Resumo: O presente trabalho tem como referência o Projeto de Salvamento Arqueológico de Porto Primavera, cujo objetivo foi resgatar, analisar e conservar os vestígios das antigas civilizações ribeirinhas do Rio Paraná. Uma das etapas de um projeto de salvamento é a prospecção, nela, o arqueólogo realiza a vistoria em toda a área de interesse à procura de indícios das habitações pretéritas, porém, essa etapa é demorada e onerosa. Com base na técnica de modelagem preditiva multivariada (regressão logística), aliada às ferramentas de geoprocessamento, pudemos avaliar as prováveis áreas de ocupação pretérita, reduzindo assim, a etapa de prospeção. Como resultado temos um mapa de classes, com as probabilidades de ocorrência de sítios arqueológicos utilizando o método de regressão logística. / Abstract: This work has as reference the Project of Archaeological Rescue of "Porto Primavera", whose objective was to rescue, to analyze and to conserve the vestiges of the old marginal civilizations of the Paraná River. One of the stages of project is the prospection, in, the archaeologist carries through the inspection in all the area of interest to the search of indications of the past habitations, however, this stage is delayed and onerous. On the basis of the technique of multivaried predictive modeling (logistic regression), allied to the tools of Geographic Information System, we could evaluate the probable areas of past occupation, thus reducing, the stage of prospection. As result we have a map of classrooms, with the probabilities of occurrence of archaeological small farms using the method of logistic regression. / Orientador: Vilma Mayumi Tachibana / Coorientador: Nilton Nobuhiro Imai / Banca: José Alberto Quintanilha / Banca: Rosângela Custódio Cortez Thomaz / Mestre

Mechanically Stabilized Earth (MSE) walls retain soil on steep, unstable slopes with crest loads. Over the last decade, they are becoming quite popular due to their low cost-to-benefit ratio, design flexibility, and ease of construction. Like any civil infrastructure, MSE walls need to be continuously monitored according to transportation asset management criteria during and after the construction stage to ensure that their expected serviceability measures are met and to detect design and/or construction issues, which could lead to structural failure. Current approaches for monitoring MSE walls are mostly qualitative (e.g., visual inspection or examination). Besides being time consuming, visual inspection might have inconsistencies due to human subjectivity. Other monitoring approaches are based on using total station, geotechnical field instrumentations, and/or Static Terrestrial Laser Scanning (TLS). These instruments are capable of providing highly accurate, reliable performance measures. However, the underlying data acquisition and processing strategies are time-consuming and are not scalable. This research focuses on a comprehensive strategy using a Mobile LiDAR Mapping System (MLS) for the acquisition and processing of point clouds covering the MSE wall. The strategy produces standard serviceability measures, as defined by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) – e.g., longitudinal and transversal angular distortions. It also delivers a set of recently developed measures (e.g., out-of-plane offsets and 3D position/orientation deviations for individual panels constituting the MSE wall). Moreover, it is also capable of handling MSE walls with smooth or textured panels with the latter being the focus of this research due to its more challenging nature. For this study, an ultra-high-accuracy wheel-based MLS has been developed to efficiently acquire reliable data conducive to the development of the standard and new serviceability measures. To illustrate the feasibility of the proposed acquisition/processing strategy, two case studies in this research have been conducted with the first one focusing on the comparative performance of static and mobile LiDAR in terms of the agreement of the derived serviceability measures. The second case study aims at illustrating the feasibility of the proposed strategy in handling large textured MSE walls. Results from both case studies confirm the potential of using MLS for efficient, economic, and reliable monitoring of MSE walls.

