O conhecimento da diversidade genética e da estrutura populacional das variedades mantidas em bancos de germoplasma é de fundamental importância para sua efetiva utilização em programas de melhoramento. O mapeamento por associação, também conhecido como mapeamento por desequilíbrio de ligação, é um dos principais métodos para relacionar genes e alelos às características de interesse, através da co-segregação de marcadores genéticos polimórficos com os genes envolvidos na variação das características em estudo. O Banco de Germoplasma de Arroz do Departamento de Genética da ESALQ contém 192 acessos japoneses que foram estudados com o objetivo de entender sua diversidade, estruturação genética e determinar a associação genômica de caracteres agronômicos relacionados a produção de grãos. A caracterização molecular foi conduzida através da tecnologia DArT-seq, que gerou dados de marcadores SNPs (single-nucleotide polymorphism) e silico DArTs. Em seguida, após a filtragem, 5.578 SNPs de alta qualidade foram utilizados para calcular as estimativas de diversidade no pacote hierfstat e a estrutura do painel de acessos através da análise discriminante de componentes principais (DAPC), que consiste em determinar existência de cluster em um grupo de genótipos em que não há informação a priori sobre existência de grupos. A diversidade genética nos acessos foi evidenciada pelo valor de heterozigosidade esperada (HS) (0,0279) e a estruturação foi evidenciada pela formação de três subgrupos. O mapeamento associativo foi realizado com o uso do pacote GAPIT, sendo considerados seis caracteres: número de dias para florescimento (NDF), estatura de planta (EP), comprimento da panícula (CP), peso de parcela (PP), massa de mil grãos (MMG) e CICLO, bem como 24.266 marcadores silico DArTs e 1.965 marcadores SNPs. Foram detectadas um total de 113 associações significativas genótipo-fenótipo (P<0,001) quando utilizado marcadores silico DArTs em todas as seis características analisadas e, um total de 21 associações significativas genótipo-fenótipo (P<0,001) quando utilizado marcadores SNPs para apenas quatro das seis características analisadas: EP, CICLO, MMG e PP. Considerando-se os 113 silico DArTs associados significativamente na análise, 90 foram localizados em regiões intergênicas e 23 foram localizados dentro de genes. Enquanto que, dos 21 SNPs significativos, 11 foram localizados em regiões intergênicas e 10 foram localizados dentro de genes. A informação gerada neste estudo foi útil para testar associações ao longo do genoma do arroz. O modelo linear misto (MLM) empregado no mapeamento associativo acredita-se ter conseguido controlar eficientemente os falsos positivos no mapeamento utilizando os marcadores SNPs. As informações geradas neste estudo servem de base para avaliações mais aprofundadas, utilizando o conjunto de marcadores significativos como ponto de partida para determinação dos genes mais importantes para a produtividade em arroz. / The knowledge of the genetic diversity and population structure of varieties maintained in germplasm banks is crucial for their effective use in breeding programs. Association mapping, also known as linkage disequilibrium mapping, is one of the main methods for relating genes and alleles to the characteristics of interest, through the co-segregation of polymorphic genetic markers with the genes involved in the variation of the characteristics under study. The Rice Germplasm Bank of the Department of Genetics of ESALQ contains 192 Japanese accessions that were studied with the purpose of understanding its diversity, genetic structuring and determining the genomic association of agronomic traits related to grain production. The molecular characterization was conducted by DArTseq technology, which generated data of SNPs (single-nucleotide polymorphism) markers and silico DArTs. Then, after filtering, 5,578 high-quality SNPs were used to calculate the diversity estimates in hierfstat package and the accession panel structure through discriminant analysis of principal components (DAPC), which consists of determining the cluster existence in a group of genotypes where there is no a priori information about the existence of groups. The genetic diversity in the accessions was evidenced by the expected heterozygosity value (HS) (0.0279) and the population structure was evidenced by the formation of three clusters. The association mapping was performed using the GAPIT package, considering six characters: number of days for flowering (NDF), plant height (EP), panicle length (CP), plot weight (PP), mass of thousand grains (MMG) and CYCLE, as well as 24.266 silico DArTs markers and 1.965 SNPs markers. We detected a total of 113 significant associations genotype-phenotype (P <0.001) when used silico DArTs markers in all six analyzed characteristics and a total of 21 significant associations genotype-phenotype (P<0.001) when used SNPs markers for only four of the six analyzed characteristics: EP, CYCLE, MMG and PP. Considering the 113 silico DArTs significantly associated in the analysis, 90 were located in intergenic regions and 23 were localized within genes. While of the 21 significant SNPs, 11 were located in intergenic regions and 10 were located within genes. The information generated in this study was useful for testing associations throughout the rice genome. The mixed linear model (MLM) used in association mapping is believed to have been able to efficiently control false positives in the mapping using the SNPs markers. The information generated in this study serves as a basis for further evaluation using the set of significant markers as a starting point for determining the most important genes for rice yield.

