The Geropotamos aquifer on the north‐central coast of Crete, Greece, is invaded in some places by salt water from the Aegean Sea, with impact on freshwater supplies for domestic and business uses, including agriculture. The geological setting of the study area is considered complex, as Miocene biogenic limestones, marls, clays and conglomerates crop out in the central and the western part and clastic limestones and dolomites of the Tripolis and Plattenkalk nappe (the bedrock) in the eastern part of the study area. The phyllitequartzite nappe (which forms the oldest rock of the study area) lays on the northern part of Geropotamos basin. The local tectonic regime of the study area is characterized by faults of NW‐SE and NE‐SW directions. Investigation of the aquifer using Transient ElectroMagnetic method (TEM) and Vertical Electrical Resistivity (VES) measurement technique has resulted in 1D models and 2D/3D imaging of geoelectric structures, depicting the zones of salination of groundwater in the aquifer. 1179 TEM soundings in 372 sites have been carried out in a detailed survey grid (about 200m in X and Y dimension) and 3 VES soundings were acquired in three different sites (different geological conditions). For the 2 of them, multidirectional measurements were also acquired since the structure is more complex than a 1D model that VES technique is able to model. Moreover, 3 water samplings carried out. At each sampling, samples from 22 boreholes and 2 springs were analysed and 16 chemical parameters were determined. Detailed geochemical analysis, including Piper, Durov, Ternary, Stiff, Wilcox, Dispersion diagrams and Factors controlling the groundwater quality, was accomplished showing very good results and the relationship with the geophysical methods. All data were inserted in GIS environment and Groundwater Quality Maps were produced. Furthermore, Remote Sensing application, geological mapping and hydro‐lithological data showed that the physical characteristics of geomorphology and geology are in great relationship with the chemical and geophysical properties as well. Suggestions that Miocene evaporites led to groundwater salination are unconfirmed, and seawater intrusion is the most probable cause, supported by the results of this research. It is indicated that saline intrusion is likely to occur along fractures in a fault zone through otherwise low‐permeability phyllite‐quartzite bedrock, and it is emphasized the critical role of fracture pathways in salination problems of coastal aquifers.

UK (United Kingdom) infrastructure networks are fundamental for maintaining societal and economic wellbeing. With infrastructure assets predominantly founded in the soil layer (< 1.5m below ground level) they are subject to a range of soil-related geohazards. A literature review identified that geohazards including, clay-related subsidence, sand erosion and soil corrosivity have exerted significant impacts on UK infrastructure to date; often resulting in both long-term degradation and ultimately structural failure of particular assets. Climate change projections suggest that these geohazards, which are themselves driven by antecedent weather conditions, are likely to increase in magnitude and frequency for certain areas of the UK through the 21st century. Despite this, the incorporation of climate data into geohazard models has seldom been undertaken and never on a national scale for the UK. Furthermore, geohazard risk assessment in UK infrastructure planning policy is fragmented and knowledge is often lacking due to the complexity of modelling chronic hazards in comparison to acute phenomenon such as flooding. With HM Government's recent announcement of £50 million planned infrastructure investment and capital projects, the place of climate resilient infrastructure is increasingly pertinent. The aim of this thesis is therefore to establish whether soil-related geohazard assessments have a role in ensuring climate-resilient UK infrastructure. Soil moisture projections were calculated using probabilistic weather variables derived from a high-resolution version of the UKCP09 (UK Climate Projections2009) weather generator. These were then incorporated into a geohazard model to predict Great Britain's (GB) subsidence hazard for the future scenarios of 2030 (2020-2049) and 2050 (2040-2069) as well as the existing climatic baseline (1961-1990). Results suggest that GB is likely to be subject to increased clay-related subsidence in future, particularly in the south east of England. This thesis has added to scientific understanding through the creation of a novel, national-scale assessment of clay subsidence risk, with future assessments undertaken to 2050. This has been used to help create a soil- informed maintenance strategy for improving the climate resilience of UK local roads, based on an extended case study utilising road condition data for the county of Lincolnshire, UK. Finally, a methodological framework has been created, providing a range of infrastructure climate adaptation stakeholders with a method for incorporating geohazard assessments, informed by climate change projections, into asset management planning and design of new infrastructure. This research also highlights how infrastructure networks are becoming increasingly interconnected, particularly geographically, and therefore even minor environmental shocks arising from soil-related geohazards can cause significant cascading failures of multiple infrastructure networks. A local infrastructure hotspot analysis methodology and case-study is provided.

