Building facades, serving mainly to protect occupants and structural components from natural forces, require periodic inspections for the detection and assessment of building façade anomalies. Over the past years, a growing trend of utilizing camera-equipped drones for periodical building facade inspection has emerged. Building façade anomalies, such as cracks and erosion, can be detected through analyzing drone-captured video, photographs, and infrared images. Such anomalies are known to have an impact on various building performance aspects, e.g., thermal, energy, moisture control issues. Current research efforts mainly focus on the design of drone flight schema for building inspection, 3D building model reconstruction through drone-captured images, and the detection of specific façade anomalies with these images. However, there are several research gaps impeding the improvement of automation level during the processes of building façade inspection with UAV (Unmanned Aerial Vehicle). These gaps are (1) lack effective ways to store multi-type data captured by drones with the connection to the spatial information of building facades, (2) lack high-performance tools for UAV-image analysis for the automated detection of building façade anomalies, and (3) lack a comprehensive management (i.e., storage, retrieval, analysis, and display) of large amounts and multi-media information for cyclic façade inspection. When seeking inspirations from nature, the process of drone-based facade inspection can be compared with caching birds' foraging food through spatial memory, visual sensing, and remarkable memories. This dissertation aims at investigating ways to improve the management of UAV-captured data and the automation level of drone-based façade anomaly inspection with inspirations from caching birds' foraging behavior. Firstly, a 2D spatial model of building façades was created in the geographic information system (GIS) for the registration and storage of UAV-images to assign façade spatial information to each image. Secondly, computational methods like computer vision and deep learning neural networks were applied to develop algorithms for automated extraction of visual features of façade anomalies within UAV-captured images. Thirdly, a GIS-based database was designed for the comprehensive management of heterogeneous inspection data, such as the spatial, multi-spectral, and temporal data. This research will improve the automation level of storage, retrieval, analysis, and documentation of drone-captured images to support façade inspection during a building's service lifecycle. It has promising potential for supporting the decision-making of early-intervention or maintenance strategies to prevent façade failures and improve building performance. / Doctor of Philosophy / Building facades require periodic inspections and maintenance to protect occupants and structures from natural forces like the sun, wind, rain, and snow. Over the past years, a growing trend of utilizing drones for periodical building facade inspection has emerged. Building façade anomalies, such as cracks and corrosion, can be detected from the drone-captured photographs or video. Such anomalies are known to have an impact on various building performance aspects, such as moisture issues, abnormal heat loss, and additional energy consumptions. Existing practices for detecting façade anomalies from drone-captured photographs mainly rely on manual checking by going through numerous façade images and repetitively zooming in and out these high-resolution images, which is time-consuming and labor-intensive with potential risks of human errors. Besides, this manual checking process impedes the management of drone-captured data and the documentation of façade inspection activities. At the same time, the emerging technologies of computer vision (CV) and artificial intelligence (AI) have provided many opportunities to improve the automation level of façade anomaly detection and documentation. Previous research efforts have explored the image-based generation of 3D building models using computer vision techniques, as well as image-based detection of specific anomalies using deep learning techniques. However, few studies have looked into the comprehensive management, including the storage, retrieval, analysis, and display, of drone-captured images with the spatial coordinate information of building facades; there is also a lack of high-performance image analytics tools for the automated detection of building façade anomalies. This dissertation aims at investigating ways to improve the automation level of analyzing and managing drone-captured images as well as documenting building façade inspection information. To achieve this goal, a building façade model was created in the geographic information system (GIS) for the semi-automated registration and storage of drone-captured images with spatial coordinates by using computer vision techniques. Secondly, deep learning was applied for automated detection of façade anomalies in drone-captured images. Thirdly, a GIS-based database was designed as the platform for the automated analysis and management of heterogeneous data for drone-captured images, façade model information, and detected façade anomalies. This research will improve the automation level of drone-based façade inspection throughout a building's service lifecycle. It has promising potential for supporting the decision-making of maintenance strategies to prevent façade failures and improve building performance.

