Master of Science / Department of Psychology / Satoris S. Culbertson / Prior research has suggested there are negative consequences for missing work for both the individual and the organization. These consequences, such as lower ratings of performance, may exist regardless of the reason for the absence, and may be influenced to some extent by stereotypes held by others, such as supervisors and coworkers. The purpose of this study was to determine if absence from work for a stereotypically male or female task would affect supervisor and coworker ratings of performance, organizational commitment, and likelihood of performing organizational citizenship behaviors (OCBs). It was expected that workers who violated a gender role stereotype (males missing work for a stereotypically feminine task or females missing work for a stereotypically masculine task) would be sanctioned by supervisors and coworkers through lower ratings of performance, lower ratings of perceived organizational commitment, and lower ratings of the likelihood of performing OCBs than those who did not miss work or who missed work without violating a gender role stereotype. One hundred and seventy-four undergraduate psychology students at a large Midwestern university read descriptions of employee performance and attendance and then rated the employee’s performance and perceived organizational commitment and likelihood of performing both altruism and generalized compliance OCBs. Results revealed that an absence from work resulted in lower ratings of all four criteria, but that the interaction between the employee’s gender and reason for absence (i.e., whether they violated a gender role stereotype) had no effect. Implications and future directions are discussed.

This study seeks to answer the following research questions: which stereotypical linguistic profile characteristics and/or typical linguistic profile characteristics, if any, can be found in the old film and the new film respectively? Does the time difference between the films seem to have affected the female characters’ language use, if so in what way? Works by Lakoff (2004), Coates (2004) and Holmes (2013) are used to create a profile for stereotypical female speech and a profile for typical female speech. These profiles are applied to the transcripts of two Disney Princess films; one old film representing the classical Disney Princess films, and one new film representing the modern Disney Princess films. In order to suit this study all non-conversational utterances such as singing, and non-human utterances, are removed from the transcripts. The features are counted and then converted to frequencies of 1 feature per 100 words, in order to account for the differences in amount of words uttered. The results show that stereotypical features as well as typical features are present in both films. However, the old film contains more stereotypical features than typical features, and the new film contains more typical features than stereotypical features. Therefore, it would appear that the old film presents a more stereotypical image of women than the new film. Furthermore, the results indicate that power relations, and not just gender differences, play an important role in both films. The importance of these power relations would benefit from further investigation in future studies.

The current study examined children’s stereotypes about sexualized girls. Elementary school children (n = 208) from the mid-South between the ages of 6 and 11 completed a survey assessing their stereotypes about sexualized girls and non-sexualized girls. Participants were asked to justify, in their own words, their responses to several stereotypic evaluations. Children’s cognitive development was analyzed through classification skill as a moderator of belief in stereotypes about girls. Results revealed that children perceived the sexualized girl to be more popular and better liked by boys than the non-sexualized girl. However, the sexualized girl was also rated as less athletic, nice, smart, and typical than the non-sexualized girl. The non-sexualized girl was reported to have nicer clothes and was someone the participants would rather be friends with than the sexualized girl. Girls believed that they dressed more like and looked more like the non-sexualized girl than the sexualized girl, however, they had no preference for which girl they would rather look like. Classification skill moderated the endorsement of these stereotypes, such that high classifiers were more differentiated in their answers than low classifiers. Thus, the current study suggests that children have unique stereotypes about sexualized girls.

This study examines gender typing of industrial products in the activity of industrial design. Thus firstly, the meaning of gender, related theories and gender stereotypes have been reviewed through the literature survey in order to pinpoint the stereotypical attributes assigned to men and women through society and culture. Secondly, the effect of the stereotypical gender attributes on the act of possessing products have been examined. In return, a literature survey on the cognitive aspects of design has been conducted in order to question whether these gender attributes might have a similar impact on the design activity. The findings of the literature survey pointed towards categorical information processing theories as an appropriate tool to gender type products and also as a tool to measure the gender qualities of a product. To test the applicability of the methodology of categorization a study has been conducted with industrial designers and industrial design students in which the students were asked to design gender typed products and industrial designers were asked to rate their perceptions of genderedness of the designs. The test revealed the existence of a mental library consisting of categorized images corresponding to stereotypical gender attributes in the individuals, thus preparing the grounds for the use of this process in the industrial design activity.

