Women playa vital role in the agricultural sector of many developing economies. However, their efforts have been largely taken for granted, their needs ignored, and their work remains statistically invisible. Since statistics are supposed to function as tools in planning, this has widespread consequences - the continued neglect of women's activities especially as this relates to development. Although the importance of the role of women in development has of recent been acknowledged, the approach at a planning and operational level has been minimal. This has led to questions about the limitations of focussing on women in isolation and instead examining ways of focussing on gender which is the core of this research. In view of this, this research provides a framework for integrating women into the mainstream of development activities without treating them as a homogenous group, using a case study approach of women in the fisheries sector in Igbokoda fishing community, Nigeria. This study uses primary data collected through a household survey from a sample of 300 women over a period of 5 months. The survey covers three major areas - the gender division of labour and time allocation to activities; the gender allocation of responsibilities (responsibility for household expenditure by gender); and access and control of men and women to productive resources. Another aspect that is important to this research concerns development projects - past and present - and the impact these have on women. The overall purpose of this study is to demonstrate that gender roles constitute a key variable in the socioeconomic condition of any country - one that can be decisive in the success or failure of development plans. The major results of the study suggest that women in this community (as in many agricultural communities of developing economies) are working longer hours than men. They spend on average about 13% more time on income-earning activities and 9% less on leisure than men. They also spend on average 70% of their earnings on household food and basic needs. Only about 3.3% of the women studied had access to modem technology and extension services/literacy and training programmes. This research argues that women's work is critical to the survival of their families, they are key actors in the economic system, and their neglect in development plans has left untapped a potentially large economic contribution.

Studies on the construction of gender have largely focussed on adolescents and young adults in South Africa. This leaves a significant gap in understanding the ways in which gender is constructed and negotiated by younger children. This study, therefore, investigated how younger children narrate and experience their gendered lives, and whether these stories resisted or maintained dominant narratives of gender. Twelve participants between the ages of eight and fourteen participated. The research used participatory action research (PAR) methods. Specifically, Photovoice, journaling, collages and drawing were used to represent the stories and narratives that the participants chose to share. The Photovoice component culminated in a community exhibition which showcased the participants’ photos. In addition, the participants took part in focus groups and individual interviews. The focus group transcripts, individual interview transcripts, collages, photographs, drawings and journal entries were analysed using thematic narrative analysis. The study showed that children construct gender based on contradictory messaging, and exercise defiance of normative gendered constructs within the limits of heteronormative gender identity. Four main narrative themes emerged: Negotiating gendered expression; Normalisation of gendered violence; Subjugating female bodies; Narratives of conformity and resistance. Based on the findings, the recommendation was made to use play as both a means of exploration and education in children’s understanding of gender.

Gender inequality and poverty are two serious problems for developing countries where the majority of women have been victims of the cultural, socio-economic, political, and environmental impacts of development. The gender dimension of poverty focuses on the dilemma of women, their multiple roles as women and their roles in alleviating poverty. The literature on women and poverty abounds with numerous cases and other evidence of women’s vulnerability and heavier economic and socio-cultural burden of poverty. Women are also known to be discriminated against in terms of economic safety, lack of basic needs support, work access, opportunities, and payment. Despite these factors, women have a greater sense of responsibility and are more accountable towards sustaining programs designed to alleviate poverty among the poor. In Indonesia, as elsewhere in the world, micro-credit is being used as a major vehicle which serves women for improving their wellbeing, reduce vulnerability, and also as a starter point to empower women. Using findings drawn from a study on the Indonesian Government policies and the implementation of two particular micro-credit schemes, namely Tabungan Kesejahteraan Rakyat (Takesra) and Kredit Keluarga Sejahtera (Kukesra). This thesis explores the two basic and especially important issues of poverty and women empowerment. Firstly, it views poverty within gender and sustainability perspectives, and secondly, evaluates the impacts of the micro-credit schemes under Takesra and Kukesra. The thesis argues that poverty reduction among women is consistent with the concept of gender and development which is particularly reinforced within the sustainability agenda. The conditions to do so, however, have internal and external constraints strongly manifested in the operation of the micro-credit schemes. The evidence from the empirical research conducted in three districts of Central Java, Indonesia - namely Brebes, Purbalingga and Cilacap - shows the first type of constraints to refer to weaknesses of the schemes themselves, such as incomplete and misdirected indicators for success, small size of available loans and long duration of repayment terms. The second refers to the socio-economic aspects of sustainability, including the economic conditions which do not allow market access to poor women and cultural manipulations which result in overburdens to women. Both diminish the role of the schemes as a poverty solution. From the analysis and lessons learned from best practices in other countries, it is suggested that the Indonesian Government policies need to be refocuses in order to deal with the internal and external constraints and allow for an advance to be achieved in poverty alleviation and women empowering. The Takesra and Kukesra schemes in a revised form based on the developed new model for micro-credit delivery, should continue to play a role in providing credit to poor women to encourage skill development and capacity building, support the process of women empowerment and potentially contribute towards a more sustainable society.