The adoption of Geographic Information System (GIS) technology in social studies classroom practices has helped accelerate the achievement of educational goals. However, despite the value that GIS possesses for supporting student learning skills, few schools have adopted it so far. A reason for this deficiency lies in the absence of specific instructional models that demonstrate possible methods for incorporating GIS into class curriculum. This study sought to address this problem, tailored specifically for Kuwaiti social studies classrooms, with the design, development, and validation of a GIS Instructional Model to facilitate AIW. The study employed a design and development research methodology, comprised of five major phases, (i) selection of model components and theoretical foundation, (ii) analysis and development, (iii) formative feedback, (iv) revision, and (v) usability evaluation. In phase one, the Inquiry Design Model (IDM) format and components with AIW framework were selected to provide basic guidelines for the GIS Instructional Model. In phase two, following a comprehensive review of relevant academic literature, and in combination with personal experience, the researcher developed a preliminary GIS Instructional Model. In phase three, two expert reviewers evaluated the model, delivering their opinions by completing an online survey and taking part in follow-up interviews. The expert reviewers were primarily tasked with determining the model's ability to facilitate AIW in a social studies classroom, and providing suggestions for improving its performance. In phase four, the details gleaned from this formative feedback phase were then used to revise the model and enhance its effectiveness. In the last phase, six Kuwaiti expert reviewers assessed this updated version of the GIS Instructional Model to determine what barriers it might face regarding its implementation in the Kuwaiti educational system. They completed an online survey as part of this process and provided possible solutions to address perceived barriers. The data gained from expert reviewer feedback in these formative and usability evaluation phases were analyzed using qualitative methodologies. This step-by-step procedure helped to validate the model. As a result, a ready-to-implement teaching model, with all necessary teaching materials and instructions, was developed for Kuwaiti social studies classrooms. This model is proposed to enable social studies teachers to better understand how to integrate GIS into their classrooms to support AIW. Recommendations are provided for Kuwaiti educational policymakers and stakeholders to help overcome perceived obstacles that may hinder model implementation; suggestions for future research are also included. / Doctor of Philosophy / Geographical Information Systems (GIS) are software-based technologies which simplify the gathering, storing and manipulation of spatially-related data in ways which allow users to visually represent complex geographic phenomena more easily, bringing greater understanding for the world around us. As a result, the integration of GIS technology into social studies classroom practices has assisted student learning and achievement. However, despite the value which GIS possesses, few schools have integrated this technology so far. A significant reason for this limitation is the lack of clear guidelines or models which demonstrate how to employ this technology in the classroom. To help address the problem, this study developed a GIS Instructional Model for Kuwaiti social studies teachers to facilitate student authentic intellectual work, i.e. the student's demonstration of their deeper understanding for the knowledge and skills they are learning. The study employed a design and developmental research methodology, comprised of five major phases, (i) selection of model components and theoretical foundation, (ii) analysis and development, (iii) formative feedback, (iv) revision, and (v) usability evaluation. Phase one involved the selection of the study's theoretical foundation. In phase two, following a comprehensive review of relevant academic literature and, in combination with personal experience, the researcher developed a preliminary GIS Instructional Model. Two expert reviewers evaluated the model in phase three, delivering their opinions by completing an online survey and taking part in follow-up interviews. This feedback was analyzed in phase four, leading to revisions in the GIS Instructional Model to improve its quality for supporting student learning. In the final phase, six Kuwaiti expert reviewers assessed the newly-updated model to determine what barriers it might face regarding its implementation in the Kuwaiti educational system. They completed an online survey as part of this process and provided possible solutions to address these perceived obstacles. This step-by-step procedure helped to validate the model. The overall result was the development of a ready-to-implement teaching model, with all necessary educational materials and instructions, for employing GIS technology in Kuwaiti social studies classrooms to support student authentic intellectual work. In addition, recommendations were provided for Kuwaiti educational policymakers and stakeholders to help overcome perceived obstacles that may hinder model implementation; suggestions for future research are also included.