Informal settlements are a common occurrence in South African due to housing backlogs and shortage of housing subsidies, and are often located on disputed land. To improve in-situ circumstances of these communities, informal settlement upgrades and urban design is required. Spatial data and maps are essential throughout the entire upgrading and urban design process in order to understand the current environment, plan new developments and communicate planned developments. All stakeholders need to understand maps to ensure active participation in the urban design process. Previous research demonstrated that a large number of planning professionals in South Africa have a relatively low level of map literacy, which is considered to be inadequate for effective planning. Many researchers proclaimed that because 3D visualisations resemble the real environment more than traditional maps, and are more intuitive, therefore 3D geovisualisations are easier to interpret. The goal of this research is to investigate the use of 3D geovisualisations (specifically 3D city models) for urban design in informal settlement upgrading in South Africa. To achieve this goal, the following topics were investigated: modelling processes (manual and procedural); visual design (visual characteristics, visual complexity and visual variables); and cognition related to spatial tasks on 3D geovisualisations and comparable alternatives (i.e. topographic maps, aerial photographs, 2D maps) when performing basic map reading tasks. Procedural modelling was found to be a feasible alternative to time-consuming manual modelling and has the capabilities to produce high-quality models. When investigating the visual design, the visualisation characteristics of 3D models of informal settlements, and relevance of a subset of visual variables for urban design activities of informal settlement upgrades were assessed. The results were used to produce various maps and 3D geovisualisations that were presented in quantitative user studies and expert interviews. The results of four user studies and expert interviews contributed to understanding the impact of various levels of complexity in 3D city models and map literacy of future geoinformatics and planning professionals when using aerial photographs, 2D maps and 3D models. The research results could assist planners in designing suitable 3D models for use throughout the entire urban design process. / As gevolg van agterstande met behuising en ’n tekort aan behuisingsubsidies, is informele woongebiede ’n algemene verskynsel in Suid-Afrika en is dit dikwels op betwiste grond geleë. Om hierdie in-situ omstandighede van die gemeenskappe te verbeter, is daar opgradering en stedelike beplanning nodig. Ruimtelike data en kaarte is deurlopend noodsaaklik vir die volledige opgradering en stadsbeplanningproses om sodoende die huidige omgewing te verstaan, nuwe ontwikkelings te beplan en die beplande ontwikkelings te kommunikeer. Dit is noodsaaklik dat alle rolspelers kaarte verstaan om aktiewe deelname aan die stedelike beplanningsproses te verseker. Vorige navorsing het getoon dat ’n groot aantal professionele beplanners in Suid-Afrika ’n relatiewe lae vlak van kaartgeletterdheid het, wat beskou word as onvoldoende om doeltreffende beplanning te kan doen. Baie navorsers maak daarop aanspraak dat 3D geovisualiserings nader aan die werklike omgewing is en dat dit meer intuïtief en makliker as tradisionele kaarte vertolk kan word. Die doel van hierdie navorsing is om die gebruik van 3D geovisualiserings (meer spesifiek 3D stadsmodelle) te ondersoek om die ontwikkeling van stadsbeplanning in informele woongebiede in Suid-Afrika op te gradeer. Om hierdie doelwit te bereik, is die volgende onderwerpe nagevors: modelleringsprosesse (volgens handleidings en prosesse); visuele ontwerp (visuele eienskappe, visuele kompleksiteit en visuele veranderlikes); en die herkenning van verwante ruimtelike take op 3D geovisualiserings en vergelykbare alternatiewe (byvoorbeeld topografiese kaarte, lugfoto’s, 2D kaarte) wanneer basiese kaartlees take uitgevoer word. Prosedurele modellering is ’n haalbare alternatief teenoor tydrowende modellering volgens handleidings en dit het die moontlikhede om hoë kwaliteit modelle te lewer. By die ondersoek van visuele ontwerp is die visuele karaktereienskappe van 3D modelle van informele woongebiede en die relevantheid van ’n onderafdeling van visuele veranderlikes beoordeel/geassesseer vir ontwerpaktiwiteite by informele nedersettings. Die resultate is gebruik om verskillende kaarte en 3D geovisualiserings te skep wat in kwantitatiewe gebruikerstudies en in onderhoude met kenners aangebied is. Die resultate van vier gebruikerstudies en onderhoude met kenners, het bygedra om die impak te verstaan van verskillende moeilikheidsvlakke van 3D stadsmodelle en kaartgeletterdheid van toekomstige geoinformatika- en professionele beplanners wanneer lugfoto’s, 2D kaarte en 3D modelle gebruik word. Die navorsingsresultate kan beplanners ondersteun om geskikte 3D modelle te ontwerp wat deurlopend in die stedelike beplanningsproses gebruik kan word. / Thesis (PhD)--University of Pretoria, 2017. / National Research Foundation (NRF) / German Academic Exchange Service (DAAD) / University of Pretoria’s vice-chancellor academic development grant / University of Pretoria’s Study Abroad programme / Centre for Geoinformation Science / Geography, Geoinformatics and Meteorology / PhD / Unrestricted

