and the Authority Teaching Style Most of the interviewees are influenced by traditional concepts. Facing the pressure of double-income families, as well as lengthy and irregular working hours, they are forced to squeeze the time spent with their children. The interaction between parents and children, therefore, is reduced. Having to communicate with the kids within limited time and minimize undesired behaviors from the children, most of the interviewees adopt the authority teaching style. They set up rules and asked their children to follow. 二、Financial Considerations – The Key Reason for Selecting Police Jobs For female police staff, one of the key reasons for joining the police force is financial considerations. Another reason is their adoration of the “manlike” nature of the police jobs and their positive image in combating crime and protecting justice. 三、 The Traditional Role as a Mother In terms of their roles as a “mother” and a “wife”, the interviewees still could not free themselves from the traditional roles and obligations for the gender. They believed that they had unshirkable responsibilities to look after the family and educate the children. They have no choice but to sacrifice their own time to satisfy the need of their husbands and children. 四、 Childcare – a Heavy Load The interviewees have spent tremendous time and energy in looking after and educating their preschool children. They felt physically overloaded. Sometimes they needed to bring the kids to offices so that they could, while working, look after the kids and help with their homework at the same time. The pressure would become worse if their husbands were unable to share the house chores. Some interviewees felt themselves “a candle burning at both ends”, having difficulties in adapting themselves to the situation. 五、Role Conflicts and the Need for Support When facing a role conflict between family and work, the interviewees felt it most important to turn to a support system. For example, they would seek help from the elders in the family for help, or rely on the childcare services from the employers. Other methods for temporary relief are to talk with their husbands, families or friends, listening to music or join sport activities. These are all effective strategies for the interviewees. While striving for their career, policewomen are still required to remain family-focused and support all family activities, since family care is still reckoned as their ultimate goal of life. Based on the results of this research, we wish to provide the following recommendations: (1) For police agencies: We recommend to arrange parental/children activities, provide education on the roles of policewomen, enhance education on sexual equality; review and ensure reasonable working hours, provide childcare supports and build up a good rotation system for policewomen. (2) For married policewomen: Provide social supports, improve communication within the family, develop time management skills, solicit external supports, improve resource management and ensure equality in the sharing of housework. Key Words: Married Policewomen, Parental Relationship, Multiple Role, Role Expectation, Role Conflicts

