在社會急遽轉型，社會風氣開放，男女平權已蔚為趨勢，加上國防兵源需求，以及女性特有的細膩特質等因素，促使女性志願從軍者日眾。女性在加入軍中行列之後，固然女性軍職身分已漸為社會所接受，然而在我國傳統觀念下，對於女性的角色扮演，有其特定的期待，導致女性在面對傳統上以男性文化為主流的工作職場，遭遇到許多有待克服與調適之處，因此，軍中性別文化以及有關性別角色等課題，值得深究。 / With rapid transformation of the society toward more openning, gender equality had become a well accepted concept. Due to the shortage of newly recruited forces and considering certain female characteristics, there were more and more female voluntarily joining the army. Although female military personnel had gradually been accepted by the society, burdened by conventional expectations toward women, female military personnel had encountered many obstacles working in a traditionally male-dominant environment. Certain gender issues in the army required more in-depth studies

本研究之主要目的在探討目前國民中學輔導主任之自我角色期望、角色混 淆、角色間衝突、角色內衝突與其角色踐行之間的關係，以及國民中學校 長及各處室主任，對輔導主任之角色期望暨其角色踐行之認知情形。研究 對象為台灣地區一百所公立國民中學校長及教務、訓導、總務、輔導等四 處室主任，共394 人。研究工具係「國民中學輔導主任角色之研究問卷」 ，其內容包括：ぇ職別、性別、學歷、任職年資、學校所在地區、及學校 班級數；え輔導主任的角色期望與角色踐行量表；ぉ角色混淆及角色衝突 量表。調查蒐集之資料，以二因子變異數分析、單因子變異數分析、逐步 多元迴歸分析、及肯德爾和諧系數等統計方法分析處理。結果發現：ぇ國 中輔導室主任的自我角色期望與其角色間衝突，對其角色踐行具56％的聯 合解釋力。え國中輔導主任的角色期望與其角色間的衝突，在角色踐行上 沒有交互作用存在。ぉ國中輔導主任的角色踐行與其背景變項間，無顯著 的交互作用。お國中輔導主任之自我角色期望與其背景變項間無顯著的交 互作用。か國中校長及各處室主任，對輔導主任的期望，因個人之背景變 項不同而有顯著差異。が國中校長及各處室主任，對國中輔導主任的角色 踐行認知，因個人背景變項不同而有顯著差異。き國中校長及各處室主任 對輔導主任的角色期望等級的看法沒有一致性。ぎ國中校長及各處室主任 對輔導主任的角色踐行等級的看法沒有一致性。く國中校長及各處室主任 對輔導主任的角色期望和角色踐行之間等級的看法亦沒有一致性。本研究 的建議是：ぇ校長及主任宜利用各校之輔導工作委員會，充分溝通，依學 校規模訂出長期、中期及短期之輔導工作計畫，分別將各人對輔導主任之 期望等級之看法依其輕、重、緩、急，納入計畫當中，切實執行，並逐年 修訂，以期有效縮減各人對輔導主任角色期望等級與踐行等級看法之差異 。え輔導主任應以學校輔導工作之核心人員自期，達成以專業工作成果支 援教訓工作的理想。如此一方面可以增進本身角色的適應與協調，避免角 色間衝突的發生，一方面可以逐漸得到更多的信賴與合作，在工作上愈能 勝任愉快。

警察勤務是24小時晝夜輪替服勤，其工作性質具高度危險性、辛勞性、不確定性及機動性，警政署規劃逐年降低男女警員員額十比一的錄取比例限制，未來女警人數勢必增加且在未來人力運用上，女警扮演日益重要的角色。以往女警在警界中往往扮演邊陲角色或擔任性質單純的內勤工作，現在的勤務卻是包羅萬象，諸如，值班、巡邏、交通整理、執行擴大路檢、追捕逃犯、緝毒肅槍等勤務。如此，女警要面對多元複雜的治安環境及兼顧家務，此舉是否導致她們面臨角色衝突，女警的角色是否必須有所調整，為值得探究的課題。 本研究採用質性研究法中的深入訪談法，以基隆市警察局機關編制內已婚且育有子女的12位女警為訪談對象，以探討女性員警之親子關係、角色期望與衝突，以期深入了解女性員警的生活及所面臨的問題，並探究其在扮演多重角色時，如何有效因應身兼工作角色及家庭角色。訪談所得資料，經歸類、分析所得研究結果： 一、親子關係、權威管教 受訪者受到傳統觀念的影響，再加上雙薪家庭，工作時間長且工作時間日夜顛倒，壓縮到陪伴子女的時間，親子間互動減少，然而必須在短暫的時間內傳遞溝通的訊息，避免子女出現偏差行為，所以大多數受訪者採取權威式管教方式，並設定規範要求子女遵守。 二、經濟考量、從警主因 受訪者當初選擇進入警界的原因，經濟因素是女性選擇從警的主因之一，另一項原因就是崇拜警察陽剛、打擊犯罪的正義形象。 三、母職扮演、傳統依舊 受訪者對於「母職」與「妻職」的角色，仍無法擺脫傳統的性別角色與義務，她們通常把家庭與教養視為自己理所當然的責任與義務，不得不犧牲自己的時間，滿足子女與先生的需求。 四、兼顧子女、負荷頗重 受訪者對於學齡前子女教養工作花費的許多時間與精力，超出體力的負荷，有時會將子女帶進辦公處所，一邊工作、一邊照顧子女與指導作業；如果先生無法分擔家庭事務工作，更增加受訪者的壓力，而無法調適的情形，感到蠟燭兩頭燒的窘境。 五、角色衝突、尋求支持 受訪者在面臨工作與家庭事務衝突時，最重要的是尋求支持系統，例如長輩的照顧、辦公室的托育等；另一方式就是會找尋丈夫、家人、朋友聊天獲抒發己見以獲得暫時的安慰或者聽音樂、做運動紓解壓力，這些都是對於受訪者感到有效的策略。但是女警在專心追求事業的同時，仍會配合家庭運作，以家庭生活為重心，畢竟維持家庭生活運作仍然是女性員警的最終考量。 本研究依據研究結果，提一些建議：一、對警察機關的建議：舉辦健康親子休閒活動、宣導女警角色、強化性別平等教育、合理勤務時間、紓解工作壓力、協助育兒托育、適當的女警輪調制度；二、對已婚女警的建議：提供社會支持、重視家庭溝通、做好時間管理、尋求支持，善用資源、平權的家務分工。 關鍵字：已婚女警、親子關係、多重角色、角色期望、角色衝突 / Police staff works round the clock and on a shift basis. Their jobs involve high risks, physical strength requirements, uncertainty and mobility. On a year-by-year basis, the National Police Agency is planning to lift the 10:1 quota for male and female recruitments. Increase in the number of female police staff, therefore, is foreseeable. In terms of human resources management, policewomen will play an increasingly important role in the industry. In the past, policewomen were normally assigned to minor tasks or less complicated office works. Now their roles are becoming versatile, having to fulfill different job requirements including shift works, patrolling, traffic conduction, roadside inspection, chasing criminals, combating guns and drugs, etc. They have to deal with a diversified and complicated environment for public security and to fulfill their family responsibilities at the same time. Are policewomen, therefore, facing role conflicts? Do they need role adjustments? These are all issues worthy of further exploration. In this research, we adopted