Cette thèse ambitionne de contribuer à la compréhension de l’accès aux soins des bamakois selon leur statut migratoire. En effet, malgré la part importante de la population de Bamako d’origine migrante, nous avons très peu de connaissances sur leur accès aux soins. A partir des données récoltées sur le terrain et auprès des institutions maliennes et en nous basant sur des outils et des méthodes géographiques et géomatiques, nous avons pu analyser l’accès aux soins des bamakois selon leur statut migratoire.S’il est incontestable que les services de santé et en particulier ceux de base sont abondants et bien répartis à Bamako, il faut noter qu’ils souffrent de plusieurs problèmes comme la question de disponibilité permanente de personnel qualifié, la qualité des services et les dysfonctionnements entre structures de santé. Malgré l’abondance de l’offre de soins à Bamako, le taux de recours y reste trop faible. Cela confirme encore que l’accès aux soins ne se limite pas à la disponibilité physique des structures de santé. Le renoncement aux soins s’explique par une imbrication de facteurs même si la perception de la gravité de la maladie, la position dans le ménage et la profession apparaissent plus. Si l’étude n’a pas relevé de différences notoires dans l’accès aux soins selon le statut migratoire des populations, elle a tout de même montré que les stratégies de recours et l’état de santé évoluent avec la durée de résidence à Bamako / This thesis aims to contribute to the understanding of Bamako people’s access to healthcare according to their migratory status. Indeed, despite the large share of Bamako’s populations of migrant origin, we have little knowledge of their access to health services. With geographic and geomatic tools and methods, we were able to study access to health services for native and migrant populations of Bamako. While it is undeniable that health services and especially basic services are abundant and well distributed in Bamako, it should be noted that this offer suffers from several problems such as the permanent availability of qualified personnel, the quality of services offered and the dysfunctions between health structures. Despite the abundance of healthcare in Bamako, the recourse rate remains too low. This shows that access to care is not limited to the physical availability of health facilities. The renunciation of care is explained by an interweaving of factors even if the perception of the severity of the disease, the position in the household and the profession appear more. If the study did not find notorious differences in the access to the care according to the migratory status of the population, it nevertheless showed that recourse strategies and health status change with length of residence in Bamako

Le projet de territoire n’aura jamais suscité autant de débats et de passions. Son devenir mobilise à bien des égards la construction collective d’un dessein se matérialisant par des formes qui informent des forces tout autant que par des forces qui investissent des formes lesquelles traduisent les valeurs du moment. Par conséquent, cette projection dans un avenir partagé amène des exigences sociales en matière d’édification du projet de territoire mettant à l’ordre du jour la complexité d’une telle entreprise. L’enchevêtrement d’actions et de logiques qui s’y opèrent et qui s’y expriment pour en élaborer, dans la plus grande incertitude, les contours d’un futur souhaité nous presse de s’y prononcer : la construction complexe d’un dessein territorial s’exhibant nous interpelle quant à son évaluation voire quant à sa reformulation. Parmi les modalités d’expression qui permettent une telle délibération, il y a l’énoncé visuel. Médiation discursive privilégiée, elle autorise l’élaboration et la mise en scène collective d’un devenir territorial possible. Or depuis quelques années, au couple projet / représentation, vient se superposer une autre médiation, celle du numérique. Portée par le développement des technologies de l’information, celle-ci s’invite dans le champ de l’édification du projet de territoire. En s’alliant avec la puissance de l’image, elle recompose les représentations d’un dessein territorial collectivement formulé, ouvrant un nouvel espace d’actions à l’occasion d’une démarche de planification. Démarche de plus en plus complexe. De surcroit, la présente recherche tient cette complexité non comme un mot «fourre-tout» ou une tare dont il faudrait se débarrasser, mais se résout à l’affronter en s’inscrivant dans un paradigme en pleine gestation, celui de la «pensée complexe». La fécondité autant conceptuelle qu’opératoire d’une telle inscription permettra de jeter un regard renouvelé sur une pratique à travers une de ses modalités discursives à la fois la plus manifeste et la moins questionnée, à savoir l’énoncé visuel. En fin de compte, les représentations notamment celles construites et véhiculées par le numérique sauront-elles rendre compte et relever le défi de l’édification collective d’un projet de territoire qui se pose dans toute sa complexité ? Telle est en substance le questionnement dont cette recherche s’attellera à apporter des éléments de réponse et à esquisser de nouvelles perspectives. / Land Planning has never given rise to so much debate and passion. It involves to a large extent the materialization of a collective design through forms shaped by ideas and ideas shaped by forms, embodying current values. This projection into a shared future carries with it certain social requirements regarding its implementation, rendering the agenda more complex. Multiple actions and positions that are integrated in the planning process in order to devise, within a context of uncertainty, the desired future’s contours push us into quickly prescribing; this entails communication, debate, evaluation and even reformulation The visual statement can be included among those modes of expression allowing such deliberation. As a favoured discursive mediation, it authorizes the development and collective staging of a possible territorial fate. In recent years this project/representation duo has been complemented by another mediation, that of the digital. Buoyed by information technology development, now it falls within the scope of the territorial planning. Magnifying the power of the image, it renews the representation of collective territorial intentions, opening up new possibilities in the planning process, thus making it more complex. Moreover, this research paper considers complexity not as a "catch-all” term or an imperfection to get rid of but confronts it within an upcoming paradigm that of “complex thought.” This approach, conceptually and operationally rich, makes it possible to take a fresh look at land planning through its most visible and least questioned mean of expression, namely visual statements. Ultimately can these representations, especially those constructed and conveyed by digital formats, fully render a complex territorial plan and support the challenge of its collective implementation? These are in essence the issues taken on by this research with the aim of providing at least some answers and opening up new perspectives.