Book Summary: The SAGE Encyclopedia of Psychology and Gender is an innovative exploration of the intersection of gender and psychology―topics that resonate across disciplines and inform our everyday lives. This encyclopedia looks at issues of gender, identity, and psychological processes at the individual as well as the societal level, exploring topics such as how gender intersects with developmental processes both in infancy and childhood and throughout later life stages; the evolution of feminism and the men’s movement; the ways in which gender can affect psychological outcomes and influence behavior; and more. With articles written by experts across a variety of disciplines, this encyclopedia delivers insights on the psychology of gender through the lens of developmental science, social science, clinical and counseling psychology, sociology, and more. This encyclopedia will provide librarians, students, and professionals with ready access to up-to-date information that informs some of today’s key contemporary issues and debates. These are the sorts of questions we plan for this encyclopedia to address: What is gender nonconformity? What are some of the evolutionary sex differences between men and women? How does gender-based workplace harassment affect health outcomes? How are gender roles viewed in different cultures? What is third-wave feminism?

Bachelor's thesis. / Format: PDF. Bibl.

Family planning initiatives have been critical to development strategies since the 1950s. Family planning has been justified on various grounds including its contribution to poverty alleviation, improved maternal and infant health and the advancement of women's rights and choices. More recently, the discourse of 'women's empowerment' has been used in the advocacy of family planning. This discourse integrates a number of earlier justifications for fertility control promoting family planning as a strategy to enhance women's access to higher standards of living and improved health. It associates family planning with advances in women's rights as individual citizens in 'modern' economies and their greater involvement in paid work. This thesis investigates whether this empowerment discourse is evident in family planning programmes in Fiji and its relationship to the socio-economic development of that country. Critical analyses of the operation of power, development strategies and western assumptions about family size, human rights and economic wellbeing inform this research. In particular, Foucault's concept of 'biopower' is used to analyse narratives about family planning articulated by health practitioners, women's rights activists and officials in the Ministry of Health. The analysis of key informants' statements is complemented by consideration of official statistics, and existing empirical data such as documents and pamphlets. The thesis argues that an empowerment discourse is strongly evident in Fiji with respect to the statements made by key informants and available written sources. It looks critically at the narratives that construct family planning as empowering for women, particularly the tropes of choice, health and full citizenship. Close analysis of these narratives demonstrate that the 'stories' uniformly position women as potentially empowered 'modern' subjects. However, critical analysis of these stories about choice, health and citizenship found that family planning strategies were sometimes disempowering. The generic stories embodied by the empowerment discourse did not allow for the diversity of women's needs; this finding supported critiques of one-size-fits-all development strategies. I demonstrate that while the empowerment discourse provided women with the opportunity to control their fertility, engage in paid work and be empowered, it simultaneously created new challenges and different forms of subordination. This thesis found that the empowerment discourse was an unmistakable example of biopower at work

Syftet med denna uppsats är att undersöka jämställdheten inom den svenska idrottsrörelsen. Mer precist handlar det om att analysera kvinnliga idrottsutövares livsberättelser med fokus på jämställdheten inom det idrottsliga föreningslivet. Ambitionen är att belysa hur kvinnliga idrottare upplever och hanterar frågor som har med jämställdhet och idrott att göra på daglig basis i sin idrottsliga praktik. Ett flertal frågeställningar innehar en vital karaktär i den föreliggande studien: Upplever kvinnliga idrottsutövare att utvecklingen går åt ”rätt håll”, det vill säga att idrottslivet blir mer jämställt? Är det något eller några område som är särskilt förbisedda och/eller välutformade när det gäller jämställdhetsfrågor? Finns det några signifikanta skillnader mellan de olika idrotter som studerats, sett ur ett jämställdhetsperspektiv? Dessa frågor utgör bara ett par exempel på fundamentala frågeställningar i denna kontext.   För att söka svar på dessa frågor har en kvalitativ metod tillämpats med inriktning mot livsberättelse. I studien intervjuades tolv kvinnliga idrottare, från såväl elitidrotten som breddidrotten, vilka representerade sex olika idrotter, vilka är ishockey, fotboll, handboll, innebandy, volleyboll och vattenpolo. Av resultaten från den föreliggande studien framgår det bland annat att merparten av studiedeltagarna anser att utvecklingen går åt rätt håll, d.v.s. de uppfattar att sina respektive idrotter har blivit mer jämställda. Icke desto mindre betonar respondenterna att det emellertid finns mycket som behöver förbättras. / The purpose with this paper is to investigate gender equality in Swedish sports. More precisely, it is about analyzing female athlete’s life stories focusing on equality within female sports associations. The aim is to highlight how female athlete’s experience and handle issues related to gender and sports. There are a number of vital questions looked into in this paper: Are the female athlete’s experiencing that the development is moving in right direction, that is to say that sports life are becoming more equal? Is there any other area that is particularly neglected regarding gender equality? Are there any significant differences between the sports covered in this paper in terms of gender equality? These questions are just some examples of fundamental issues in this context.   In order to find answers to these questions, a qualitative method has been used focusing on life stories collected during interviews with twelve female, both elite and non-elite athlete’s from six different sports, which are ice hockey, soccer, handball, floor ball, volleyball and water polo. The results show that the majority feels that the development is going in the right direction, in other words they feel that their respective sports have become more equal. Nonetheless, the respondents however emphasizes that there is much that needs to be improved.