Cranberry common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) is planted worldwide and consumed as a critical food source of human protein, fibre, carbohydrates, and minerals. Marsh spot (MS) is a physiogenic disorder which severely impacts seed quality in common beans. Previous studies indicate that MS involves a nutritional disorder caused by Mn deficiency. However, the inheritance and genetic mechanism of MS resistance are still not fully understood. To investigate the genetics of MS resistance, a population of 138 recombinant inbred lines (RILs) was developed from a bi-parental cross between a susceptible cultivar Messina and a resistant cultivar Cran09. The population and its two parents were evaluated for MS resistance during five consecutive years from 2015 to 2019 in both sandy and heavy clay soils in Morden, Manitoba, Canada. The severities of MS were rated and subsequently converted to MS resistance index (MSRI) and MS incidence (MSI). Statistical analyses indicated that MSI and MSRI were highly correlated (r = 0.96-0.99) and had high broad-sense heritability (H²) of 86.5% and 83.2%, respectively. Joint segregation analysis (JSA) of 18 phenotypic datasets from five years and two soil types showed that MS resistance was controlled by four major genes with genetic interactions - one of which may suppress the additive effect of the other three genes. To identify the quantitative trait loci (QTL) and the candidate genes associated with the MS resistance, the 138 RILs and the two parents were sequenced using genotyping by sequencing approach. A total of 52,676 SNPs were detected. After further filtering with a threshold of minor allele frequency > 0.01 and call rate > 20%, 2,061 SNPs were retained and then imputed for genetic map construction and QTL mapping. A genetic map consisting of 2,058 SNP markers on 11 linkage groups or chromosomes was constructed, which covered 1,004 recombination blocks with a total length of 6,449 cM and an average block of 6.42 cM. Three linkage map-based QTL-mapping models ICIM-ADD, ICIM-EPI, and GCIM and one genome-wide association study (GWAS) model RTM-GWAS for 18 phenotypic datasets from different years and soil types were used for identification of QTL. A total of 36 QTL, including 21 of additive and 15 of epistatic effects, were identified. Functional gene annotation analysis revealed 151 Mn-related candidate genes across the common bean reference genome and 17 of them harbored the six QTL discovered in this study. In conclusion, MS resistance in common bean is a highly heritable trait and controlled by several major and minor genes. The results of JSA and QTL mapping advance the current understanding of the genetic mechanisms of MS resistance in cranberry common bean, and provide additional resources for application in genomics-assisted breeding and potential isolation and functional characterization of the candidate genes.