De nombreux domaines d'applications utilisent des représentations spatiales. C'est le cas de l'architecture, de l'urbanisme ou de la géographie. L'acquisition de ces données spatiales en urbanisme a connu ces dernières années des progrès significatifs grâce à l'introduction de nouveaux instruments de mesure. Ces derniers permettent d'obtenir des supports d'analyse urbaine à différents niveaux de détails et pour différentes finalités. Cette thèse propose une approche permettant de combiner deux disciplines, la typo-morphologie urbaine et la géomatique. Nous avons expliqué la notion centrale de processus morphologique, les différentes étapes d'opération propre à l'analyse historique, notamment le traitement des sources cartographiques avec l'outil S.I.G. Notre travail a avant tout consisté à explorer l'apport des S.I.G. au traitement et à l'analyse des données historiques. Nous nous sommes intéressés particulièrement à l'approche typo-morphologique pour compléter le potentiel interprétatif et descriptif. Notre travail de thèse est issu de différentes étapes, nous pouvons mentionner la construction d'une classification formelle, des concepts liés à l'évolution historique et morphologique des villes de Constantine et d'Aix-en-Provence. En partant de cette histoire urbaine, comparer ces deux villes à permis d'établir une chronologie de l'évolution des formes urbaines, de mieux saisir les enjeux de chacune de celles-ci. / Many fields of applications use spatial representations. This is the case of architecture, town planning or geography. The acquisition of these spatial datas in town planning these last years has experienced a significant progress with the introduction of new instruments. This acquisition allows to get urban support analysis at different levels of details and for different purposes. This thesis proposes an approach to combine two disciplines, the urban typomorphology and geomatics. We have explained the central notion of morphological process, the different steps of operation peculiar to the historical analysis for the treatment of map datas with the GIS instrument, primarily our work consist to explore the GIS contribution to the historical data treatment and analysis. We focused particularly on the approach to complete typomorphological potential interpretive and descriptive. Our thesis work has been made from different stages, we can mention the construction of a formal classification, concepts related to the historical development and morphology of Constantine and Aix-en-Provence. Starting from this urban history compare the two cities has established a chronology of the evolution of urban forms, to better understand the challenges each of these latter. Specifically, this work allows us to contribute to improving the mastery of the urban project. Finally tracks are proposed to continue this work by exploiting the platform exploration of 3D representation proved very useful for making historical analysis.

Selon la Directive Cadre européenne sur l’Eau (DCE), le bon état écologique de tous les milieux aquatiques devra être atteint d’ici 2015. Cet état s’évalue en grande partie au moyen de paramètres biologiques, eux-mêmes régis par les conditions physico-chimiques et hydromorphologiques des masses d’eau. Pour atteindre les objectifs de la DCE, l’évaluation de l’état physique du réseau hydrographique apparaît comme une phase essentielle alors que cette question relève encore pour certains aspects de la recherche fondamentale. La mise en oeuvre de cette étape à l’échelle du bassin du Rhône entraîne un certain nombre de questions scientifiques auxquelles il est nécessaire de répondre avant d’envisager toute application. En effet, les connaissances dans les domaines de la géomorphologie ou de l’hydrologie sont aujourd’hui suffisantes à l’échelle locale pour envisager de régionaliser ce type d’informations. Cependant le changement d’échelle est à l’origine de contraintes méthodologiques importantes liées notamment à la très grande hétérogénéité des milieux à caractériser.L'objectif de cette thèse est donc double. D’une part, il s’agit de mettre en place des outils géomatiques permettant d’obtenir une vision globale et homogène des caractéristiques physiques du réseau hydrographique. Pour cela, nous proposons (i) de développer une méthodologie d’extraction de l’information à partir de données vectorielles ou rasters, et (ii) de définir des indicateurs pertinents de caractérisation hydrogéomorphologique. D’autre part, ces outils et cette méthode ont été testés et appliqués sur le réseau hydrographique du Rhône afin d’évaluer leur efficacité et de proposer des éléments fiables de caractérisation des conditions physiques à large échelle. / According to the Water Framework Directive (WFD), the good ecological status of all aquatic environments should be achieved by 2015. This status is evaluated largely using biological parameters, which are controlled by the physico-chemical and hydromorphological conditions of water bodies. To achieve the objectives of the WFD, assessing the physical condition of the hydrographic network appears to be a prerequisite, yet this issue still requires research of a fundamental nature. This stage in the basin of the Rhône raises a number of scientific issues which it is necessary to answer before considering practical application. In fact, knowledge of geomorphology and hydrology is now sufficient at a local scale and we can envisage applying this information at a regional scale. However, the change of scale results in important methodological constraints linked in particular to the great heterogeneity of environments.This thesis has two objectives. The first one is to implement geomatic tools to obtain an overall and homogeneous characterisation of the physical network. We propose to develop a methodology to extract information. Second, these tools and methodology will be tested and applied to the Rhône River system to evaluate their effectiveness and to provide reliable evidence for the characterization of large-scale physical conditions.

