O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar resíduos de glyphosate e AMPA, produtividade, teor de óleo, conteúdo de proteína bruta e aminoácidos na soja (Glycine max (L.) Merrill) resistente ao glyphosate (SRG) após a aplicação de formulações deste herbicida. Foram desenvolvidos experimentos em replicata (E1 e E2) em lísimetro sob condições de campo e a campo. O objetivo dos experimentos em lísimetro foi quantificar resíduos de três formulações de 14C-glyphosate na SRG. O cultivar de soja utilizada foi o MSOY 7575RR em delineamento experimental inteiramente casualizado, com quatro repetições para ambos os experimentos. Os tratamentos foram glyphosate (sal de isopropilamina), Roundup Original e Roundup Ready na dose de 1,2 kg e.a ha-1 para as três formulações. A aplicação foi realizada aos 25 DAE. Cada planta recebeu 0,96 mg de equivalente ácido (e. a.) de glyphosate com radioatividade total aplicada de 18,33 kBq. A colheita dos grãos, caules, cascas das vagens, folhas e raízes analisadas ocorreram no estágio de maturação plena (R8). A coleta das folhas tratadas ocorreu entre 40 e 55 DAE. Todos os materiais coletados foram moídos. Alíquotas foram oxidadas e quantificadas por espectrometria de cintilação líquida. Não houve diferença estatística entre as formulações para ambos os experimentos, porém formulações com adjuvantes aumentaram os resíduos de glyphosate. Roundup Ready mostrou tendência ao aumento de resíduos em relação aos demais. O valor máximo de resíduos encontrado nos grãos foi de 1,95 mg kg-1. Os experimentos de campo utilizaram a cultivar de soja MSOY 8000RR em delineamento experimental de parcelas subdivididas em blocos ao acaso, com quatro repetições dos seguintes tratamentos: Rodeo, Roundup Original, Roundup Ready, Roundup WG e Controle para as seguintes parcelas (programas): Única - U20 (aplicação única aos 20 dias após a emergencia DAE na dose de 1,2 kg e.a glyphosate ha-1), Única - U30 (aplicação única aos 30 DAE na dose de 1,2 kg e.a glyphosate ha-1), Seqüencial - S20 (aplicação de 0,96 kg e.a glyphosate ha-1 aos 20 DAE e aplicação seqüencial de 0,72 kg e.a. glyphosate ha-1 aos 35 DAE) e Seqüencial - S30 (aplicação de 0,96 kg e.a glyphosate ha-1 aos 30 DAE e aplicação seqüencial de 0,72 kg e.a glyphosate ha-1 aos 45 DAE). A colheita dos grãos analisados em E1 e E2 ocorreu no estágio R8. As variáveis analisadas em grãos da SRG foram: produtividade, teor de óleo, proteína bruta, aminoácidos, resíduos de glyphosate e AMPA. Não houve diferença significativa entre os tratamentos quanto à produtividade, massa de 100 grãos, teor de óleo, conteúdo de proteína bruta e aminoácidos. Houve metabolismo de glyphosate em AMPA e translocação de ambos para os grãos da SRG, exceto para os tratamentos Roundup Original e Roundup Ready, nos programas U20 e S20 do experimento E2. Os maiores níveis de resíduos de glyphosate nos tratamentos Roundup Original e Roundup Ready em U20 e S20 do E2 são devido à presença de adjuvantes destas formulações e provável produtividade de grãos mais baixa do que a média nacional. O maior nível de resíduos de glyphosate foi 0,28 mg kg-1 / The objective of this work was to determine glyphosate and AMPA residues, yield, oil, crude protein content and amino acids in glyphosate-resistant soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merrill) after glyphosate formulations treatment. Experiments (E1 and E2) were performed in lysimeter under field conditions and under field conditions. Lysimeter experiments under field conditions aimed to quantify residues of three formulations of 14C-glyphosate in glyphosate-resistant soybean to this herbicide (GRS). The GRS cultivar used was MSOY 7575RR in a completely randomized design with four replications each treatment. E2 is the E1 replicated 15 days after E1 planting. The treatments were glyphosate isopropylamine, Roundup Ready and Roundup Original at 1.2 kg ae ha-1 for the three formulations. The application was applied on 25 DAE. Each plant received 0.96 mg of acid equivalent (a.e.) glyphosate applied with 18.33 kBq of total radioactivity. Harvest of grains, stems, pod husks, leaves and roots was done at the stage of full maturity (R8). Treated leaves were collected between 40 and 55 DAE. All analysed material was grounded. Aliquotes were oxidized and quantified by liquid scintillation spectrometry. There were no statistical differences among treatments. However, formulations with adjuvants have increased glyphosate residues in GRS. Roundup Ready treatment had a trend to increase residues. The highest glyphosate residual level found in grains was 1.95 mg kg-1. Field experiments were conducted using MSOY 8000 RR variety. The experimental design was a split plot with programmes as main randomized plots and five treatments as subplots having four replications. The treatments were Rodeo, Roundup Original, Roundup Ready, Roundup WG and Control. Programmes were U20 (unique application of 1.2 kg ha-1 a.e. glyphosate at 20 DAE), U30 (unique application of 1.2 kg ha-1 a.e. glyphosate ha-1 at 30 DAE), S20 (apllication of 0.96 kg ha-1 a.e. glyphosate at 20 dae followed by a sequential application of 0.72 kg ha-1 a.e. glyphosate at 35 DAE) and S30 (apllication of 0.96 kg ha-1 a.e. glyphosate at 30 dae followed by a sequential application of 0.72 kg ha-1 a.e. glyphosate at 45 DAE). The analysed variables were: yield, oil content, crude protein, amino acids and glyphosate and AMPA residues. There was glyphosate metabolism in AMPA and translocation of both to GRS grains. The exceptions were Roundup Original and Roundup Ready treatments of E2 on U20 and S20 programs, most likely due the adjuvants of these formulations and the E2 yield lower than the Brazilian average. The highest residue level found in GRS grains was 0.28 mg kg-1