O feijão comum é uma das principais culturas agrícolas produzidas e consumidas no Brasil e no mundo. Por isso, várias iniciativas de pesquisa buscam dar subsídios ao melhoramento da cultura, que visa a desenvolver cultivares mais produtivos e tolerantes a estresses biótico e ábiótico, além de agregar valor nutricional e tecnológico aos grãos. Nesse cenário, no presente estudo, buscou-se identificar, a partir da abordagem de mapeamento associativo, regiões genômicas envolvidas no controle de caracteres agronômicos e no teor de macro e micronutrientes em grãos de feijão comum. Para tanto, um painel de acessos e linhagens foi (i) genotipado por sequenciamento, cujos dados perdidos foram imputados; (ii) e fenotipados para 5 caracteres agronômicos e para o teor de 13 nutrientes, em duas condições experimentais - campo e casa de vegetação. A partir da informação genotípica, foram investigados (i) a estrutura populacional, (ii) o grau de parentesco e (iii) a extensão do desequilíbrio de ligação (DL). Para as análises fenotípicas, foi utilizada a abordagem de modelos mistos. Finalmente, o mapeamento associativo foi realizado utilizando o modelo FarmCPU. Um total de 35.527 e 9.388 SNPs, com MAF &ge; 0,05, distribuídos ao longo dos 11 cromossomos de P. vulgaris, foi obtido considerando os limites de 80 e 10% de dados perdidos, respectivamente. A análise da estrutura populacional e as estimativas de parentesco permitiram evidenciar a clara distinção entre os acessos oriundos de pools gênicos diferentes. Tais fatores influenciaram fortemente a extensão do DL; portanto, medidas que corrigem para estes vieses foram adotadas e possibilitaram a constatação de que os maiores blocos genômicos em DL estão contidos nas regiões centroméricas e pericentroméricas dos cromossomos. Igualmente, foi detectado DL entre locos de cromossomos diferentes, sugerindo que o processo de melhoramento e o sistema de cruzamento da espécie contribuem para a magnitude do DL em feijão, uma vez que os vieses decorrentes da estrutura populacional e do parentesco foram corrigidos. Considerando os fenótipos avaliados, o painel aqui utilizado apresentou maior variabilidade fenotípica para os caracteres agronômicos \'dias para o florescimento\' (DPF), \'dias para formação do legume\' (DPFL), \'número de legumes por planta\' (NLPP), \'número de sementes por legume\' (NSPL) e \'massa de 100 grãos\' (M100), e para o teor dos nutrientes cobre (Cu), ferro (Fe) e zinco (Zn) presentes nos grãos. A partir do mapeamento associativo, foram identificados 176 SNPs associados aos caracteres agronômicos e teores de macro e micronutrientes. Destes, 112 estão localizados em regiões gênicas - exons (71), introns (29), 5\'-UTR (5) e 3\'-UTR (7). Logo, tais polimorfismos, principalmente aqueles localizados em exons ou próximos a locos, como o Ppd, tradicionalmente apontado como envolvido no controle de DPF, são fortes candidatos para explicar as alterações fenotípicas observadas. Os demais 64 SNPs estão localizados em regiões inter-gênicas, em porções do cromossomo nas quais a extensão do DL pode chegar a mais de 1 Mb. Portanto, é válido recomendar a investigação da região em DL que flanqueia o SNP na busca de genes associados ao controle da variação fenotípica. / Common bean is an important crop produced and consumed in Brazil and worldwide. Several research initiatives have been set up to implement breeding programs for developing more productive cultivars tolerant to biotic and abiotic stresses, and improving nutritional and technological grain quality. Therefore, the aim of this study was to use association mapping in order to identify the genomic regions controlling agronomic traits and the content of macroand micronutrients in common bean. A panel of accessions and lines was (i) genotyped by sequencing, with imputed missing data; (ii) and phenotyped for five agronomic traits and 13 grain nutrients content under two sets of experimental conditions (field and greenhouse). The genotypic information provided a basis for investigating (i) population structure, (ii) kinship and (iii) the extent of linkage disequilibrium (LD). Mixed models were used for predicting phenotypic means. Finally, association mapping was performed using the FarmCPU model. A total of 35,527 and 9,388 SNPs (MAF &ge; 0.05) distributed over the 11 chromosomes of P. vulgaris was obtained based on two missing data thresholds (80 and 10%). Population structure and kinship analysis highlighted the distinction between accessions from different gene pools. These factors strongly influenced the extent of LD. Measures to correct these biases indicated that the major LD genomic blocks were located within centromeric and pericentomeric regions. In addition, high LD was detected between loci from different chromosomes, suggesting that the breeding process and autogamy