abstract: I examine how gender stereotypes influence the campaign advertisements utilized by candidates for state supreme court and how these gender stereotypes influence how voters react to these advertisements. Gender stereotypes have been found to have a profound impact in races for other offices (e.g., legislative, executive), but there is a lack of research on the role of gender stereotypes in state court elections. In my present research, I first conduct a content analysis of state supreme court advertisements over the course of four election years, looking specifically at how the candidates describe themselves in their advertisements. Based on these findings, I create advertisement scripts where I vary the gender of the candidate and the type of message employed by the candidate in order to test how the gender of the candidate and the content of the messages influences voter impressions of judicial candidates. In a second experiment, I create video advertisements based on these scripts and test how the video advertisements, as well as the candidate’s gender, affect impressions of these candidates. My analyses indicate that not only gender stereotypes play a role in the way judicial candidates create their advertisements, but they also impact the way voters form opinions about candidates running in judicial races. / Dissertation/Thesis / Masters Thesis Political Science 2017

Syften med studien var att undersöka om en kvinna uppfattas vara lika lämplig som en man till en ledarskapsposition samt om män innehar högre grad sexistiska attityder i jämförelse med kvinnor. Deltagare var 72 studenter (36 kvinnor och 36 män) i åldrarna 20–34 (M = 23) från en stad i Mellansverige. Deltagarna läste en vinjett om en manlig eller kvinnlig chef och skattade chefens egenskaper och förmågan att genomföra ett förändringsarbete. Därefter fyllde de i Ambivalent Sexism Inventory (ASI) och Swedish Modern Sexism Scale (SMSS). Resultatet visade att chefens kön inte påverkade bedömningen av chefens lämplighet. Men männen ansåg tillskillnad mot kvinnorna, att chefen var mindre lämplig. Hypotesen angående könsskillnader i sexism bekräftades inte eftersom män och kvinnor skattade lika i ASI och SMMS. Slutsatser som drogs var att studenter inte associerar maskulinitet med ledarskapspositioner och att de innehar låg grad av sexistiska attityder. / -

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“Violent men and superficial women” (“Våldsamma män och utseendefixerade kvinnor”) by authors Magda Wendel Bommarco and Lina Larsson aims to evaluate how male and female stereotypes are constructed in Super Bowls commercials 2023. The subject illustrates the issues behind stereotypes as a part of wider social ideologies and power relations, which makes the topic highly relevant to examine. The study examines how male and female stereotypes are constructed in the commercials, how they differ as well as how they can be understood. The research questions are examined through a semiotic content analysis of 10 commercials from Super Bowl 2023. The essay's theoretical framework consists of hegemonies, stereotypes and the gender system. The main results reveal that women are stereotyped as dumb, crazy, fixated on appearance as well as motherly in the commercials. This differs from the male stereotypes, which are related to violence and criminality, beer-drinking, sports and being a father. The results reveal that both genders are stereotyped as clichés, but that the female stereotypes are portrayed as more problematic than the male stereotypes are. The results can complement previous research in the field as well as display the stereotypes' function in society as a whole. The results are therefore relevant for the academic field as well as society.

In this study, 174 undergraduates from the University of Central Florida were asked to rate individual human and animal avatar features from the video game Spore on their level of femininity, masculinity, likability, and how well the feature represented them on a 7 point Likert scale of agreeability. Avatar features were presented on a neutral gray, quadruped body in two different views. It was expected that participants would show higher likability for avatar features that they perceived as corresponding to their Personal Attribute Questionnaire (PAQ) gender. Males liked feminine features approximately the same as females, however, in many categories females liked the most masculine features more than the most feminine features. Males liked the most masculine body detail feature more than females, and females liked the most masculine body detail more than males. It also was anticipated that avatar features rated as having both low femininity and low masculinity would be the features rated lowest in likability overall. These features did not have the lowest likability, but were somewhat close to neutral in likability. These results have implications for likable avatar creation for businesses, the military, and education.

The aim of this degree project is to investigate how masculinity and femininity are represented and if there is any over-representation of female and male characters in the English textbook Wings 7 Blue. Previous research on gender is presented as help in understanding the complexity within gender issues. The results show that males are overrepresentedand mentioned more than females, both in regard to illustrations and texts. Thisdegree project also shows evidence of an existing stereotypical image of the sexes, both in personality traits and occupations. It is shown that Wings 7 Blue enforces gender conformity among young people and does therefore not fulfill the requirements of the steering document in regard to gender equality.