Due to the advances in location-acquisition techniques, citizen geospatial data has emerged with opportunity for research, development, innovation, and business. A variety of research has been developed to study society and citizens through exploring patterns from geospatial data. In this thesis, we investigate patterns of population and human sentiments using GPS trajectory data and geo-tagged tweets. Kernel density estimation and emerging hot spot analysis are first used to demonstrate population distribution across space and time. Then a flow extraction model is proposed based on density difference for human movement detection and visualization. Case studies with volleyball game in West Lafayette and traffics in Puerto Rico verify the effectiveness of this method. Flow maps are capable of tracking clustering behaviors and direction maps drawn upon the orientation of vectors can precisely identify location of events. This thesis also analyzes patterns of human sentiments. Polarity of tweets is represented by a numeric value based on linguistics rules. Sentiments of four US college cities are analyzed according to its distribution on citizen, time, and space. The research result suggests that social media can be used to understand patterns of public sentiment and well-being.

This thesis investigates the design, implementation and validation of a multi-antenna GPS system to monitor the displacement of deforming slopes. The system utilises a switched antenna array design allowing data from multiple antennas to be sampled sequentially by one GPS receiver. The system provides quasi-continuous GPS observations that can produce a precise and reliable coordinate time-series of the movement of the slope under consideration. GPS observations and particularly those concerned with the monitoring of steep slopes, are subject to systematic errors that can significantly degrade the quality of the processed position solutions. As such, this research characterises the data in terms of multipath effects, the spectrum of the coordinate time-series, and the carrier to noise power density ratio of the raw GPS observations. Various GPS processing parameters are then investigated to determine optimal processing parameters to improve the precision of the resulting coordinate time-series. Results from data stacking techniques that rely on the daily correlation of the repeating multipath signature find that the GPS data actually decorrelates somewhat from day to day. This can reduce the effectiveness of stacking techniques for the high precision monitoring of steep slopes. Finally, advanced stochastic models such as elevation angle and carrier-to-noise weighting are investigated to optimise the precision of the coordinate time-series data. A new in-line stochastic model is developed based on weighting GPS observations with respect to the level of systematic error present within the data. By using these advanced types of stochastic models, reductions to the noise level of the coordinate time-series of approximately 20 and 25 percent are possible in the horizontal and height components respectively. / Results from an extensive field trial of this system on a deforming high-wall of an open-pit mine indicate that approximately 135mm of displacement occurred over the 16-week field trial. The precision of the coordinate time-series for surface stations approaches ±4.Omm and ±5.4mm in the horizontal and height components respectively. For sub-surface stations next to the mine wall, coordinate precision has been determined as ±4.9mm.component and ±7.6mm in the height component respectively.