Στην παρούσα εργασία γίνεται μια προσπάθεια ανάδειξης του φαινομένου των κατολισθήσεων στο Νομό Αχαΐας με κύρια συνιστώσα το χρόνο (παρελθόν - παρόν- μέλλον). Οι κατολισθήσεις αποτελούν ένα σημαντικό φυσικό κίνδυνο (Natural Hazard) καθώς είναι ευρέως διαδεδομένες και κατέχουν μία θέση στη λίστα των λεγόμενων Φυσικών Καταστροφών (Natural Disasters). Έχει παρατηρηθεί ότι στη Δυτική Ελλάδα τα φαινόμενα των κατολισθήσεων είναι περισσότερα και συχνότερα απ’ ότι στη κεντρική και ανατολική Ελλάδα, κυρίως λόγω της λιθολογικής σύστασης των σχηματισμών, της έντονης και ενεργής τεκτονικής καθώς και των υψηλών βροχοπτώσεων. Ο Ν. Αχαΐας είναι μία από τις πιο χαρακτηριστικές περιοχές μελέτης κατολισθήσεων καθότι εκτός της μεγάλης συχνότητας του φαινομένου, υπάρχει μεγάλη ποικιλία ως προς την έκφρασή του (γεωλογία, μέγεθος, αίτια, συνέπειες κα). Εδώ και δεκαετίες, από το Εργαστήριο Τεχνικής Γεωλογίας του Τμήματος Γεωλογίας Πανεπιστημίου Πατρών, μελετώνται τα φαινόμενα κατολισθήσεων στο Νομό οπότε υπάρχει αρκετός όγκος πληροφόρησης που μας δίνει στοιχεία για το παρελθόν μέσω των υφιστάμενων Βάσεων Δεδομένων. Σήμερα, παρόν, υπάρχει σχετικά άμεση ανταπόκριση και αντιμετώπιση των φαινομένων και καλύτερη καταγραφή αυτών. Το ερώτημα που τίθεται είναι κατά πόσο είναι εφικτό παρακολουθώντας και καταγράφοντας την ενεργότητα των κατολισθήσεων, να προβλέψουμε μία μελλοντική εξέλιξή τους, μέλλον. Για τον σκοπό αυτόν έγινε μία διεξοδική συλλογή στοιχείων και ανάπτυξη μιας νέας Βάσης Δεδομένων Κατολισθήσεων για το Ν. Αχαΐας. Αρχικά, αναπτύχθηκε μία Φόρμα Καταγραφής Κατολισθήσεων (Landslide Inventory Form) στην οποία καταγράφηκαν 123 περιπτώσεις για την Αχαΐα (ιστορικές καταγραφές), από τις οποίες διατηρήθηκε ένα μέρος. Έγινε προσπάθεια αναγνώρισης και αποτύπωσης των καταγεγραμμένων θέσεων με χρήση Γεωγραφικών Συστημάτων Πληροφόρησης - ΓΠΣ (Geographical Information System – GIS). Η αποτύπωση έγινε με την βοήθεια ορθοφωτοχαρτών της ΚΤΗΜΑΤΟΛΟΓΙΟ ΑΕ και κατά περιπτώσεις σαν βοηθητικό εργαλείο του GoogleEarth. Παράλληλα με τις παλαιές (ιστορικές) θέσεις αναγνωρίστηκαν μία σειρά επιπλέον κατολισθήσεων (νέες) οι οποίες αποτέλεσαν μία σειρά νέων καταγραφών. Προέκυψε έτσι μία αρκετά ενημερωμένη Βάση Κατολισθήσεων η οποία και αναρτήθηκε στο Διαδίκτυο στον ιστότοπο του Εργαστηρίου Τεχνικής Γεωλογίας. Από τις θέσεις που καταγράφηκαν τελικά επιλέχθηκαν οι τέσσερις (4) πλέον σημαντικές και «ενεργές» κατολισθήσεις μερικές από τις οποίες έχουν απασχολήσει αρκετά επιστήμονες και τεχνικούς τα παλαιότερα χρόνια, για περαιτέρω παρακολούθηση (monitoring) με ενόργανο εξοπλισμό (αποκλισιόμετρο) και μεθόδους τηλεπισκόπισης (remote sensing - SAR interferometry). Οι θέσεις αυτές είναι: (α) η κατολισθαίνουσα ζώνη Πλατάνου, (β) η κατολίσθηση της Παναγοπούλας, (γ) η κατολίσθηση της Καρυάς και (δ) η κατολίσθηση στον οικισμό Πλατανίτη Ναυπάκτου του Νομού Αιτωλοακαρνανίας. Στις θέσεις αυτές έγινε λεπτομερής γεωτεχνική έρευνα και εγκατάσταση αποκλισιομετρικών σωλήνων για συστηματική παρακολούθηση της κινηματικής και την ανάπτυξη ενός μοντέλου επικινδυνότητας. / The objective of this thesis is the study of landslide hazard. It’s an attempt to highlight the phenomenon of landslides in the Prefecture of Achaia function of time (past - present - future). Landslides constitute a major geologic hazard because they are widespread and we can add them in the hall of fame of natural disasters. It has been observed that in western Greece phenomena of landslides are more frequent than in the central and eastern Greece, mainly due to the lithology of the formations, the strong and active tectonics and high rainfall. For decades, the Laboratory of Engineering Geology, Department of Geology, University of Patras, studied the effects of landslides in the Prefecture, as a result, there is enough volume of data that gives us information about the past through the existing Database. Today, there is immediate response and handling of landslide phenomena as well as better recording methods. The question that arises is whether it is possible by monitoring and recording the activity of landslides to predict a future evolution, future. For this purpose took place a detailed collection of data and developed a new landslide database for the Prefecture of Achaia. At first, we developed a Landslide Inventory Form which recorded and archived 123 historical cases from Achaia, a part of that study was recorded and kept for further study. After that, the landslide recordings were imported to the Geographical Information Systems - GIS. Additionally, we used orthophotos from KTIMATOLOGIO S.A. and occasionally we used, as an auxiliary tool GoogleEarth. Alongside with the old (historical) landslide sites we identified a series of additional landslides (new ones) which helped us constitute a new archive with new recordings. As a result, there is an updated Landslide Database which was published on the webpage of the Laboratory of Engineering Geology. From this point of view, we selected the four (4) most important and "active" landslides from which some of them have been the major study of several scientists and technicians in the past. Further monitoring (monitoring) with instrumental equipment (inclinometer) and remote sensing methods (remote sensing - SAR interferometry) was used in the study. These positions are as recorded : (a) the landslide zone at Platanos area (b) the landslide of Panagopoula area, (c) the landslide of Karia village and (d) the landslide at Platanitis area, near Nafpaktos village, Aitoloakarnania Prefecture. On these studies, a detailed geotechnical investigation and installation of inclinometer tubes for systematic monitoring of the kinematics and the development of a risk model was used.