the In-Depth Interview approach, one of the Qualitative Research methodologies, and have interviewed 12 married policewomen with children, who are working for the Keelung City Police Bureau. The purpose is to achieve an in-depth understanding of the life of these policewomen; the parental relationship, role expectation and role conflicts; as well as various problems they encountered. We also tried to understand the approaches they took to achieve an effective work/family balance when dealing with their multiple roles. The results of the interview have been classified and analyzed, and are summarized below: 一、Parental Relationship and the Authority Teaching Style Most of the interviewees are influenced by traditional concepts. Facing the pressure of double-income families, as well as lengthy and irregular working hours, they are forced to squeeze the time spent with their children. The interaction between parents and children, therefore, is reduced. Having to communicate with the kids within limited time and minimize undesired behaviors from the children, most of the interviewees adopt the authority teaching style. They set up rules and asked their children to follow. 二、Financial Considerations – The Key Reason for Selecting Police Jobs For female police staff, one of the key reasons for joining the police force is financial considerations. Another reason is their adoration of the “manlike” nature of the police jobs and their positive image in combating crime and protecting justice. 三、 The Traditional Role as a Mother In terms of their roles as a “mother” and a “wife”, the interviewees still could not free themselves from the traditional roles and obligations for the gender. They believed that they had unshirkable responsibilities to look after the family and educate the children. They have no choice but to sacrifice their own time to satisfy the need of their husbands and children. 四、 Childcare – a Heavy Load The interviewees have spent tremendous time and energy in looking after and educating their preschool children. They felt physically overloaded. Sometimes they needed to bring the kids to offices so that they could, while working, look after the kids and help with their homework at the same time. The pressure would become worse if their husbands were unable to share the house chores. Some interviewees felt themselves “a candle burning at both ends”, having difficulties in adapting themselves to the situation. 五、Role Conflicts and the Need for Support When facing a role conflict between family and work, the interviewees felt it most important to turn to a support system. For example, they would seek help from the elders in the family for help, or rely on the childcare services from the employers. Other methods for temporary relief are to talk with their husbands, families or friends, listening to music or join sport activities. These are all effective strategies for the interviewees. While striving for their career, policewomen are still required to remain family-focused and support all family activities, since family care is still reckoned as their ultimate goal of life. Based on the results of this research, we wish to provide the following recommendations: (1) For police agencies: We recommend to arrange parental/children activities, provide education on the roles of policewomen, enhance education on sexual equality; review and ensure reasonable working hours, provide childcare supports and build up a good rotation system for policewomen. (2) For married policewomen: Provide social supports, improve communication within the family, develop time management skills, solicit external supports, improve resource management and ensure equality in the sharing of housework. Key Words: Married Policewomen, Parental Relationship, Multiple Role, Role Expectation, Role Conflicts