Le projet de territoire n’aura jamais suscité autant de débats et de passions. Son devenir mobilise à bien des égards la construction collective d’un dessein se matérialisant par des formes qui informent des forces tout autant que par des forces qui investissent des formes lesquelles traduisent les valeurs du moment. Par conséquent, cette projection dans un avenir partagé amène des exigences sociales en matière d’édification du projet de territoire mettant à l’ordre du jour la complexité d’une telle entreprise. L’enchevêtrement d’actions et de logiques qui s’y opèrent et qui s’y expriment pour en élaborer, dans la plus grande incertitude, les contours d’un futur souhaité nous presse de s’y prononcer : la construction complexe d’un dessein territorial s’exhibant nous interpelle quant à son évaluation voire quant à sa reformulation. Parmi les modalités d’expression qui permettent une telle délibération, il y a l’énoncé visuel. Médiation discursive privilégiée, elle autorise l’élaboration et la mise en scène collective d’un devenir territorial possible. Or depuis quelques années, au couple projet / représentation, vient se superposer une autre médiation, celle du numérique. Portée par le développement des technologies de l’information, celle-ci s’invite dans le champ de l’édification du projet de territoire. En s’alliant avec la puissance de l’image, elle recompose les représentations d’un dessein territorial collectivement formulé, ouvrant un nouvel espace d’actions à l’occasion d’une démarche de planification. Démarche de plus en plus complexe. De surcroit, la présente recherche tient cette complexité non comme un mot «fourre-tout» ou une tare dont il faudrait se débarrasser, mais se résout à l’affronter en s’inscrivant dans un paradigme en pleine gestation, celui de la «pensée complexe». La fécondité autant conceptuelle qu’opératoire d’une telle inscription permettra de jeter un regard renouvelé sur une pratique à travers une de ses modalités discursives à la fois la plus manifeste et la moins questionnée, à savoir l’énoncé visuel. En fin de compte, les représentations notamment celles construites et véhiculées par le numérique sauront-elles rendre compte et relever le défi de l’édification collective d’un projet de territoire qui se pose dans toute sa complexité ? Telle est en substance le questionnement dont cette recherche s’attellera à apporter des éléments de réponse et à esquisser de nouvelles perspectives. / Land Planning has never given rise to so much debate and passion. It involves to a large extent the materialization of a collective design through forms shaped by ideas and ideas shaped by forms, embodying current values. This projection into a shared future carries with it certain social requirements regarding its implementation, rendering the agenda more complex. Multiple actions and positions that are integrated in the planning process in order to devise, within a context of uncertainty, the desired future’s contours push us into quickly prescribing; this entails communication, debate, evaluation and even reformulation The visual statement can be included among those modes of expression allowing such deliberation. As a favoured discursive mediation, it authorizes the development and collective staging of a possible territorial fate. In recent years this project/representation duo has been complemented by another mediation, that of the digital. Buoyed by information technology development, now it falls within the scope of the territorial planning. Magnifying the power of the image, it renews the representation of collective territorial intentions, opening up new possibilities in the planning process, thus making it more complex. Moreover, this research paper considers complexity not as a "catch-all” term or an imperfection to get rid of but confronts it within an upcoming paradigm that of “complex thought.” This approach, conceptually and operationally rich, makes it possible to take a fresh look at land planning through its most visible and least questioned mean of expression, namely visual statements. Ultimately can these representations, especially those constructed and conveyed by digital formats, fully render a complex territorial plan and support the challenge of its collective implementation? These are in essence the issues taken on by this research with the aim of providing at least some answers and opening up new perspectives.

<p>Static terrestrial laser scanners have been increasingly used in three-dimensional data acquisition since it can rapidly provide accurate measurements with high resolution. Several scans from multiple viewpoints are necessary to achieve complete coverage of the surveyed objects due to occlusion and large object size. Therefore, in order to reconstruct three-dimensional models of the objects, the task of registration is required to transform several individual scans into a common reference frame. This thesis introduces three alternative approaches for the coarse registration of two adjacent scans, namely, feature-based approach, pseudo-conjugate point-based method, and closed-form solution. In the feature-based approach, linear and planar features in the overlapping area of adjacent scans are selected as registration primitives. The pseudo-conjugate point-based method utilizes non-corresponding points along common linear and planar features to estimate transformation parameters. The pseudo-conjugate point-based method is simpler than the feature-based approach since the partial derivatives are easier to compute. In the closed-form solution, a rotation matrix is first estimated by using a unit quaternion, which is a concise description of the rotation. Afterward, the translation parameters are estimated with non-corresponding points along the linear or planar features by using the pseudo-conjugate point-based method. Alternative approaches for fitting a line or plane to data with errors in three-dimensional space are investigated.</p><p><br></p><p>Experiments are conducted using simulated and real datasets to verify the effectiveness of the introduced registration procedures and feature fitting approaches. The proposed two approaches of line fitting are tested with simulated datasets. The results suggest that these two approaches can produce identical line parameters and variance-covariance matrix. The three registration approaches are tested with both simulated and real datasets. In the simulated datasets, all three registration approaches produced equivalent transformation parameters using linear or planar features. The comparison between the simulated linear and planar features shows that both features can produce equivalent registration results. In the real datasets, the three registration approaches using the linear or planar features also produced equivalent results. In addition, the results using real data indicates that the registration approaches using planar features produced better results than the approaches using linear features. The experiments show that the pseudo-conjugate point-based approach is easier to implement than the feature-based approach. The pseudo-conjugate point-based method and feature-based approach are nonlinear, so an initial guess of transformation parameters is required in these two approaches. Compared to the nonlinear approaches, the closed-form solution is linear and hence it can achieve the registration of two adjacent scans without the requirement of any initial guess for transformation parameters. Therefore, the pseudo-conjugate point-based method and closed-form solution are the preferred approaches for coarse registration using linear or planar features. In real practice, the planar features would have a better preference when compared to linear features since the linear features are derived indirectly by the intersection of neighboring planar features. To get enough lines with different orientations, planes that are far apart from each other have to be extrapolated to derive lines.</p><div><br></div>