Σκοπός της παρούσας εργασίας, είναι η διερεύνηση των υδροχημικών παραμέτρων των κοκκωδών υδροφόρων της λεκάνης του Σπερχειού, καθώς και η πιθανή τροφοδοσία τους από τα ανθρακικά πετρώματα. Για το σκοπό αυτό πραγματοποιήθηκαν μετρήσεις στάθμης, καθώς και υδροχημικές αναλύσεις κύριων στοιχείων, ιχνοστοιχείων και σπάνιων γαιών. Γεωλογικά η περιοχή, στο βορειοανατολικό και νοτιοανατολικό τμήμα της ,δομείται από τους σχηματισμούς της Υποπελαγονικής ζώνης, στο νότιο από τους σχηματισμούς της ζώνης Παρνασσού-Γκιώνας και στο δυτικό από τους σχηματισμούς της ζώνης της Πίνδου. Οι Ολοκαινικές και Πλειο-πλειστοκαινικές αποθέσεις, δομούν το πεδινό τμήμα της λεκάνης και φιλοξενούν τον κύριο υδροφόρο ορίζοντα της περιοχής. Ο ελεύθερος αυτός υδροφόρος μεταπίπτει σε υπό πίεση, εξαιτίας της παρουσίας αργιλικών σχηματισμών, στα ανατολικά της περιοχής. Στα ορεινά τμήματα της λεκάνης, εντός των ανθρακικών σχηματισμών, αναπτύσσονται σημαντικοί υδροφόροι ορίζοντες. Με βάση τον πιεζομετρικό χάρτη της περιοχής προκύπτει ότι η διεύθυνση της ροής του υπόγειου νερού, είναι κυρίως ΒΑ-ΝΑ και o προσχωματικός υδροφόρος, τροφοδοτείται πλευρικά, από τους ανθρακικούς σχηματισμούς, που βρίσκονται νότια και βορειοανατολικά του πεδινού τμήματος. Τα υπόγεια νερά της περιοχής, ομαδοποιούνται σε τρεις κύριους υδροχημικούς τύπους: Ca-HCO3, Ca-Mg-HCO3 και (Ca)-Νa-Cl-(HCO3). Ο πρώτος υδροχημικός τύπος χαρακτηρίζει τα φρέσκα νερά της περιοχής, ο δεύτερος τα νερά που παρέμειναν για μεγαλύτερο χρονικό διάστημα στον υδροφόρο και εμπλουτίστηκαν σε Μg+2, και ο τρίτος τα νερά που δέχονται την επίδραση είτε της θάλασσας, είτε των θερμών νερών από μεγαλύτερα βάθη. Από τα αποτελέσματα των υδροχημικών αναλύσεων προέκυψε ότι στην πλειοψηφία τους τα δείγματα είναι κορεσμένα σε ασβεστίτη και δολομίτη. Eπίσης σε μία ομάδα δειγμάτων, διαπιστώθηκε απεμπλουτισμός σε Na, γεγονός που αποδόθηκε σε διαδικασίες ιοντοανταλαγής. Οι αυξημένες συγκεντρώσεις Fe, Mn, αποδόθηκαν στη διάλυση των ορυκτών του φλύσχη της Πίνδου, ενώ ο Zn και τα NΟ3 σε ανθρωπογενείς παρεμβάσεις (βιομηχανικά απόβλητα και λιπάσματα). Το As το Li και το Β συνδέονται με την παρουσία θερμών πηγών. Τέλος η μεθοδολογία των σπάνιων γαιών, επαλήθευσε τα αποτελέσματα της πιεζομετρίας αλλά και τα υδροχημικών αναλύσεων, ότι δηλαδή ο προσχωματικός υδροφόρος της περιοχής, τροφοδοτείται πλευρικά από τα ανθρακικά πετρώματα της περιοχής και συγκεκριμένα από τους ασβεστόλιθους της Υποπελαγονικής ζώνης και της ζώνης Παρνασσού-Γκιώνας. / In the frames of this study the hydrochemical parameters of porous aquifers at Sperchios basin, were investigated. Moreover their possible recharge by carbonate rocks was examined. Therefore, a series of water level measurements and a sampling campaign were carried out. The samples were analysed for main, trace and rare earth elements. Regarding the area’s geological setting, its northeastern and southeastern part is comprised of formations of the Subpelagonic Zone, its southern edge of Parnassos-Giona Zone and its western part of Pindos Zone. At the lowlands these formations are overlain by Holocene and Pleistocene deposits which host the most important aquifer of the region. It is an unconfined aquifer, which at the eastern part turns into a confined one, due to the presence of clay formations. Many important aquifers have been also developed in the basin’s carbonate formations. The region’s piezometric map at the southern area indicates that the main water flow direction is NE-SE. Moreover it points out that the carbonate formations recharge the porous aquifer. According to their hydrochemical characteristics groundwater can be divided into three main types: Ca-HCO3, Ca-Mg-HCO3 and (Ca)-Na-Cl-(HCO3). The first one is typical of the region’s fresh water, the second one indicates longer residence time of the water that was enriched in Mg+2 and the third one of water that was either influenced by sea water or hot springs. The elaboration of the hydrochemical data also showed that the majority of water samples are saturated in calcite and dolomite. There is also a depletion of certain samples in Na+ which was attributed to ion exchange processes. High Fe and Mn concentrations originate from the dissolution of Pindos Flysch minerals, As, Li and B to the presence of hot springs, while Zn and NO3 were related to human impact (industrial waste and fertilizers). The rare earth elements confirmed the original hypothesis, which was based on piezometric data and hydrochemical data analysis, that the region’s porous aquifer is laterally recharged by the carbonate rock formations of Subpelagonic and Parnassos-Giona Zone limestones.

