The general objective of this dissertation is to describe and analyse how specialised respective integrated forms of organisation in the Swedish Personal Social Services (PSS) condition social workers’ interventions and client effects (outcomes). The three specific questions are: 1) How are structural conditions for social work with clients created in specialised versus integrated (generic) forms of organising PSS? 2) How do social workers carry out their work with clients in specialised versus integrated (generic) PSS-organisations? 3) How do different organisational models of PSS  influence the results for clients? The research was conducted in three Swedish municipalities with different organisational models within the personal social services: 1) specialised organisation, 2) integrated organisation, and 3) a “combined” organisation with a mix between integration and specialisation. The research had a complex design. It was carried on as comparative case study. Data was collected in several different ways: 1) by means of survey among social workers, 2) by interviewing politicians, mangers and social workers, 3) focus groups consisting of social workers, 4) by collecting official documents, guidelines etc. 5) by mapping of the organisation of social services in the municipalities by means of analyse of their homepages and additional interviews by telephone.  The data were analysed using both qualitative and quantitative methods. The main results in this dissertation are: 1) In the majority of Swedish municipalities the PSS are nowadays specialized. 2) The formal organizational structure of PSS is always challenged by the employees’ spontaneous organising process that goes in an opposite direction. 3) Only the integrated (generic) organisation emphasizes social workers professional competence and knowledge. 4) Social workers, as a professional group, have the collective power to (to a certain degree) influence political decisions on what kind of PSS organisation is chosen in their municipality. 5) Regardless of organisation model, social workers’ method use is more unspecific than specific. 6) Social workers, in general, place significantly more weight on working with clients’ relationships and aspects of trust than on (specific or unspecific) working methods. 7) A holistic (generic) view of a client can only exist in a direct relationship between social worker and the individual and a unique client. It seems difficult to build in holism into primarily specialised organisations. 8) One may question whether a specialised organisation leads to specialisation of its employees in a way that they become experts on specific problems. The three organisational models are not equally good. Neither the specialised organisation nor the combined organisation is able to create economic or organisational conditions for working with clients that are clearly experienced as good. This also holds true for assessment of need, possibilities to make relevant interventions, such as building relationships. Those two organisations show several deficits regarding work with clients. / Specialisering eller integration av socialtjänstens individ- och familjeomsorg. Effekter på insatser och resultat.

La notion d'identité implique certains présupposés de droit privé dont latendance est marquée par certains «généricismes». L'on peut entendre par là lesconceptions qui limitent la définition du genre humain à des traits catégoriels etabstraits, sans suffisamment prendre en compte des particularités sexuellementdifférenciées. Pourtant, le sujet de droit lorsqu'il est féminin doit impliquer la prise enconsidération de singularités liées à son sexe, qui ne peuvent être les mêmes quecelles d'un sujet de droit masculin.Sous couvert de l'égalité des sexes, le droit engage alors la société à uneuniformisation des intérêts cependant divergents et propres à chaque sexe. Il s'agitalors de montrer à la fois l'apport de ces conceptions, mais aussi leurs limites et doncla nécessité de s'ouvrir à l'exigence de conceptions plus «universalistes». En effet, ildoit être démontré que seule une universalité peut garantir la reconnaissance desparticularités et des différences féminines, telle qu'une identité juridique fémininel'admettrait. Si cette étude fera face à divers courants et auteurs de philosophie dudroit, elle prendra pour point de départ le droit positif établi dans ses différentesdisciplines, du droit pénal à certains aspects du droit du travail ou du droit desassurances.L'intérêt de la question est de permettre une évaluation plus précise desqualifications autour de la femme comme sujet de droit singulier, et en intégrant lescritiques contemporaines, qui ont pu montrer l'insuffisance d'une pensée simplementgénérique pour traiter de questions aussi graves que la différenciation sexuelle quece soit en droit civil ou en droit social- critiques qui, néanmoins, n'ont guère assuméla voie épistémologique de la philosophie du droit dans sa spécificité. / The notion of identity involves the presuppositions of private law withwhich the trend is marked by some «genericisms». That means conceptions who limitthe human gender's definition in specific and abstract features and withoutconsidering the sexually differentiated peculiarities. Nevertheless, the subject of rightwhen it's a feminine subject implies the considering of sexual characteristics, whichcannot be the same that those of the male subject.On the pretext of the gender