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Five outcrop sections (Wadi Mi'aidin, Wadi Bani Kharus, Jebel Madar, Jebel Madamar and Jebel Salak), exposing Thamama and Wasia Group sediments were sedimentologically logged and sampled. Thin sections of each of the Thamama Group samples were prepared for micropalaeontological and microfacies analysis. The foraminifera, calcareous algae and calpionellids in each sample were recorded in order to provide a means of biostratigraphic subdivision, and together with microfacies analysis and sedimentological observations made in the field, provide a means of elucidating the depositional environments of the Thamama Group in the study area. Correlation between outcrop sections has been attempted using a biozonation scheme developed in the course of this project, and also by graphic correlation techniques. The taxonomy of 39 genera including 56 species of key foraminifera, calcareous algae and calpionellids is reviewed in detail. A complete revision of Cretaceous Middle Eastern lithostratigraphic nomenclature is required. Some recommendations for such a revision are proposed. Within the Thamama Group, 13 biozones/subzones are recognised using the extinction and inception events for key taxa. Both biozonal correlation and graphic correlation demonstrate that most Thamama Group formations are diachronous and may also be condensed at some localities. Biostratigraphic studies demonstrate that in the Central Oman Mountains region the Thamama Group formations are of the following ages: The Rayda Formation is of Early Berriasian age. It possibly extends into the earliest Valanginian at some localities (eg. Wadi Bani Kharus). The Salil Formation is of Berriasian - Valanginian age, possibly Hauterivian in age in its upper part at some localities. The Habshan Formation is of Hauterivian age everywhere, with possible extension into the Late Valanginian in its IOWCT part The Lekhwair Formation is essentially of Hauterivian - Barremian age (often largely Hauterivian). The Kharaib Formation is of typically Late Barremian - Early Aptian age, whilst the Shuaiba Formation is of Early Aptian age. Thamama Group deposition took place on an initially downwarped carbonate ramp, prograding towards the Tethyan Ocean (towards the north and east). Offshore palaeowinds precluded the development of reefs, but an oolitic shoal was located at the margin of the ramp, at least during Hauterivian times.

A stratigraphic investigation of the marshland adjacent to the five main estuaries in Suffolk and offshore of the Alde estuary has been made. The results are used to establish a Holocene evolution for the Suffolk coast and are compared with coastal sequences elsewhere in East Anglia. The stratigraphy of the Blyth estuary in north Suffolk comprises four lithostratigraphic units; a basal freshwater peat overlain by estuarine Lower Clay, Middle Peat and Upper Clay representing two phases of transgressive overlap sandwiching a phase of regressive overlap. Peat formation began about 6750 yrs BP and continued until 6500 yrs BP when the sequence was inundated and eroded by marine waters during the initial phases of transgressive overlap. Estuarine silt/clay deposition (both low and high intertidal flat) persisted until about 4500 yrs, BP when a transition to further peat growth occurred. The second phase of estuarine sedimentation (predominantly high intertidal flat) began at about 4300 yrs BP. These dates correlate well with dates for similar tendencies of sea-level movement in the Fens, north Norfolk and Broadland. The Blyth sequence contrasts with the Holocene sequence in the Deben, Orwell and Stour estuaries in south Suffolk which comprises a continuous estuarine clastic sequence without an intermediate peat. Estuarine conditions are believed to have begun about 8000 yrs BP and a high subsidence rate combined with low'sediment accumulation rates caused the estuaries to remain flooded throughout the Holocene. The onshore data, plus data offshore from the Alde estuary has been used to evaluate the position of the coast after 8700 yrs BP. The coastal evolution is interpreted to have been controlled by the movement of coastal barrier or spit systems. A significant barrier breaching episode is believed to have occurred post-7000 yrs BP causing erosional contacts and development of higher energy-estuarine environments. After, this time, the, Blyth estuary was significantly affected by further spit or barrier growth. The Alde, Deben, Orwell and Stour estuaries, however, were essentially barrier (spit) free during the Holocene and protected from southerly longshore drift by a land barrier north of the Alde estuary. The land barrier was eventually breached and subsequent formation of Orford Ness and Landguard Spit began. The present-day inland saline penetration up the river Blyth is the maximum achieved at any time during the Holocene. This contrasts with Broadland and Fenland where the maximum penetration occurred about 2000 years earlier. The main reason for the differences appears to be a higher coastal erosion rate in Suffolk compared to Norfolk (Fenland is actively prograding).