A presente dissertação tem por objetivo demonstrar que a maneira como vem ocorrendo o comércio transfronteiriço de alimentos geneticamente modificados gera dúvidas sobre a aptidão da legislação internacional de regulamentá-lo. Os alimentos transgênicos são resultado do avanço da biotecnologia moderna e interferem diretamente na saúde, na alimentação, na economia, nas relações de consumo e no equilíbrio ambiental. Assim, é direito indispensável de todo cidadão o poder optar e decidir a respeito do alimento que irá ingerir. Embora a biotecnologia moderna tenha trazido grandes avanços para a humanidade, ainda não é possível afirmar que os alimentos transgênicos são totalmente isentos de riscos para a saúde humana, animal e para o meio ambiente. Dessa forma, notase que existem posicionamentos opostos sobre a liberação comercial de OGMs no mundo: de um lado, o entendimento de que há inúmeros benefícios que podem advir da disseminação dos cultivos transgênicos para a agricultura e para o comércio; de outro, o entendimento de que há inúmeras incertezas quantos aos potenciais impactos negativos para a humanidade e para a natureza. Apesar das discussões permanecerem, a comercialização e o consumo de alimentos geneticamente modificados vem crescendo de maneira muito rápida e a nota-se que há uma grande preocupação internacional em se regulamentar o tema, porém, a pluralidade de posicionamentos pode gerar carência de coerência e efetividade na regulamentação existente. O avanço da Ciência é inegavelmente mais rápido que o do Direito. A complexidade do tema é enorme, vez que, ainda que a legislação acompanhe o progresso científico, existem divergências entre compromissos globais comerciais e ambientais, que, devido aos diferentes mecanismos de responsabilização e solução de conflitos do Protocolo de Cartagena e dos Acordos da Organização Mundial do Comércio, tendem à prevalência do interesse econômico em detrimento da proteção ambiental. O desafio está em se compatibilizar o avanço tecnológico com a preservação ambiental da maneira mais consciente possível, evitando situações de irreversibilidade de danos ambientais, o que, inevitavelmente traria impactos sobre o comércio internacional, daí a grande dificuldade. / This dissertation aims to demonstrate that the way that has been occurring cross-border trade of genetically modified foods raises doubts about the ability of international law to regulate it. Transgenic food is a result of the advancement of modern biotechnology and directly interferes in the health, in nutrition, in economy, in consumer relations and in environmental balance. It is therefore essential right of every citizen to be able to choose and decide about the food that will ingest. Although modern biotechnology has brought great advances for humanity, it is not yet possible to affirm that transgenic food are completely free of risks to human, animal health and the environment. Thus, we note that there are opposing positions on the commercial release of GMOs in the world: on one hand, the understanding that there are numerous benefits that can accrue the spread of GM crops for agriculture and trade, on the other, the understanding that there are many uncertainties to numerous potential negative impacts for humanity and nature. Despite discussions remains, marketing and consumption of genetically modified foods has been growing very quickly and we note that there is a great concern in the international regulatory issue, however, the plurality of positions can generate a lack of coherence and effectiveness in existing regulating. The advancement of science is undeniably faster than the law. The complexity of the issue is huge, since, although the legislation accompanies scientific progress, there are differences between commercial and global environmental commitments, which, due to the different mechanisms of accountability and conflict resolution of the Cartagena Protocol and the agreements of the World Trade Organization, tend to the prevalence of economic interests over environmental protection. The challenge is to reconcile the technological advancement with environmental preservation in the more conscientious way possible, avoiding situations of irreversibility of environmental damage, which , would inevitably impacts on international trade, hence the great difficulty.