Geospatial data almost always contains some amount of uncertainty due to inaccuracies in its acquisition and transformation. While the data is commonly visualized (e.g. on digital maps), there are unanswered needs for visualizing uncertainty along with it. Most research on effectively doing this addresses uncertainty in data values at geospatial positions, e.g. water depth, human population, or land-cover classification. Uncertainty in the data’s geospatial positions themselves (positional uncertainty) has not been previously focused on in this regard. In this thesis, techniques were created for visualizing positional uncertainty using World Vector Shoreline as an example dataset. The techniques consist of a shoreline buffer zone to which visual effects such as gradients, transparency, and randomized dots were applied. They are viewed interactively via Web Map Service (WMS). In clutter testing with human subjects, a transparency-gradient technique performed the best, followed by a solid-fill technique, with a dots-density-gradient technique performing worst.

En 1790, les autorités locales pensaient que la période révolutionnaire sonnait le glas des villes de parlement. Supprimer les institutions d'Ancien Régime et les ordres religieux qui marquaient les espaces et les sociétés de ces neuf capitales régionales depuis des dizaines voire des centaines d'années signifiait ôter tout rayonnement à ces villes quasiment dépourvues d'industrie ou de commerce de grande ampleur. Paradoxalement, à la fin du premier tiers du XIXe siècle, Besançon, Dijon, Douai, Grenoble, Metz, Pau, Rennes et Toulouse étaient plus peuplées et plus étendues qu'en 1789. Seule Aix-en-Provence ne parvenait pas encore à se remettre de la crise révolutionnaire. De nouvelles fonctions, essentiellement militaires, avaient alors pris la place des magistrats et des hommes d'Eglise. En quelques dizaines d'années, les villes de parlement avaient été complètement redéfinies. Comprendre les conséquences de la suppression des anciens principes structurants des espaces urbains ainsi que celles de la mise en place de nouvelles fonctions urbaines implique d'analyser les espaces urbains du passé à l'aide de problématiques de géographe, donc d'avoir recours à une démarche géo-historique. Celle-ci a particulièrement été appliquée au cas de Toulouse à l'aide du Système d'Information Géographique (S.I.G.) de la ville : Urban-Hist. Cet outil a permis d'analyser l'ensemble des mutations urbaines de l'époque à l'échelle de la parcelle avant de chercher à savoir si les phénomènes alors observés ne concernaient que l'ancienne capitale de Languedoc ou s'il est possible de dégager un modèle de l'évolution des villes parlementaires avant, pendant, et après la Révolution. / In 1790, Toulouse authorities thought that when the French Revolution had suppressed all the Parliaments in the kingdom, they had also destroyed the parliamentary cities. Indeed, there were almost no industrial, commercial or other important economic activities in these administrative and judicial centers. Despite these suppressions, Besançon, Dijon, Douai, Grenoble, Metz, Pau, Rennes and Toulouse were already larger and more populous at the end of the first third of the 19th Century than they were in 1789. Aix-en-Provence was the only one which still suffered from the revolutionary crisis. Some new urban functions took the place of the magistrates and the churchmen. It took only a few decades to redefine the former parliamentary cities. In order to understand this phenomenon and its consequences on the urban spaces of the past we will use some geographical perspectives: we will use a geo-historical method. We will mainly focus on the case of Toulouse thanks to the Geographical Information System (G.I.S.) of this town: Urban-Hist. This tool provides much useful information which can help us understand the changes in the former capital of Languedoc. Were these changes specific to Toulouse or were they representative of the group of continental parliamentary cities before, during and after the French Revolution?