As campanhas de investigação geotécnica e geoambiental do subsolo utilizam diversos tipos de sondagem e ensaios com objetivo de mapear a distribuição espacial das unidades e definir os parâmetros de projeto específicos para cada tipo de intervenção. A etapa de identificação da distribuição e da constituição dos materiais é comum a grande parte dos projetos e normalmente é conduzida através de sondagens em campo que produzem uma perfilagem pontual e vertical do terreno. Os estudos realizados durante esta pesquisa tiveram como principal objetivo avaliar a influência da história geológica na execução e na interpretação dos ensaios de piezocone para identificação estratigráfica. Os ensaios de piezocone sísmico foram realizados com objetivo de identificar a interface entre solos lateríticos e os não-laterítico. Os ensaios de piezocone de resistividade foram realizados principalmente para avaliação de intrusões de cunhas de águas salinas em aqüíferos sedimentares rasos. Desta forma, foram selecionadas nove áreas localizadas em regiões com diferentes condições geológicas, representativas do território brasileiro. Abrangem sedimentos quaternários das planícies litorâneas, sedimentos cenozóicos de bacias tafrogênicas e solos tropicais desenvolvidos a partir de rochas sedimentares e ígneas da Bacia do Paraná. Os locais foram selecionados em função da disponibilidade de informações adequadas às análises pretendidas. Nos sedimentos os resultados dos ensaios de piezocone foram eficazes na caracterização estratigráfica, classificação dos sedimentos e estimativa de parâmetros de projeto a partir de correlações. Nestes sedimentos, a experiência internacional, adquirida principalmente em sedimentos da América do Norte e Europa, pôde ser utilizada. Os ensaios com piezocone de resistividade foram eficazes em identificar intrusões salinas no aqüífero, contribuindo também para identificação da estratigrafia do perfil. Nestes sedimentos foram observadas relações consistentes entre a história de formação do perfil e as propriedades geotécnicas estimadas a partir da interpretação dos ensaios de piezocone. Já, nos solos tropicais, os processos de intemperísmo produzem transformações no perfil que dificultam a definição da estratigrafia, a classificação dos solos e a estimativa de parâmetros com base em correlações. Em solos tropicais, os ensaios com piezocone de resistividade foram ineficientes na identificação da profundidade do nível d’água e na definição da sequência estratigráfica, provavelmente devido à presença de óxidos de ferro e nível de água profundo. Já, os ensaios de piezocone sísmico foram eficazes para diferenciar os solos de comportamento laterítico dos de comportamento não-laterítico através da relação Go/qc. Conclui-se que o entendimento da história geológica é fundamental na interpretação dos ensaios de piezocone, principalmente na etapa de integração entre ensaios pontuais, para identificação da geometria e variabilidade dos solos. A quantidade de processos ou de variáveis independentes que contribuem para a formação do perfil de solo normalmente aumenta a variabilidade. Neste sentido, ensaios combinados, como o piezocone sísmico, onde vários parâmetros podem ser obtidos em um mesmo ponto, contribuem para minimizar os efeitos da variabilidade na estimativa de parâmetros de projeto / In situ tests for geotechnical and geo-environmental site investigation embraces a variety of soundings and tests to map and define stratigraphic logging and specific design parameters for each kind of job. Stratigraphic logging and soil classification are a common stage to all investigation programs and frequently they are performed throughout logging tests which results in local vertical information. The main objective of this research is to evaluate the influence of geological history in the interpretation of piezocone tests for stratigraphic logging. Seismic piezocone tests were carried out to try to identify difference response between lateritic and non lateritic soils. Resistivity piezocone tests were carried out to evaluate salt-water intrusion within a shallow sedimentary aquifer. In this sense, nine sites with different geologic conditions, representing extensive area from Brazil, were selected and investigated. They include quaternary sediment sequences on the brazilian coast, tafrogenic sedimentary sequences and tropical soils originated from weathering of Paraná basin sedimentary and igneous rocks. Piezocone tests were effective for stratigraphic logging, sediment classification as well as to estimate geotechnical design parameters based on correlations for sedimentary sediments. For these type of soils, the international experience developed for sedimentary soils from North America and Europe can be used. Resistivity piezocone tests were effectively useful to identify salt-water intrusion within a sedimentary aquifer and contributed to refine soil stratigraphy. Consistent relations between geologic history and geotechnical properties were established based on piezocone test results. In the other hand, the weathering process produces profile transformations in the tropical soils and imposes limitations to stratigraphy definition, soil classification and to estimate geotechnical soil parameters based on these correlations. For tropical soils, the resistivity piezocone test was not efficient to identify the groundwater level and to refine stratigraphic logging, probably due to the presence of iron oxides and deep groundwater. The seismic piezocone tests were effective to separate lateritic and non-lateritic soils throughout the relation between maximum shear modulus and poit resistance (Go/qc). It is concluded that the geological information is fundamental for the interpretation of piezocone results, especially to integrate several logging test data, to identify spatial distribution and variability of soil layers. In this sense, combined tests, such as the seismic piezocone, where more than one parameter can be measured at the same location, contribute to minimize variability effects in the estimation of geotechnical soil parameters