L’objectif de cette étude est d’appréhender comment les enfants en résidence alternée se construisent sur le plan de leur adaptation socio-affective et de leur qualité de vie et d’analyser quels sont les facteurs susceptibles d’influencer leur développement socio-affectif. L’approche écosystémique (Bronfenbrenner, 2005) et, plus spécifiquement, le modèle opérationnel « Processus-Personne-Contexte-Temps » (Bronfenbrenner, 1996) sur lequel nous prenons appui, nous a permis, de manière originale, de procéder à l’analyse de la contribution de facteurs d’ordre individuel, familial et contextuel au développement de ces enfants.Dans cette perspective, 38 familles et leurs 56 enfants âgés de 4 à 12 ans en résidence alternée ont participé à notre étude au moyen d'une série de questionnaires. Le développement socio-affectif de l’enfant a été appréhendé à l’aide de « l’Autoquestionnaire Qualité de vie-Enfant-Imagé » (A.U.Q.U.E.I. ; Manificat & Dazord, 1997) et du « Child Behavior Checklist » (C.B.C.L. ; Achenbach, 1991). Les mères et/ou les pères ont renseigné plusieurs outils évaluant leur relation coparentale : « l’échelle d’Interaction Coparentale » (Ahrons & Wallisch, 1987), « l’Inventaire de l’Alliance Parentale » (Abidin & Brunner, 1995) et « l’échelle de Conflits Post-Séparation » (Sonnenblick & Scharwz, 1992). La relation post-conjugale a été analysée à travers « l’échelle d’Interaction Non Parentale » (Ahrons & Wallisch, 1987) et « l’échelle d’Attachement entre les ex-conjoints » (Kitson, 1982).Nos principaux résultats indiquent que les enfants en résidence alternée témoignent d’une qualité de vie globalement satisfaisante, notamment dans la sphère familiale. De plus, trois quart des enfants environ se situent dans la zone non-pathologique aux échelles d’adaptation intériorisée et d’adaptation extériorisée. Parmi les facteurs pris en compte, nous constatons, dans un premier temps, un effet significatif du sexe et de l’âge des enfants : les filles sont plus nombreuses à se situer dans la zone pathologique à l’échelle d’adaptation extériorisée et les enfants de 4 à 6 ans tendent à présenter moins de troubles intériorisés. Dans un deuxième temps, les résultats révèlent que la relation coparentale influence le développement socio-affectif des enfants et que l’hostilité indirecte constitue le facteur de risque le plus marqué. Cet effet est toutefois modulé par l’âge des enfants. Enfin, nous avons mis en évidence l’influence des caractéristiques du contexte, à savoir la relation post-conjugale, le degré d’hostilité pré-séparation et le type d’accord formulé par les parents sur leur développement. Toutefois, il s’avère que cette influence n’est pas directe mais médiatisée par la relation coparentale.L’ensemble des résultats obtenus nous permet de proposer des perspectives de recherche et des pistes d’intervention.Mots / This thesis aims to comprehend how children in joint physical custody evolve themselves in terms of socio-emotional adaptation and quality of life and analyzing the factors that could have an impact on their socio-emotional development. This study is based on a theoretical eco-systemic approach (Bronfenbrenner, 2005). Considering person, family and context to be the scales of comparision for the development of these children. The operational model of« the Process–Person–Context–Time » (Bronfenbrenner, 1996), allowed us to analyze the contribution of the aforementioned factors on these children.According to this perspective, 38 families having 56 children between the ages 4-12 years old in joint physical custody participated in this study through a questionary. The socio-emotional development was analyzed by taking into account the « Autoquestionnaire Qualité de vie-Enfant-Imagé » (A.U.Q.U.E.I. ; Manificat & Dazord, 1997) and the « Child Behavior Checklist » (C.B.C.L. ; Achenbach, 1991). The mothers and/or the fathers were also queried to evaluate their parenting abilities by using several tools as follows the « Coparental Interaction Scale » (Ahrons & Wallisch, 1987), the « Parenting Alliance Inventory » (Abidin & Brunner, 1995) and the « Post-Divorce Conflict Scale » (Sonnenblick & Scharwz, 1992). The post-conjugal relationship was analyzed by the following « Coparental Interaction Scale, nonparental dimension » (Ahrons & Wallisch, 1987) and « Attachment Scale » (Kitson, 1982).Our principal results indicate that children in joint custody testify globally a satisfactory quality of life particularly in the sphere of family upbringing. Also approximately three quarters of the total children can be placed in the non- pathological zone on the internalized adaptation and the externalized adaptation scale. Amongst the factors taken into consideration, we note that first of all there is a significant effect of the sex and age of the children between 4 to 6 years tend to show less personal internalizing problems. While the girls can be placed on the pathological scale of externalizing adaptation in a larger number compared to the boys. Secondly, the results reveals that the co-parental relationship influences the socio-emotional development of children and that the covert hostility constitutes the most raddled risk factor. However, this result varies according to the age of children. Finally, the impact of the characteristics of the context is highlighted, namely the post-conjugal relationship, the degree of hostility before the separation and the type of agreement that the parents express of their children’s development. Nevertheless, it is proved that this influence is indirect but moderated by the co-parental relationship.The total of the obtained results allows us to propose new perspectives and leads for intervention.

The focus of this dissertation revolved around the phenomenon of friendship, specifically amongst adolescents. Friendship is a universal phenomenon, that occurs in every race, culture and religion. Within friendship there are some universal aspects that were investigated. The research attempted to understand the phenomenon of friendship amongst the developmental phase of the adolescent. Furthermore, the effect of friendship on the adolescent’s general psychological functioning had been investigated. The research came to the conclusion that friendship does have a positive influence on an adolescent’s general psychological functioning but that some psychological factors, such as communication skills, social skills and self confidence need to be developed to a certain extent in order for friendship to have a positive influence on the adolescent’s psychological functioning. If these psychological factors are however not in place, friendship may to a certain extent highlight an adolescent’s weaknesses and reinforce his/her social inadequacy, inferiority, lack of self confidence and negative self talk. / Psychology of Education / M. Ed. (Guidance and Counselling)

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