also influence LD in common bean, given that the bias resulting from population structure and kinship were corrected. The panel used exhibited high phenotypic variability for the following agronomic traits: \'days to flowering\' (DTF), \'days to pod formation\' (DTPF), \'number of pods per plant\' (NPPP), \'number of seeds per pod\' (NSPP) and \'mass of 100 grains\' (M100); and the following grain nutrient contents: copper (Cu), iron (Fe) and zinc (Zn). A total of 176 SNPs were identified by association mapping, 112 located in gene regions - exons (71), introns (29), 5\'-UTR (5) and 3\'-UTR (7). Such polymorphisms, especially those within exons or near loci as Ppd, traditionally considered to be involved in DTF control, are strong candidates for providing an elucidation of phenotypic variability. The remaining 64 SNPs were located in intergenic regions, in which the DL decays over 1 Mb. It would therefore be worth investigating LD in the region flanking the SNPs for genes associated with phenotypic variation.

The ability to identify germplasm and select traits accurately is fundamental to successful plant breeding. Pedigrees and molecular markers facilitate these processes; however misleading experimental results can occur when incorrect relationships and/or cultivar names are recorded. Molecular markers can identify these inconsistencies, and with advances in genotyping technology these diagnostics can be done faster and more objectively. This study aimed to develop molecular marker assays and graphical genotyping methodologies for cultivar identification, seed purity assessment and trait selection in oat (Avena sativa L.). KBioscience’s Allele-Specific PCR (KASP™) and genotyping-by-sequencing (GBS) technologies were applied to a set of current Canadian oat cultivars to evaluate their utility for identifying cultivars and detecting intra-cultivar variation. Both KASP™ and GBS detected different extents of heterogeneity among a set of 160 seeds that originated from four seed sources of four cultivars. In both cases, the detected variation did not appear to be limited to a specific cultivar or seed source, reinforcing that all cultivars are heterogeneous. Graphical genotyping localized heterogeneity to specific chromosome regions, thereby distinguishing physical contamination from true genetic heterogeneity and heterozygosity. Pre-existing genotype data for 700 oat cultivars and breeding lines were also used to construct graphical genotypes for pedigree validation and discovery of potential sources for favourable quantitative trait loci (QTL) alleles. This methodology used historical QTLs and anchoring markers to identify 25 putative “high oil” allele carriers. The results from this study will provide diagnostic tools for cultivar identification and pedigree validation, in addition to meaningful information about existing heterogeneity and possible QTL locations in current cultivars.

The ability to identify germplasm and select traits accurately is fundamental to successful plant breeding. Pedigrees and molecular markers facilitate these processes; however misleading experimental results can occur when incorrect relationships and/or cultivar names are recorded. Molecular markers can identify these inconsistencies, and with advances in genotyping technology these diagnostics can be done faster and more objectively. This study aimed to develop molecular marker assays and graphical genotyping methodologies for cultivar identification, seed purity assessment and trait selection in oat (Avena sativa L.). KBioscience’s Allele-Specific PCR (KASP™) and genotyping-by-sequencing (GBS) technologies were applied to a set of current Canadian oat cultivars to evaluate their utility for identifying cultivars and detecting intra-cultivar variation. Both KASP™ and GBS detected different extents of heterogeneity among a set of 160 seeds that originated from four seed sources of four cultivars. In both cases, the detected variation did not appear to be limited to a specific cultivar or seed source, reinforcing that all cultivars are heterogeneous. Graphical genotyping localized heterogeneity to specific chromosome regions, thereby distinguishing physical contamination from true genetic heterogeneity and heterozygosity. Pre-existing genotype data for 700 oat cultivars and breeding lines were also used to construct graphical genotypes for pedigree validation and discovery of potential sources for favourable quantitative trait loci (QTL) alleles. This methodology used historical QTLs and anchoring markers to identify 25 putative “high oil” allele carriers. The results from this study will provide diagnostic tools for cultivar identification and pedigree validation, in addition to meaningful information about existing heterogeneity and possible QTL locations in current cultivars.