As campanhas de investigação geotécnica e geoambiental do subsolo utilizam diversos tipos de sondagem e ensaios com objetivo de mapear a distribuição espacial das unidades e definir os parâmetros de projeto específicos para cada tipo de intervenção. A etapa de identificação da distribuição e da constituição dos materiais é comum a grande parte dos projetos e normalmente é conduzida através de sondagens em campo que produzem uma perfilagem pontual e vertical do terreno. Os estudos realizados durante esta pesquisa tiveram como principal objetivo avaliar a influência da história geológica na execução e na interpretação dos ensaios de piezocone para identificação estratigráfica. Os ensaios de piezocone sísmico foram realizados com objetivo de identificar a interface entre solos lateríticos e os não-laterítico. Os ensaios de piezocone de resistividade foram realizados principalmente para avaliação de intrusões de cunhas de águas salinas em aqüíferos sedimentares rasos. Desta forma, foram selecionadas nove áreas localizadas em regiões com diferentes condições geológicas, representativas do território brasileiro. Abrangem sedimentos quaternários das planícies litorâneas, sedimentos cenozóicos de bacias tafrogênicas e solos tropicais desenvolvidos a partir de rochas sedimentares e ígneas da Bacia do Paraná. Os locais foram selecionados em função da disponibilidade de informações adequadas às análises pretendidas. Nos sedimentos os resultados dos ensaios de piezocone foram eficazes na caracterização estratigráfica, classificação dos sedimentos e estimativa de parâmetros de projeto a partir de correlações. Nestes sedimentos, a experiência internacional, adquirida principalmente em sedimentos da América do Norte e Europa, pôde ser utilizada. Os ensaios com piezocone de resistividade foram eficazes em identificar intrusões salinas no aqüífero, contribuindo também para identificação da estratigrafia do perfil. Nestes sedimentos foram observadas relações consistentes entre a história de formação do perfil e as propriedades geotécnicas estimadas a partir da interpretação dos ensaios de piezocone. Já, nos solos tropicais, os processos de intemperísmo produzem transformações no perfil que dificultam a definição da estratigrafia, a classificação dos solos e a estimativa de parâmetros com base em correlações. Em solos tropicais, os ensaios com piezocone de resistividade foram ineficientes na identificação da profundidade do nível d’água e na definição da sequência estratigráfica, provavelmente devido à presença de óxidos de ferro e nível de água profundo. Já, os ensaios de piezocone sísmico foram eficazes para diferenciar os solos de comportamento laterítico dos de comportamento não-laterítico através da relação Go/qc. Conclui-se que o entendimento da história geológica é fundamental na interpretação dos ensaios de piezocone, principalmente na etapa de integração entre ensaios pontuais, para identificação da geometria e variabilidade dos solos. A quantidade de processos ou de variáveis independentes que contribuem para a formação do perfil de solo normalmente aumenta a variabilidade. Neste sentido, ensaios combinados, como o piezocone sísmico, onde vários parâmetros podem ser obtidos em um mesmo ponto, contribuem para minimizar os efeitos da variabilidade na estimativa de parâmetros de projeto / In situ tests for geotechnical and geo-environmental site investigation embraces a variety of soundings and tests to map and define stratigraphic logging and specific design parameters for each kind of job. Stratigraphic logging and soil classification are a common stage to all investigation programs and frequently they are performed throughout logging tests which results in local vertical information. The main objective of this research is to evaluate the influence of geological history in the interpretation of piezocone tests for stratigraphic logging. Seismic piezocone tests were carried out to try to identify difference response between lateritic and non lateritic soils. Resistivity piezocone tests were carried out to evaluate salt-water intrusion within a shallow sedimentary aquifer. In this sense, nine sites with different geologic conditions, representing extensive area from Brazil, were selected and investigated. They include quaternary sediment sequences on the brazilian coast, tafrogenic sedimentary sequences and tropical soils originated from weathering of Paraná basin sedimentary and igneous rocks. Piezocone tests were effective for stratigraphic logging, sediment classification as well as to estimate geotechnical design parameters based on correlations for sedimentary sediments. For these type of soils, the international experience developed for sedimentary soils from North America and Europe can be used. Resistivity piezocone tests were effectively useful to identify salt-water intrusion within a sedimentary