Magister Legum - LLM / The aim of this study is to examine laws and policies relating to food safety in South Africa, specifically with regard to labelling requirements in the food industry. It is hoped that this research will serve as a pointer for policy and legislative reforms in a bid to identify weak areas as well as encourage accountability and strengthen government’s response to the realisation of the right to safe food as a human right imperative. / National Research Foundation (NRF)

Tendo em vista a importância da cadeia produtiva do milho para a economia de diversas regiões do Brasil e a liberalização do cultivo de milho geneticamente modificado (GM) no país, em 2007, esta dissertação tem por objetivo analisar os impactos econômicos de longo prazo da adoção do milho Bt11 nos setores inter-relacionados na cadeia produtiva do milho. Além disso, pretende-se analisar as conseqüências da proibição deste cultivo apenas no estado do Paraná, caso a lei estadual nº14162/03 entrasse em vigor. Para tal, utiliza-se um modelo computável de equilíbrio geral inter-regional estático, do tipo bottom-up, denominado TERM-BR. O modelo abrange os 27 estados e o Distrito Federal, conseguindo analisar os impactos sobre a economia do país, sem perder os detalhes regionais e setoriais. Os efeitos da adoção do milho Bt11 são transmitidos ao longo da sua cadeia produtiva, gerando aumento do PIB, das exportações e do consumo das famílias. Todavia, os resultados são mais expressivos nos setores e regiões diretamente relacionados com a cadeia de comercialização do milho, tais como os setores de criação animal e carnes, localizados em sua maioria no Sul do país. Ao analisar a adoção ou não no estado do Paraná as principais diferenças encontram-se na origem e no destino dos fluxos de capital e mão-de-obra entre as regiões brasileiras. Na primeira simulação, ao admitir que o estado do Paraná adote milho Bt11, observa-se um deslocamento de estoque de capital e mão-de-obra para a região Sul, apesar do PIB do Centro-Oeste e Sudeste também aumentar. Considerando que o Paraná não adote milho Bt11, observa-se que tanto a mão-de-obra, quanto o estoque de capital se deslocam para o Centro-Oeste, contudo é possível observar um pequeno aumento no PIB e no consumo das famílias da região Sul. Os resultados mais expressivos ocorrem no próprio estado do Paraná, onde não apenas o setor de milho, como também os setores a jusante perdem competitividade, reduzindo o nível de atividade, emprego e consumo das famílias. Como esses setores possuem grande representatividade no PIB do estado, este também apresenta redução. / Due to the importance of the productive chain of corn to the economy of different regions of Brazil and the liberalization of genetically modified (GM) corn cultivation in the country in 2007, this study aims to analyze the long-run economic impacts of the adoption of Bt11 corn in the inter-related sectors of the productive corn chain. Moreover, it is intended to analyze the consequences of banning Bt11 corn cultivation only in Paraná State, if the state law nº14162/03 was legalized. For this purpose, an interregional static general equilibrium computable model, kind of bottom-up, called TERM-BR was used. This model embraces 27 states plus the Federal District and can analyze the impacts on the economy without losing the regional and sectorial details. The adoption effects of the Bt11 corn are transmitted along its supply chain generating the increase of GDP, exports and household consumption. However, the results are more expressive in sectors and regions directly related to the supply chain of corn, sectors such as animal breeding and meat, mostly located in the south of the country. By analazing the adoption or not in Paraná State, the main results of the study are found on the origin and destination of the flows of capital and labor among the brasilian regions. In the first simulation, it was admitted that the Paraná State adopts Bt11 corn. A displacement in stock of capital and labor for the southern region was observed, despite the GDP increase of the West-Center and Southeastern regions. In the second simulation, it was admitted that Paraná State doesnt adopt the Bt11 corn. It was observed that both the labor force as well as the stock of capital move to the West-Center, and even so it is possible to see an increase in GDP and consumption of households in the Southern region. The most serious consequences happen in Paraná State, where not only the industry of corn, but also corn downstream industries lose competitiveness, reducing the level of activity, employment and household consumption. As these sectors have a considerable weight in GDP of the state, they also present reduction.