Adaptive population shifts in response to climate change Ing. Michaela Horníková, Doctoral thesis Abstract Understanding of species' reactions to past climate and environmental changes is a hot topic in many fields of biology as it is relevant also for addressing species' future under the contemporary climate change. Using an emerging model species, the bank vole, I combine genomic phylogeographic data with information on known intraspecific functional variability and environmental niche modelling and aim to elucidate the particular role of intraspecific variation and ultimately selection in shaping the species' response to the climatic and environmental changes after the end of the last glaciation. Based on the mtDNA markers, bank voles exhibit a complex phylogeographic pattern suggesting population replacement events during the postglacial recolonization of Europe and thus possible involvement of selection in the process. An extensive dataset of more than 6000 SNPs was used to search for signs of population replacement in the bank vole genomic DNA and to investigate the species' postglacial recolonization history throughout its European distribution range. The genomic data revealed even more complex population history than previously detected with mtDNA markers, including not only admixture but also...

Tesis por compendio / [ES] Hemos utilizado descriptores convencionales y digitales para caracterizar germoplasma español, con el fin de evaluar la variabilidad y probar la eficiencia de esos métodos para diferenciar los materiales. Los resultados muestran gran diversidad dentro de la colección. Además, el fenotipado digital fue capaz de proporcionar una separación más potente. Finalmente, se seleccionó un subconjunto 17 descriptores capaz de distinguir entre accesiones, explicando el 81.81% de la varianza total. Los rasgos del fruto son los más relevantes para la separación entre variedades. Estos hallazgos serán útiles para la recuperación de las variedades tradicionales y el manejo del germoplasma. Las variedades tradicionales más apreciadas de México poseen una aptitud extraordinaria para ser usados como materiales de pre-mejora. Por lo tanto, nos propusimos estudiar la diversidad fenotípica y genotípica de estos materiales, así como el efecto de la polinización abierta en la fijación de las características. La caracterización morfológica y genética de la progenie mostró niveles similares de uniformidad y heterocigocidad a aquellos mostrados por las líneas parentales, sugiriendo que el sistema de reproducción por polinización abierta es eficiente en términos de alcanzar uniformidad agronómica, preservando un cierto grado de diversidad genética. Los estudios genéticos del germoplasma aportan información de gran utilidad. Se utilizó el GBS para estudiar una colección de Capsicum spp. española con el fin de arrojar luz sobre las relaciones filogenéticas de las variedades locales y evaluar su diversidad. Las accesiones europeas mostraron estar estrechamente relacionadas. Además, el origen y tipo de fruto fueron los principales factores que determinaron estructura genética. Los estudios de filogenia también mostraron una estrecha relación entre las accesiones española y mexicana. Los valores Tajima D fueron consistentes con selección positiva en los grupos de C. annuum relacionados con la domesticación. C. baccatum surge como una importante fuente de variabilidad genética y proporcionando a los investigadores la oportunidad de seleccionar individuos para ser introducidos en programas de mejora para el contenido en compuestos bioactivos y resilientes a las condiciones del cambio climático. Por ello, decidimos caracterizar una colección de C. baccatum y C. annuum. Se observó una gran influencia del sistema de cultivo sobre el contenido nutricional donde las concentraciones vieron favorecidas bajo cultivo al aire libre. Asimismo, las accesiones control de C. annuum mostraron concentraciones superiores para la mayoría de compuestos para los dos ambientes. Por otro lado, la buena respuesta C. baccatum demuestra que existe la posibilidad de mejorar estos materiales bajo las condiciones mediterráneas y un alto contenido en compuestos bioactivos. Por último, bajo nuestras condiciones, una ración de pimiento puede aportar entre un 70% y un 120% de la dosis diaria recomendada de ácido ascórbico y entre un 10% y un 60% de la dosis