A dinâmica da ocupação agrícola foi extensivamente modificando a cobertura da terra, o que possibilitou avanços socioeconômicos, mas também permitiu a fragilização estrutural dos ecossistemas naturais. No Brasil esta dinâmica se intensifica a partir dos anos 40, período este em que as tecnologias industriais foram incorporadas pela atividade agropecuária. Com as técnicas do Sistema de Informação Geográfica (SIG) e os princípios de modelagem da aptidão do uso das terras, foi possível recriar o uso histórico das terras agrícolas e analisar que ele tem evoluído em direção às regiões consideradas mais aptas para esta atividade. No entanto, este processo foi desigual entre as coberturas de lavouras e pastagens e entre as regiões brasileiras. Estas distorções são consequências do baixo uso tecnológico nas pastagens e de políticas de ocupação mal planejadas, não antevendo os impactos da ocupação em áreas inadequadas. Com estas conclusões será possível repensar o planejamento do uso da terra, incorporando a modelagem da aptidão e garantindo a sustentabilidade na agricultura. / The dynamics of agricultural occupation was extensively modifying the land cover which allowed socioeconomic advances, but also allowed the structural fragility of natural ecosystems. In Brazil this dynamic was evident from the \'40s, a period where industrial technologies were incorporated by farming. With the techniques of Geographic Information System (GIS) and modeling principles of land suitability, it was possible to recreate this dynamic since 1940 and analyze what it has evolved towards the areas considered most suitable for this practice. However, this process has been uneven across the covers of crops and pastures and between regions. These distortions are consequences of low technology use in pastures and poorly planned policies of occupation, not anticipating the impact of the occupation in unsuitable areas. It is hoped that with these findings it is possible to rethink the planning of land use, incorporating fitness modeling and ensuring sustainability in agriculture.

A dinâmica da ocupação agrícola foi extensivamente modificando a cobertura da terra, o que possibilitou avanços socioeconômicos, mas também permitiu a fragilização estrutural dos ecossistemas naturais. No Brasil esta dinâmica se intensifica a partir dos anos 40, período este em que as tecnologias industriais foram incorporadas pela atividade agropecuária. Com as técnicas do Sistema de Informação Geográfica (SIG) e os princípios de modelagem da aptidão do uso das terras, foi possível recriar o uso histórico das terras agrícolas e analisar que ele tem evoluído em direção às regiões consideradas mais aptas para esta atividade. No entanto, este processo foi desigual entre as coberturas de lavouras e pastagens e entre as regiões brasileiras. Estas distorções são consequências do baixo uso tecnológico nas pastagens e de políticas de ocupação mal planejadas, não antevendo os impactos da ocupação em áreas inadequadas. Com estas conclusões será possível repensar o planejamento do uso da terra, incorporando a modelagem da aptidão e garantindo a sustentabilidade na agricultura. / The dynamics of agricultural occupation was extensively modifying the land cover which allowed socioeconomic advances, but also allowed the structural fragility of natural ecosystems. In Brazil this dynamic was evident from the \'40s, a period where industrial technologies were incorporated by farming. With the techniques of Geographic Information System (GIS) and modeling principles of land suitability, it was possible to recreate this dynamic since 1940 and analyze what it has evolved towards the areas considered most suitable for this practice. However, this process has been uneven across the covers of crops and pastures and between regions. These distortions are consequences of low technology use in pastures and poorly planned policies of occupation, not anticipating the impact of the occupation in unsuitable areas. It is hoped that with these findings it is possible to rethink the planning of land use, incorporating fitness modeling and ensuring sustainability in agriculture.