aquifer and contributed to refine soil stratigraphy. Consistent relations between geologic history and geotechnical properties were established based on piezocone test results. In the other hand, the weathering process produces profile transformations in the tropical soils and imposes limitations to stratigraphy definition, soil classification and to estimate geotechnical soil parameters based on these correlations. For tropical soils, the resistivity piezocone test was not efficient to identify the groundwater level and to refine stratigraphic logging, probably due to the presence of iron oxides and deep groundwater. The seismic piezocone tests were effective to separate lateritic and non-lateritic soils throughout the relation between maximum shear modulus and poit resistance (Go/qc). It is concluded that the geological information is fundamental for the interpretation of piezocone results, especially to integrate several logging test data, to identify spatial distribution and variability of soil layers. In this sense, combined tests, such as the seismic piezocone, where more than one parameter can be measured at the same location, contribute to minimize variability effects in the estimation of geotechnical soil parameters

This thesis is dedicated to the study of structural and petroleum geology problems. To this purpose, a frictional elastoplastic law based on the Van Eekelen criterion is formulated, which avoids the classical drawbacks of the Drücker Prager criterion. Also, a 2D automatic adaptive re-meshing algorithm is developed for complex multidomains configurations, in order to overcome the limitation of the Lagrangian mesh. Details of the hydromechanical formulation implemented in the LAGAMINE FE code in a large strain context are presented. Application cases (reproduction of sandbox simulation, study of a hydrocarbon trap) concentrate on the study of the strain localisation and potential fracturation using different criteria. In the first case, re-meshing technique allowed to reproduce successfully analogue experiment of thrusting propagation. In the second case, a detailed study based on different initial conditions has brought new insight to the reactivated origin of some faults and has allowed to obtain information on the potential fracturing of the hydrocarbon reservoir unit. As an academic case, the study of anorthosite diapirism is carried out, which confirms the validity of the petrological model of diapirism. Eventually, the hydromechanical coupling effects between a layered porous medium and a fault are illustrated on a simple case.

El estudio tectosedimentario, mineralógico, micropaleontológico y trabajo de campo (cartografía geológica, 1:18.000 y 17 columnas estratigráficas),de la cuenca neógena de Lorca (Murcia, España), ha permitido diferenciar sus cinco unidades tectosedimentarias (UTS), divididas en 12 formaciones marinas y continentales del Burdigaliense-Plioceno. La ausencia de dos UTS en el norte de la cuenca corrobora la existencia de una falla en el centro de la cuenca que fue clave en la evolución y el depósito disimétrico. El modelo tectónico de la cuenca de Lorca correspon¬de a un modelo híbrido entre pull-apart y graben. La distribución de espacio-temporal de los minerales, la morfología, asociaciones minerales y relaciones mutuas, han permitido conocer las áreas fuentes así como los procesos de transporte en cada UTS. Se concluye afirmando que el uso conjunto el análisis tectosedimen¬tario y mineralógi¬co permite un conocimiento más completo de la evolución e historia geológica de una cuenca sedimentaria. / The complementary use of the mineralogical and tectosedimentary analysis of the tertiary Lorca basin (Murcia, Spain) we can characterize its tectosedimentary units (TSU) and the depositional sequences, establishing a tectonic-sedimentation model for this area. The Lorca basin has been defined as a hybrid between the pull-apart and graben models, with twelve formations, grouped in five TSU dated from the Burdigalian-Pliocene. The absence of two TSU at the north of the basin supported the existence of a fracture in the middle of the basin that has conditioned their space-temporal evolution and depositional disymetry. The analysis mineralogical: space-temporal distribution, morphology, mineral associations and mutual relationships, have allowed knowing the possible source areas as well as the processes of transport in each TSU. There are clear mineralogical differences among the five TSU established, which allows to affirming that this methodology contributes to a major knowled ge of the evolution processes of a sedimentary basin.

My essay is an excursion out to a sand quarry where I have done investigative work about the place. I have researched the history of the place, what materials are there, what plants and animals live there and how we humans use the place today and how we affect its design. The essay investigates the choreography of life’s movements and transformations in the physical world, and how the physical space bends according to life, but that life also adapts to the changing space at the same time. The result of the interaction between the different agents is what I've been searching for. And how that same effect happens in my work in the studio. / My design of this work resulted in an installation with photographs, sculptures and a projection. Where the works have been created with inspiration from the same acting forces that take place in the sand quarry.