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(理学) / 甲第22029号 / 理博第4533号 / 新制||理||1651(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院理学研究科地球惑星科学専攻 / (主査)教授 橋本 学, 教授 福田 洋一, 准教授 深畑 幸俊 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Science / Kyoto University / DGAM

The land use policies and development plans that are implemented in a city contribute to whether the city will be sustainable in the future. Therefore, when these policies are being established they should consider the potential impact on development. An analytical tool, such as land use change models, allow decision-makers to see the possible impact that these policies could have on development. Land use change models like UrbanSim make use of the relationship between households, buildings, and employment opportunities to model the decisions that people make on where to live and work. To be able to do this the model needs accurate data. When there is a more accurate location for the employment opportunities in an area, the decisions made by individuals can be better modelled and therefore the projected results are expected to be better. Previous research indicated that the methods that are traditionally used to disaggregate employment data to a lower level in UrbanSim projects are not applicable in the South African context. This is because the traditional methods require a detailed employment dataset for the disaggregation and this detailed employment dataset is not available in South Africa. The aim of this project was to develop a methodology for a metropolitan municipality in South Africa that could be used to disaggregate the employment data that is available at a higher level to a more detailed building level. To achieve this, the methodology consisted of two parts. The first part of the methodology was establishing a method that could be used to prepare a base dataset that is used for disaggregating the employment data. The second part of the methodology was using a multi-objective optimisation approach to allocate the number of employment opportunities within a municipality to building level. The algorithm was developed using the Distributed Evolutionary Algorithm in Python (DEAP) computational framework. DEAP is an open-source evolutionary algorithm framework that is developed in Python and enables users to rapidly create prototypes by allowing them to customise the algorithm to suit their needs The evaluation showed that it is possible to make use of multi-objective optimisation to disaggregate employment data to building level. The results indicate that the employment allocation algorithm was successful in disaggregating employment data from municipal level to building level. All evolutionary algorithms come with some degree of uncertainty as one of the main features of evolutionary algorithms is that they find the most optimal solution, and so there are other solutions available as well. Thus, the results of the algorithm also come with that same level of uncertainty. By enhancing the data used by land use change models, the performance of the overall model is improved. With this improved performance of the model, an improved view of the impact that land use policies could have on development can also be seen. This will allow decision-makers to draw the best possible conclusions and allow them the best possible opportunity to develop policies that will contribute to creating sustainable and lasting urban areas. / Dissertation (MSc (Geoinformatics))--University of Pretoria, 2020. / Geography, Geoinformatics and Meteorology / MSc (Geoinformatics) / Unrestricted

This thesis is focused on the use of geospatial tools in secondary schools in Czech republic. Subject of study are mainly Geographic information systems (GIS) and Remote sensing and their implementation into secondary school curricula. Aplication a research in this area is in the centre of interest of IGU. Previous works showed, that GIS has great potential to contribute to effective learning of geographic concepts, knowledge and GIS can be a tool for display, inquiry and analysis in problem based learning. The main goal is to explore the current state of geoinformatics involvement in teaching in secondary schools and to identify how to develop this condition at all levels of the curriculum (intended, implemented and attained). In order to achieve this general objective in thesis are chosen for each level of curriculum following goals: 1) At the level of intended curriculum we are dealing with two questions: At first, how is geoinformatic's topic presented in national's curriculum of a selected countries. At second, which geoinformatic skills should be acquired by secondary school's students. The main method is content analysis of documents. 2) At the level of implemented curriculum we try to provide findings regarding the current state of proliferation of the GIS software at Czech grammar schools...

The aim of this thesis is to provide an insight into theoretical and practical aspects of an analytical tool developed by Ondřej Funiok, Vilém Kalus, Tomáš Rosenberger and Martin Matějka at the University of Economics in Prague. The goal was to develop a tool which could be used for an analysis of human movement within a given place (e.g. retail store) and which could leverage traditional customers' data like age, gender or profession in order to enrich outcomes of conducted analysis, as well as provide a new segmentation of these customers based on their movement. Given that, one of the possible scenarios is that marketers would be able to finely-target their campaigns and use the space more effectively. The thesis contains a short introduction to Location Intelligence as a category of systems which the developed tool belongs to. Further a research of existing theses, articles etc., as well as already available products is conducted. Since a documentation of web services' application interface has proved to be an important aspect of the development, a research and comparison of supporting tools follows. Fourth and fifth chapters are of rather practical nature -- the first of them is about an overall design and architecture of the developed tool, while the second one describes the used application interface and its documentation in detail together with the most important aspects of a backend component -- so called ,,GA-Server``.