equality, the right submits then the society to astandardization of the divergent interests and peculiar to every sex. It is then aquestion of showing at the same time the contribution of these conceptions, but alsotheir limits and thus the necessity of opening to the requirement of more«universalist» conceptions. Indeed, it must be demonstrated that only a universalitycan guarantee the recognition of the peculiarities and the feminine differences, suchas a feminine legal identity would admit it. If this study will face diverse currents andauthors of philosophy of the right, it will take for starting point the substantive lawestablished in its various disciplines, the criminal law with certain aspects of the laborlaw or the insurance law.The interest of the question is to allow a more precise evaluation of thequalifications around the woman as the subject of singular right, and by integratingthe contemporary criticisms, who were able to show the insufficiency of a simplygeneric thought to deal with questions so grave as the sexual differentiation in thecivil or labor law- criticisms who, however, hardly accepted the epistemological wayof the philosophy of the right in its specificity.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T20:23:55Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Carlos Eduardo Neves de Carvalho.pdf: 1819884 bytes, checksum: 743f5d09de2989d46ea6b1219468c007 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-09-30 / This essay is dedicated to the study of two empiric phenomena resulting from the use of the mark in the consumer market: acquisition and loss of trademark distinctiveness. The first part is dedicated of the study of acquisition of trademark distinctiveness which could happen in two possibilities: secondary meaning and notoriety. First of all, is addressed the distinctiveness, as the main trademark function and its condition of validity for granting the trademark registration. In the first case, the acquisition of distinctiveness of a trademark occurs by the factual phenomenon known as secondary meaning, in which a descriptive sign, apparently not distinctive, through its prolonged use on the market, acquired a secondary meaning as a distinctive brand, being therefore susceptible for trademark registration. In the second type of acquired distinctiveness, a common trademark can become notorious, renowned and with high commercial prestige within the consumer market through the trademark owner´s advertising investments, which receives special trademark protection: well-known mark within its commercial activity branch, and famous mark, which receives legal protection in all classes of goods and services. The Second Part of this work is dedicated to the study of the loss of distinctiveness of a trademark which may occur in two situations: genericism and dilution. The first situation, genericism, is the factual phenomenon opposed to the secondary meaning, in which, the trademark owner's behavior to promote its brand, results into semantic synonymous and descriptive of the product or service marked by the renowned trademark. The second situation of the loss of trademark distinctiveness is called the dilution phenomenon, which can occurs in three situations: the improper use of a high-renowned trademark in different goods and services marked by the original brand (blurring), the harm to a high-renowned trademark reputation (tarnishment) and the disparagement of a high-renowned trademark in promotional campaigns made by competitors / A presente dissertação analisa dois fenômenos fáticos decorrentes da utilização de uma marca no mercado consumidor: a aquisição e a perda de distintividade marcária. A Primeira Parte dedica-se ao estudo da aquisição de distintividade marcária que pode acontecer em duas hipóteses: significado secundário e notoriedade. Primeiramente, é abordada a distintividade como principal função marcária e condição de validade para a concessão do registro marcário. Na primeira hipótese, a aquisição de distintividade de um sinal marcário ocorre pelo fenômeno fático conhecido como secondary meaning, na qual um sinal descritivo, aparentemente não distintivo, face ao uso prolongado no mercado, adquire uma significação secundária como marca distintiva no mercado consumidor, tornando-se passível para registro. Na segunda hipótese, um sinal marcário comum, face aos elevados investimentos publicitários do titular, torna-se tão conhecido dentro do mercado consumidor, que recebe proteção especial: marca notoriamente conhecida dentro de seu ramo de atividade comercial, e marca de alto renome que possui proteção legal em todas as classes de produtos e serviços. A Segunda Parte deste trabalho dedica-se ao estudo da perda de distintividade de uma marca, o que poderá ocorrer em duas hipóteses: degeneração e diluição. A primeira situação, que é o fenômeno fático oposto ao significado secundário, ocorre pela degeneração, na qual, face ao comportamento do titular, ao promover sua marca, esta se transforma em sinônimo semântico do produto ou serviço assinalado por ela. A segunda situação de perda de distintividade ocorre pelo fenômeno da diluição, que pode se dar em três possibilidades: uso indevido de uma marca de renome em bens diversos daqueles assinalados pela marca original (ofuscação ou turvação), ofensa à reputação da marca de renome (maculação), ou adulteração desta marca em campanhas promocionais feita pelos concorrentes (propaganda comparativa)