recomendada de minerales. La mejora de las variedades de pimiento para la absorción y uso del fósforo es de suma importancia en la tarea actual de reducir significativamente la necesidad de fertilizantes. El objetivo de este trabajo fue caracterizar una colección de pimiento frente a bajos insumos de fósforo. En general, las condiciones de estrés condujeron a una reducción significativa de la biomasa. Además, el tratamiento de bajo fósforo estimuló el desarrollo de la raíz lateral y pelos radiculares. Además, la concentración de fósforo en los tejidos vegetales disminuyó significativamente. Esta respuesta fue notoriamente superior en las raíces, mostrando la capacidad de movilizar el fósforo hacia otros órganos. Esto proporciona evidencias de la existencia de variabilidad dentro de Capsicum para la eficiencia del uso del fósforo susceptible de ser utilizada en lo / [CA] Hem utilitzat descriptors convencionals i digitals per a caracteritzar una col·lecció de varietats espanyoles, amb la finalitat d'avaluar la variabilitat i provar l'eficiència d'aqueixos mètodes per a diferenciar els materials. Els resultats mostren una gran diversitat dins de la col·lecció. A més, el fenotipat digital va permetre una separació més potent. Finalment, es va seleccionar un subconjunt de 17 descriptors digitals per a distingir entre accessions, explicant el 81.81% de la variància total. Els trets del fruit són els més rellevants per a la separació entre varietats. Aquestes troballes seran útils per a la recuperació de les varietats tradicionals i el maneig del germoplasma. Moltes de les varietats tradicionals més benvolgudes es poden trobar a Mèxic y posseeixen una aptitud extraordinària per a ser usats com a materials de pre-millora. Per tant, ens vam proposar estudiar la diversitat fenotípica i genotípica d'aquests materials, així com l'efecte de la pol·linització oberta en la fixació de les característiques morfològiques i en la fixació genètica. La caracterització morfològica y genètica va mostrar nivells similars d'uniformitat de la progènie a aquells mostrats per les línies parentals, sugerint que la reproducció de pol·linització oberta és eficient en termes d'aconseguir uniformitat agronòmica i alhora preservant un cert grau de diversitat genètica, un fet d'enorme rellevància per a l'adaptació a les condicions de canvi climàtic. Els estudis genètics del germoplasma existent aporten informació de gran utilitat. En la present tesi es va utilitzar el GBS per a estudiar una col·lecció de Capsicum spp. amb la finalitat de llançar llum sobre les relacions filogenètiques de les varietats locals i avaluar la seua diversitat i estructura. Les accessions europees estaven estretament relacionades. A més, les característiques dels fruits i l'origen van ser els principals factors que van determinar la l'estructura genètica. Els estudis de filogènia també van mostrar una estreta relació entre les accessions espanyola i mexicana. Els valors del mètode estadístic Tajima D van ser consistents amb la selecció positiva en els grups de C. annuum relacionats amb la domesticació. C. baccatum sorgeix com una important font de variabilitat i proporcionant l'oportunitat de seleccionar individus per a programes de millora per al contingut en compostos bioactius i condicions del canvi climàtic. Ací es va caracteritzar una col·lecció de C. baccatum i C. annuum. Es va observar una gran influència del sistema de cultiu, on les compostos es van veure afavorides baix cultiu a l'aire lliure. C. annuum van mostrar concentracions superiors per a la majoria de compostos. La bona resposta de C. baccatum demostra que existeix la possibilitat de millorar aquests materials de cara a obtindre individus adaptats a les condicions mediterrànies i un alt contingut en compostos bioactius. Per ultime, sota les nostres condicions, una ració de pimentó pot aportar entre un 70% i un 120% de la dosi diària recomanada d'acidifique ascòrbic i entre un 10% i un 60% de la dosi recomanada de minerals. La millora de les varietats de pimentó per a l'absorció i ús del fòsfor és de suma importància en la tasca actual de reduir la necessitat de fertilitzants. L'objectiu va ser caracteritzar una col·lecció de pimentó enfront de baixos inputs de fòsfor. En general, les condicions d'estrés van conduir a una reducció de la biomassa. A més, va estimular el desenvolupament de l'arrel lateral i de pèls