Estudos hidrológicos são extremamente importantes em projetos de obras lineares, nas quais o traçado deve minimizar o risco de instabilidade tanto na fase de construção como na fase de operação. O escoamento superficial, além de ser um parâmetro fundamental para a definição do traçado e dos projetos subsequentes, influencia diretamente a dinâmica dos processos geológico-geotécnicos na área do empreendimento. A presente pesquisa propõe um método para realizar uma estimativa das vazões máximas nas travessias de obras civis lineares, integrando modelos hidrológicos obtidos com Sistema de Informação Geográfica (SIG) e métodos usuais de cálculo de vazões de cheia. O método foi aplicado em um setor do oleoduto São Paulo – Brasília (OSBRA), entre os municípios de São Simão e Cravinhos (SP). O modelo hidrológico foi obtido no software ArcGIS 9.3, a partir da definição de uma área mínima de contribuição de 5 hectares, adequada para a escala da base cartográfica digital (1:10.000) e para as características da área de estudo. As 29 bacias de contribuição delimitadas foram posteriormente validadas na vistoria de campo. A compatibilidade entre as bacias geradas pelo modelo hidrológico e as bacias identificadas visualmente na área de estudo foi satisfatória. As vazões máximas foram calculadas pelo Método Racional (bacias com área inferior a 2 km²) e pelo Método Racional Modificado (bacias com área superior a 2 km²), que abrangeu o Método de McMath, o Método Racional com expoente redutor de área e o Método Racional com coeficiente de retardo, sendo o último o que apresentou os resultados mais razoáveis. O cálculo das vazões de cheia foi realizado para períodos de retorno de 10 e 50 anos, a partir dos quais foram gerados Mapas de Vazões Máximas, que foram utilizados para inferência de riscos de eventos perigosos de natureza geológico-geotécnica causados pela ação das águas pluviais na região do oleoduto. Como o traçado do oleoduto foi posicionado ao longo dos divisores principais, não foram identificados locais críticos. Posteriormente, o traçado do oleoduto foi utilizado como referência para uma aplicação do método proposto em um projeto de drenagem. As bacias com valores de vazões máximas classificados com muito baixos não foram incluídas devido aos fluxos pouco significativos. Para as bacias com valores de vazões de cheia classificados como baixos e médios, sugeriu-se a utilização de dispositivos de drenagem superficial. Para as bacias com vazões máximas classificadas como altas e muito altas, foi proposta a utilização de dispositivos de drenagem de transposição de talvegues. Os resultados obtidos na pesquisa permitiram a consolidação do método proposto para aplicação em outros tipos de obras lineares e em locais com diferentes características ambientais. / Hydrological studies are extremely important in linear constructions projects, in which the routing must minimize the risk of instability both during construction and in operation phase. The surface runoff, in addition of being a fundamental parameter to routing definition and subsequent projects, directly influences the dynamics of geological-geotechnical processes in the enterprise area. The present research proposes a method to estimate maximum flows in crossing locations in linear civil constructions, integrating hydrological models obtained with Geographic Information System (GIS) and usual methods of peak flows calculation. The method was applied in a sector of São Paulo – Brasília (OSBRA) oil pipeline, between the municipalities of São Simão and Cravinhos (SP). The hydrological model was obtained in ArcGIS 9.3 software, from the definition of a minimal area of contribution of 5 hectares, adequate for the scale of the digital cartographic base (1:10.000) and for the study area characteristics. The 29 delimited watersheds were subsequently validated in the field visit. The compatibility between watersheds generated in the hydrological model and watersheds visually identified in the study area was satisfactory. The maximum flows were calculated by Rational Method (watersheds with area less than 2 km²) e by Modified Rational Method (watersheds with area higher than 2 km²), which included McMath Method, Rational Method with reducing exponent area and Rational Method with retard coefficient, and the latter presented the most reasonable results. Peak flows calculation was performed for return periods of 10 and 50 years, from which were generated Maximum Flows Maps, which were used for inference of risks of hazardous events of geological-geotechnical nature caused by rainwater action in the pipeline region. The pipeline routing was positioned along the main dividers, therefore critical locations were not identified. Subsequently, the pipeline routing was used as a reference for application of the proposed method in a drainage project. Basins with maximum flows classified as very low were not included due to its low significance flows. For basins with peak flows values classified as low and medium, it was suggested the use of surface drainage devices. For basin with maximum flows classified as high and very high, it was proposed the use of thalwegs transposition drainage devices. The results obtained in the research allowed the consolidation of the proposed method to application in other types of linear constructions and in locals with different environmental characteristics.

Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-10T19:25:10Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 suzana.pdf: 5151914 bytes, checksum: c63559c69cd7a0d86cdf0775b7973895 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-02-01 / the interest of many researchers who have studied the characteristics and environmental realities of agriculture in order to improve its sustainable development. Thus, this trial aimed at characterizing the use and occupation of soil and water quality according to the GIS techniques. Physical parameters as turbidity, temperature were analyzed as well as chemical ones: pH, electrical conductivity, bicarbonate, chloride, phosphate and nitrate and biological parameters as thermotolerant coliform in two annual distinct raining periods (1 and 2). Based on field surveys, by georeferencing of sampling points, farms perimeters and survey data concerning soil use and occupation, some information was recorded on water quality for irrigation and the area management, especially the permanent preservation areas. Google Earth program provided the images used to map soil use and occupation. The determination of influence areas was obtained according to Thiessen polygons technique. The data obtained from the mapping of soil use as well as water quality for irrigation in periods 1 and 2 were statistically analyzed by techniques of Principal Component Analysis, Detrended Correspondence Analysis and Canonical Correspondence Analysis to record the relation of soil use and occupation on water quality. The interpretation of satellite imagery from Google Earth with ArcGIS 9.3 software allowed a map drawing regarding soil use and occupation in four categories: areas with temporary crops, permanent crops, urban areas and forests. Thiessen polygons technique allowed the recognition of influence areas on each point of irrigation water catchment and identification of soil use categories in representing polygons of the points where there were restrictions to use irrigation water according to phosphate and thermotolerant coliform parameters. The Principal Component Analysis of chemical, physical and biological parameters data of water explained 53.27% variation of water quality among the sampled properties. Among the analyzed parameters, it was observed that nitrate, thermotolerant coliform, temperature, electrical conductivity and bicarbonate were the ones that best explained the spatial variation of water quality, with the highest correlations with the major axis. The relation among soil use and occupation and water quality parameters by canonical correspondence analysis identified two significant axes of variation in order to explain variation in water quality. In the first axis, the highest values of electrical conductivity, nitrate, bicarbonate and phosphate were identified in period 2 and period 1 as well as variables as temperature and thermotolerant coliform. The second axis was positively related to the permanent preservation areas and reforestation, with some positive influence on turbidity and electrical conductivity. The restriction on irrigation water use based on parameters as phosphate and thermotolerant coliform was associated to the development of agricultural activities. / A necessidade de conservação dos recursos hídricos, aliada à demanda crescente por alimentos, tem despertado o interesse de muitos pesquisadores que contribuem com a agricultura, devido ao conhecimento das características e realidades ambientais, em busca do desenvolvimento sustentável. Assim, o objetivo do presente trabalho consiste na caracterização do uso e ocupação do solo e da qualidade da água com a utilização de técnicas ligadas ao Geoprocessamento. Foram analisados parâmetros físicos como turbidez e temperatura; os químicos: pH, condutividade elétrica, bicarbonato, cloro, fosfato e nitrato e o parâmetro biológico referiu-se aos coliformes termotolerantes, em dois períodos anuais distintos de precipitação (1 e 2). Com base nos levantamentos de campo, por meio do georreferenciamento dos pontos de amostragem e dos perímetros das propriedades rurais e levantamentos dos dados de uso e ocupação do solo, obtiveram-se informações sobre a qualidade da água utilizada para irrigação e o atual uso do solo, com destaque para as áreas de preservação permanente. Foram utilizadas imagens disponibilizadas no site Google Earth para o mapeamento do uso e ocupação do solo. A determinação das áreas de influência foi obtida a partir da aplicação da técnica de polígonos de Thiessen. Os dados resultantes do mapeamento do uso e ocupação do solo e a qualidade da água de irrigação nos dois períodos de precipitação foram submetidos às análises estatísticas pelas técnicas de Análise de Componentes Principais, Análise de Correspondência Destendenciada e Análise de Correspondência Canônica para verificar a relação do uso e ocupação do solo sobre a qualidade da água. A interpretação da imagem do Google Earth com o software ArcGIS 9.3 possibilitou a elaboração do mapa de uso e ocupação do solo em quatro classes: áreas com culturas temporárias; culturas permanentes; área urbana e mata. A técnica dos polígonos de Thiessen permitiu o reconhecimento das áreas de influência sobre cada ponto de captação da água de irrigação e a identificação das classes de uso do solo nos polígonos representativos dos pontos em que houve restrição ao uso da água de irrigação nos parâmetros fosfato e coliformes termotolerantes. A técnica de Análise dos Componentes Principais dos dados químicos, físicos e biológicos da água explicou 53,27% da variação na qualidade da água entre as propriedades amostradas. Dentre os parâmetros analisados, verificou-se que o Nitrato, os Coliformes Termotolerantes, a temperatura, a condutividade elétrica e o bicarbonato foram os parâmetros que melhor explicaram a variação espacial da qualidade da água e apresentaram as maiores correlações com o eixo principal. A relação do uso e ocupação do solo e dos parâmetros de qualidade da água pela Análise de Correspondência Canônica permitiu identificar dois eixos de variação significativos para explicar a variação na qualidade da água. No primeiro eixo, foram identificados os maiores valores de condutividade elétrica, nitrato, bicarbonato e fosfato no período 2 e no período 1, bem como as variáveis temperatura e coliformes termotolerantes. O segundo eixo esteve positivamente relacionado com as áreas de preservação permanente e de reflorestamento, com influência positiva sobre a turbidez e a condutividade elétrica. A restrição ao uso da água de irrigação nos parâmetros fosfato e coliformes termotolerantes esteve relacionada ao desenvolvimento das atividades agropecuárias.