The aim of this Master´s Thesis is to evaluate abilities of the ArcGIS geographic information system. It explores the possibility of extending it´s practical application to company purposes in conditions of Czech Republic. Ths thesis explores a practical application of geomarketing, traffic tools, risk analysis, optimization and planning, cartography, 3D visualization and usage of GIS as a map server. Final task is to describe potential and application of geographical information systems at different types of companies, which can be used as a base for distribution to customers from this market segment.

La généralisation de données géographiques est l'opération de simplification de ces données effectuée lors de la diminution de leur échelle de représentation. Cette thèse s'appuie sur le modèle de généralisation automatique à base d'agents de (Ruas et Duchêne, 2007), qui a été mis en oeuvre avec succès pour la généralisation des objets géographiques discrets (bâtiments, routes, etc.). L'objectif est de permettre une prise en compte d'un nouveau type de thèmes, appelés "thèmes champ", comme le relief ou l'occupation du sol. Ces thèmes ont pour particularité d'être définis en tout point de l'espace. Nous souhaitons permettre une préservation des relations pouvant exister entre les objets géographiques et les champs, comme par exemple le fait qu'un cours d'eau s'écoule sur le relief. Pour répondre à cet objectif, nous proposons le modèle de généralisation GAEL (Généralisation à base d'Agents Elastiques) qui permet d'appliquer des déformations aux champs pour préserver les relations objet-champ. Les champs sont modélisés comme des agents, dits élastiques, qui ont la capacité de se déformer pour amortir les opérations de généralisation appliquées aux objets géographiques (bâtiments, routes, etc.). Ces déformations sont obtenues en s'appuyant sur une décomposition des champs en petits éléments contraints (points, segments, triangles, etc.) et sur une modélisation des points composant les champs sous forme d'agents. Couplé au modèle de (Ruas et Duchêne, 2007), le modèle GAEL permet de disposer d'un modèle de généralisation hybride, capable d'effectuer à la fois des opérations discrètes et continues / Geographic data generalisation is the process of simplification of these data when their representation scale decreases. This thesis is based on the automated generalisation model of (Ruas et Duchêne, 2007), which has been successfully applied to the generalisation of discrete geographic objects (buildings, roads, etc.). Our purpose is to take into account a new kind of themes, the "field themes", such as the relief and the land use cover. These themes have the specificity to be defined at each point of the space. We aim at preserving the relationships between geographic objects and fields, such as for example, the fact that a river should flow down on the relief. To reach this goal, we propose a generalisation model called GAEL (Generalisation based on Agents and Elasticity). This model allows to apply deformations to the fields in order to preserve the object-field relationships. Fiels are modelled as "elastic agents", which are able to deform themselves to propagate the generalisation operations applied on the geographic objects (buildings, roads, etc.). These deformations are performed by using a decomposition of the fields into small constrained elements (points, segments, triangles, etc.) and by modelling the points composing the fields as agents. Because it is merged with the model of (Ruas et Duchêne, 2007), the GAEL model offers a hybrid generalisation model, able to manage both discrete and continuous operations

Most of the largest databases currently available have a strong geospatial component and contain potentially useful information which might be of value. The discipline concerned with extracting this information and knowledge is data mining. Knowledge discovery is performed by applying automatic algorithms which recognise patterns in the data. Classical data mining algorithms assume that data are independently generated and identically distributed. Geospatial data are multidimensional, spatially autocorrelated and heterogeneous. These properties make classical data mining algorithms inappropriate for geospatial data, as their basic assumptions cease to be valid. Extracting knowledge from geospatial data therefore requires special approaches. One way to do that is to use visual data mining, where the data is presented in visual form for a human to perform the pattern recognition. When visual mining is applied to geospatial data, it is part of the discipline called exploratory geovisualisation. Both automatic and visual data mining have their respective advantages. Computers can treat large amounts of data much faster than humans, while humans are able to recognise objects and visually explore data much more effectively than computers. A combination of visual and automatic data mining draws together human cognitive skills and computer efficiency and permits faster and more efficient knowledge discovery. This thesis investigates if a combination of visual and automatic data mining is useful for exploration of geospatial data. Three case studies illustrate three different combinations of methods. Hierarchical clustering is combined with visual data mining for exploration of geographical metadata in the first case study. The second case study presents an attempt to explore an environmental dataset by a combination of visual mining and a Self-Organising Map. Spatial pre-processing and visual data mining methods were used in the third case study for emergency response data. Contemporary system design methods involve user participation at all stages. These methods originated in the field of Human-Computer Interaction, but have been adapted for the geovisualisation issues related to spatial problem solving. Attention to user-centred design was present in all three case studies, but the principles were fully followed only for the third case study, where a usability assessment was performed using a combination of a formal evaluation and exploratory usability. / QC 20110118