radiculars. A més, la concentració de fòsfor en els teixits vegetals va disminuir significativament. Aquesta resposta va ser notòriament superior en les arrels, mostrant la capacitat de mobilitzar el fòsfor acumulat cap a altres òrgans. Això proporciona evidències de l'existència de variabilitat dins de Capsicum per a l'eficiència de l'ús del fòsfor susceptible de ser utilitzada en / [EN] Herein we used conventional and digital descriptors to characterize a collection Spanish landraces in order to assess the diversity and to test the discriminating ability of said methods. A considerable variation was found for the collection. Digital phenotyping enabled a more powerful separation. We conclude by selecting a subset of 17 descriptors which enable to distinguish among closely related C. annuum accessions. Finally, fruit traits explained the highest percentage of variance for our collection. These findings will be useful to the recovery of heirloom peppers and will boost germplasm characterization and management in seed banks. Some of the most known landraces from Mexico encompass a remarkable aptitude to be used as pre-breeding materials. Hence, we studied the phenotypic and genotypic diversity within these materials and the open-pollination effect on the fixation of morphological characteristics and on the genetic fixation. Morphological and genetic analysis of the progeny showed similar or lower levels of genetic and morphological uniformity than those from progenitors, suggesting that open-pollinated program is efficient in terms of reaching enough agronomic uniformity, while preserving a certain degree of genetic diversity, of paramount importance for the adaptation to climate change. Germplasm genetic studies provide vital information. Herein we used GBS to study a Spanish collection of Capsicum spp. to shed light into phylogenetic relationships and to evaluate their diversity and structure. European accessions showed a close relationship. Furthermore, fruit traits and region of origin were the main factors defining population structure. Spanish and Mexican accessions showed a close phylogenetic relationship; Finally, Tajima's D statistic values were consistent with positive selection in the C. annuum clusters related to domestication. These findings provide relevant information on the origin and relationships of Spanish landraces and for future association mapping studies in pepper. C. baccatum represents a remarkable genetic pool that provides opportunity to select superior individuals to be used in breeding programs for improved bioactive compounds content and resilience to climate change materials. Hence, we characterized a collection of C. baccatum and C. annuum materials. Cultivation system had a major effect controlling fruit's nutrient profile. C. annuum controls presented higher concentrations for most compounds under both conditions. The good performance of C. baccatum accessions shows that there are opportunities to breed materials adapted to the Mediterranean conditions and with interesting properties, especially under open-field conditions. Finally, under our conditions, a serving of pepper cultivated could provide between 70% and 120% of the recommended dietary allowance for ascorbic acid and between 10% and 60% for minerals. Improving pepper varieties for their uptake and use of phosphorus would significantly reduce the need for fertilizer applications. Hence, we characterized the main adaptations, of a Capsicum spp. collection, to low phosphorus inputs. Overall, stress conditions lead to significant reduction of biomass. Stress treatment stimulated lateral root length and root hairs growth. Furthermore, concentration of this mineral in plant tissues decreased significantly. This response was notoriously higher in the roots, demonstrating a high ability to mobilise accumulated phosphorus to other plant organs, providing evidence that within the Capsicum genus there is usable variability for phosphorus use efficiency for breeding programs for low input adaptation. / Pereira Dias, L. (2019). Study and exploitation of varietal diversity for agroclimatic adaptation and nutritional content improvement in Capsicum spp [Tesis doctoral no publicada]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/134055 / TESIS / Compendio