This study describes development of methods for screening, identification and quantification of genetic modifications in maize samples. Totally 88 maize samples were collected randomly throughout Turkey in three years from 2006 to 2008 and were analyzed. Two maize samples that were detected as GM positive in previous studies were selected as positive controls. Following the DNA extraction by manual CTAB method, conventional PCR methods were employed for screening of genetic modifications in samples by detecting of P-35S and T-NOS. Qualitative PCR methods were conducted for target specific detection of cry and pat genes. Construct-specific and event-specific PCR assays were designed for detection of Bt11, Bt10 and Mon810 maize events. Specific primers and corresponding probes labeled with reporter and quencher dyes were designed for both absolute and relative quantification of Bt11 and Mon810 in samples by using TaqMan probe method. Comparing the absolute and relative quantification results indicates that there is correlation between them. In order to verify the accuracy of the quantification methods, three parallel applications were conducted according to the CRL validated protocol. The statistical analyses were performed to check the precision and repeatability of the quantification experiments by in-house validation methods. Regarding the Repeatability Relative Standard Deviation (RSDr) values of absolute and relative quantifications of Bt11 and Mon810 systems majority of the validation results accomplish the ENGL requirements for quantification of GMOs. According to screening assays, the overall results indicate that five samples (H3, H48, H73, 4M, 4G) were detected as GM positive. While the samples H3 and H48 were identified as Bt11, it was shown that the sample 4M and 4G contains both of the Bt11 and Mon810 maize events. Bt11 quantification results show samples H3 and 4G respectively with 1.06% and 5.36% exceed the 0.9% threshold level. Amount of Mon810 in samples was determined as 1.33 % for 4M and 17.32% for 4G which is higher than 0.9% threshold level. Sample H73 which was detected as GM positive did not contain Bt11 and Mon810 maize events. Since the methods developed in this study reduce dependence on commercial kits they would contribute to expansion of GMO testing in Turkey with lower cost. However the methods developed in this work should be extended to other maize events and their validation procedure should be completed.

Advances in DNA micro and macroarray technologies made these high-throughput systems good candidates for the development of cheaper, faster and easier qualitative and quantitative detection methods. In this study, a simple and cost effective sandwich hybridization-based method has been developed for the rapid and sensitive detection of various unmodified recombinant elements in transgenic plants. Attention was first focused on the optimization of conditions such as time, concentration and temperature using commercial ssDNA, which in turn could be used for real sample detection. In this sandwich-type DNA chip platform, capture probes complementary to the first half of recombinant element (target adapter) were immobilized onto poly-L-lysine covered conventional microscope slides. PCR-amplified un-purified target adapter and biotin labeled detection probe, which is complementary to the second half of target adapter, were hybridized in solution-phase to complementary capture probes to create a sandwiched tripartite complex. Later, hybridization signal was visualized by the attachment of streptavidin conjugated Quantum Dot to the sandwiched complex under UV illumination. Sandwich based array system that has been developed in this study allows multiplex screening of GMO events on a single DNA chip platform. 35S promoter, NOS terminator, CRY1Ab and BAR target sequences were successfully detected on the same DNA chip platform. The platform was able to detect unlabeled PCR amplified DNA fragments of CaMV 35S promoter sequence and NOS terminator and BAR transgene sequences from transgenic potato plants and NK603 Certified GMO Reference material, respectively. The DNA-chip platform developed in this study will allow multiple detection of label-free PCR-amplified transgenic elements from real GMO samples on a single slide via a cost effective, fast, reliable and sensitive sandwich hybridization assay.