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Guillén de Castro's play La fuerza de la costumbre (1625) depicts the process of re-teaching gender to Hipólita and Félix, a sister and brother who have grown up performing the gender opposite to their physical sex. This dissertation provides the first edition of the play since 1927, and the first ever critical edition, which contains notes, critical apparatus and essays, and compiles information from all extant sources, including the manuscripts (not used in the 1927 edition). The 1625 print edition serves as the base text, with variants from the four manuscript witnesses compiled in an index. The critical apparatus includes a biography of the author, textual history, editorial methodology, metrical analysis, bibliography and notes on the text. / Romance Languages and Literatures

Submitted by Marilene Donadel (marilene.donadel@unioeste.br) on 2018-04-19T18:47:35Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Graciela_Oyamada_2017.pdf: 2332633 bytes, checksum: 6f37c1a1351050d147f2ffe3608480b0 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-04-19T18:47:35Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Graciela_Oyamada_2017.pdf: 2332633 bytes, checksum: 6f37c1a1351050d147f2ffe3608480b0 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-12-07 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / Fundação Araucária de Apoio ao Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico do Estado do Paraná (FA) / The objective of this study was to analyze and discuss the development and gender inequality in the municipalities of Southern Brazil. Among the Brazilian federal units, the southern states of the country are among those with the best IDHM Municipal Human Development Index. Thus, intra-regional analyzes reflect better the ranking of municipalities than the analyzes performed between municipalities in regions with very different levels of development. Theoretical survey dealt with issues related to gender development and inequality, social relations between men and women, and gender empowerment in the achievement of rights and opportunities for reducing differences. This work used as methodological procedures research of descriptive, quantitative and analytical nature. The methodology applied to this research was adapted from the work of Soares (2009) on IDS-gen and IDG. From the results found, it is highlighted that high HDI does not indicate a better condition in relation to social and gender development. And when analyzing the indexes at the municipal level, a very significant inequality between women and men was identified, especially when considering the indicators that make up the dimensions of each index, such as education, income, work, sanitation, economic participation and decision-making. / O objetivo deste trabalho foi analisar e discutir o desenvolvimento e a desigualdade gênero nos municípios do Sul do Brasil. Entre as unidades federativas brasileiras, os estados do Sul do país estão entre os que possuem melhor Índice de Desenvolvimento Humano Municipal IDHM. Sendo assim, as análises intra regionais refletem melhor o ranking dos municípios do que as análises realizadas entre municípios de regiões com nível de desenvolvimento muito diferente. O levantamento teórico tratou de questões inerentes ao desenvolvimento e desigualdade de gênero, das relações sociais entre homens e mulheres, e do empoderamento de gênero na conquista de direitos e oportunidades para a redução de diferenças. Este trabalho utilizou como procedimentos metodológicos pesquisa de natureza descritiva, quantitativa e analítica. A metodologia aplicada a esta pesquisa foi adaptada do trabalho de Soares (2009) sobre o IDS-gen e o IDG. Dos resultados encontrados, destacam-se que IDHM elevado não indica melhor condição em relação ao desenvolvimento social e de gênero. E ao analisar os índices a nível municipal identificou-se uma desigualdade entre mulheres e homens bastante expressiva, principalmente quando considerados os indicadores que compõem as dimensões de cada índice, como educação, renda, trabalho, saneamento, participação econômica e tomada de decisão.