Le charançon de la carotte (Listronotus oregonensis) s’avère un ravageur important des cultures d’apiacées en Amérique du Nord. Une recrudescence des dommages a été observée ces dernières années, et ce, malgré toutes les mesures de contrôle mises en place. Cette étude visait à déterminer la structure génétique des populations du charançon de la carotte en Amérique du Nord et d’évaluer le rôle de la distance géographique et de la plante hôte sur leur niveau de différenciation génétique. La préférence olfactive envers la plante hôte sur laquelle les charançons d’une même population s’y sont développés a aussi été analysée. La caractérisation de la structure génétique de L. oregonensis s’appuyait sur la discrimination des haplotypes (ADNmt COI) et des nucléotides (SNPs) par génotypage-par-séquençage (GBS). Dix-huit populations incluant 220 individus ont été échantillonnées au Québec, en Ontario, en Nouvelle-Écosse (Canada) et en Ohio (États-Unis). L’olfactométrie examinait la réponse olfactive de trois populations du Québec (195 femelles) en fonction de quatre plantes hôtes (carotte, céleri, céleri-rave et persil). Nos résultats ont montré que la distance géographique s’avère un facteur important de différenciation génétique entre les régions échantillonnées. Les analyses de GBS identifient la Nouvelle-Écosse comme étant la région la plus différenciée de toutes les populations analysées contrairement aux analyses de l’ADNmt COI qui suggèrent une différenciation récente. La plante hôte n’entraîne pas de signature génétique distincte chez le ravageur au Québec, et les trois populations testées n’ont pas présenté de préférence marquée pour une plante hôte, hormis la population issue du champ de carotte. Ces résultats suggèrent une capacité de dispersion limitée du charançon de la carotte à travers l’Amérique du Nord. / The carrot weevil (Listronotus oregonensis) is a major pest of apiaceae crops in North America. An upsurge in damage has been observed in recent years, despite all the control measures deployed. This study aimed to determine the genetic structure of carrot weevil populations in North America and to assess the role of geographic distance and host plants on their level of genetic differentiation. The olfactory preference of carrot weevils for the host plant on which the populations were collected was also analyzed. The characterization of the genetic structure of L. oregonensis was based on the discrimination of haplotypes (COI mtDNA) and nucleotides (SNPs) by genotyping-by-sequencing (GBS). Eighteen populations including 220 individuals were sampled in Quebec, Ontario, Nova Scotia (Canada) and Ohio (United States). Olfactometry examined the olfactory response of three populations in Quebec (195 females) according to four host plants (carrot, celery, celeriac and parsley). Our results showed that geographic distance was an important factor in genetic differentiation between the regions sampled. GBS analyzes identify Nova Scotia as the most differentiated region of all populations, unlike COI mtDNA analyzes, which suggest recent differentiation. The host plant did not demonstrate a distinct genetic signature in Quebec, and the three populations tested did not show a marked preference for a host plant, apart from the carrot field population. Finally, these results suggest limited dispersal of the carrot weevil across North America.

Bermudagrass (Cynodon spp.) breeding and cultivar development is hampered by limited information regarding its genetic and phenotypic diversity. A germplasm collection of 206 bermudagrass accessions from 29 countries was genotyped with high-throughput genotyping-by-sequencing technique. Genomic diversity in this diverse germplasm panel was assessed with multifaceted approaches including population structure, phylogenetic analysis, principal component analysis, and genetic diversity parameters. This study revealed substantial genetic variation in the Cynodon accessions, demonstrating the potential of this germplasm panel for further genetic studies and cultivar development in breeding programs. Another critical issue in turfgrass breeding is the lack of information regarding the genetic architecture of traits. Four agronomic traits leaf length, leaf width, internode distance and stem diameter were evaluated in a germplasm panel of common bermudagrass accessions. Then genome-wide association study was performed to dissect the genetic basis of the traits.

No description available.