Tyrimo objektas – genetiškai modifikuotų augalininkystės produktų gamyba. Tyrimo tikslas – nustatyti ir įvertinti genetiškai modifikuotų augalininkystės produktų gamybos teigiamus ir neigiamus efektus. Darbo uždaviniai: • išanalizuoti genetiškai modifikuotų organizmų ir genetiškai modifikuotų produktų atsiradimo priežastis, rizikos aplinkai ir žmonių sveikatai vertinimo tikslus bei principus; • įvertinti politikos vaidmenį kuriant genetiškai modifikuotus organizmus ir genetiškai modifikuotus produktus; • identifikuoti genetiškai modifikuotų augalininkystės produktų gamybos ypatumus; • išanalizuoti genetiškai modifikuotų augalininkystės produktų gamybos ekonominę naudą ir grėsmes; • įvertinti vartotojų požiūrį į genetiškai modifikuotus augalininkystės produktus pasaulyje ir Lietuvoje; • nustatyti genetiškai modifikuotos augalininkystės produktų gamybos plėtotės perspektyvas. Tyrimo metodai – analizės, sintezės, monografinis, statistinių duomenų analizės, palyginimo, grafinio vaizdavimo bei empirinis tyrimo. Studijuojant Lietuvos bei užsienio autorių mokslinę bei periodinę literatūrą, Lietuvos Respublikos įstatymus, teisės aktus bei Europos Sąjungos direktyvas nagrinėjamu klausimu, naudojant statistinius leidinius magistrantūros studijų baigiamajame darbe išanalizuota genetiškai modifikuotų augalininkystės produktų gamybos ekonominė nauda ir grėsmės, atliktas genetiškai modifikuotų augalininkystės produktų gamybos plėtotės vertinimas socialiniu, ekonominiu ir ekologiniu... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / Research object – genetically modified agricultural production. Research aim – to traverse the production of genetically modified agricultural commodities, determine and evaluate its impacts both positive and negative. Objectives: • to traverse the origins of genetically modified organisms and their adaptability in genetically modified commodities and to set the levels of the environmental risk and the impact on the wellness of humanity by providing the aims and principles of their evaluation; • to appraise the role of politics regarding the establishment of genetically modified organisms and genetically modified commodities; • to identify resident peculiarities of the genetically modified agricultural production; • to analyse economic benefit and risk of genetically modified agricultural production; • to evaluate the consumer’s approach towards the genetically modified agricultural commodities considering the internal scope as well as the global one; • to appoint the eventual perspectives of the expansion concerning the production of genetically modified agricultural commodities. Research methods – analysis, synthesis, monograph, statistical information analysis, comparison, graphical and empirical methods. By studying the scientific and periodical sources, analysing statistical data, legislations, directives and legislative notes of Lithuanian Republic and the European Union regarding the pending inquiry. This work determines the economical threats and advantages regarding... [to full text]

Neatsiejama genetiškai modifikuotų organizmų (GMO) bei iš jų pagamintų produktų (GMP) teisinio reguliavimo dalis yra mokslas bei politika. –iame darbe analizuojamas GMO (GMP) teisinio reguliavimo raida ES ir Lietuvos Respublikoje. Nagrinėjamos tokios GMO ir GMP teisinio reguliavimo problemos, kaip etikos nuostatų suderinimas su žmogaus genų naudojimu kuriant maistui skirtus produktus; ES institucijų ir valstybių narių pozicijų išsikyrimas siekiant uždrausti apgalvotą GMO išleidimą į aplinką; visuomenės dalyvavimo priimant sprendimus dėl GMO (GMP) problematika ES ir Lietuvos Respublikoje – visuomenės „motyvuotos nuomonės“ instituto neefektyvumas. Taip pat analizuojamos ES teisės nuostatų dėl sankcijų nustatymo už GMO (GMP) reguliuojančių teisės aktų pažeidimus įgyvendinimo Lietuvos Respublikoje problemos t.y. nacionalinėje teisėje nenustačius atsakomybės pagrindiniams su GMO (GMP) veikla susijusiems juridiniams asmenims, praktiškai išlieka jų nebaudžiamumas; tai pat pažymėtina, kad teisės aktų, reglamentuojančių GMO ir GMP naudojimą, reikalavimų pažeidimai yra pakankamai skirtingo pobūdžio, o ATPK jie išvardinti viename straipsnyje, kartu numatyta gana didelis skiriamos baudos mažiausias dydis, - visa tai praktikoje sąlygoja nuobaudų neskyrimą bei neužtikrina Direktyvoje 2001/18/EB įtvirtintos sankcijos veiksmingumo, proporcingumo ir atgrasumo. Darbe nagrinėjamos tarptautinių sutarčių - Biologinės įvairovės ir Orhuso konvencijų - nuostatos dėl GMO bei jų įtaka ES ir Lietuvos... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / Science and politics are part and parcel of law regulation of genetically modified organisms (GMO) and products (GMP) made from them. This work analyses development of law regulation of GMO (GMP) in ES and Lithuanian Republic. Such problems as ethical attitude towards usage of human genes in food production, distinction of ES isntitutions and member states according to their position, in purpose to forbid deliberate release of GMO into environment, problems of society involvment in taking decisions about GMO (GMP) in ES and Lithuanian Republic, inefficiency of public institute of "motivated opinion" (public comments) are disscussed in this work. Such topics as realisation of ES rules for definition of sanctions for breaking laws of GMO (GMP) usage in Lithuania Republic and rules of international contracts, such as Cartagena protocol on biosafety to the convention on biological diversity and Orhus convention, and their influence upon law regulation in ES and Lithuanian Republic are also disscussed here.

Tomato, which is one of the most important component of human diet, has been genetically modified to develop some properties like delayed ripening and insect resistance. In order to give a choice to the consumer, it is necessary to detect and label GM foods. This study was carried out to detect genetically modified tomato samples purchased from different food markets of Turkey. PCR method was used to detect genetically modified insect resistant tomatoes. The DNAs of collected samples were isolated according to CTAB DNA extraction protocol and the amplification capacity of isolated samples were checked with patatin specific control PCR. Screening tests of tomatoes were done by targeting 35S promoter, Nos terminator and NptII kanamycin resistance gene with four primer sets. It was aimed to detect Cry1A and Cry1Ac genes with three PCR systems, in order to identify insect resistant samples. From twenty-eight samples, twenty-two gave positive amplification signal in NptII specific PCR system and results were confirmed with sequence analysis. Additionally, we observed seventeen and ten DNA fragments with Cry1A-F/Cry1A-R and Cry1Ac-F/Cry1Ac-R primer sets respectively, it is necessary to confirm these results with DNA sequencing.

In recent years, foods produced by genetic engineering technology have been on the world food market. The biosafety aspects, regulations, and labelling of these foods are still contentious issues in most countries. It is necessary to have approval for the use of GMOs in the production of food. Thus, detection and quantification of GMOs play crucial role for developing regulations on GM foods. In this study, raw and processed maize samples were analysed for genetic modification using a DNA based detection method, the Polymerase Chain Reaction. Ten raw food and 18 processed maize food including maize flour, starch, corn flakes, maize chips were collected from different markets located in different places in Turkey. The samples were examined for the presence of genetic elements located in the majority of transgenic crops such as NOS terminator, CaMV 35S promoter, kanamycin resistance (KanR) gene, using conventional PCR with oligonucleotide sets targeting to novel genes. Furthermore screening was conducted via Real-Time PCR assay for NOS terminator and 35S promoter. For confirming the presence of Bt11 maize lines event specific primers were utilised. Quantification of Bt11 maize lines were performed via Real-Time PCR. The result indicates that foreign genetic elements were found in all analysed raw material. In six out of 10 raw material, presence of Bt11 gene were identified. GMO detection was also possible for maize flour and starch, however in processed material as corn starch, corn flakes, corn chips and pop corn, transgenes were not detected.