Braided rivers are complex, fascinating fluvial pattern, which represent the natural state of many gravel and sand bed rivers. Both natural and human causes may force a change in the boundary conditions, and consequently impact the river functionality. Detailed knowledge on the consequent morphological response is important in order to define management strategies which combine different needs, from protection of human activities and infrastructures to preservation of the ecological and biological richness. During the last decades, research has made significant advance to the description of this complex system, thanks to flume investigations, development of new survey techniques and, to a lesser extent, numerical and analytical solutions of mathematical models (e.g. Ashmore_2013). Despite that, many relevant questions, concerning the braided morphodynamics at different spatial and temporal scales (from the unit process scale, to the reach scale, and eventually to the catchment scale) remain unanswered. For example, quantitative analysis of the morphological response to varying external controls still requires investigation and needs the definition of suitable, stage-independent braiding indicators. In addition, the morphodynamics of the fundamental processes, such as bifurcations, also needs further analysis of the driving mechanisms. General aim of the present study is to develop new methods to exploit, in an integrated way, the potential of the new possibilities offered by advanced monitoring techniques, laboratory models, numerical schemes and analytical solutions. The final goal is to fill some gaps in the present knowledge, which could ultimately provide scientific support to river management policies. We adopted analytical perturbation approaches to solve the two-dimensional shallow water model; we performed laboratory simulations on a large, mobile-bed flume; we analysed existing topographic measurements from LiDAR and Terrestrial Laser scanning Devices; and we simulated numerically the river hydrodynamics. Within each of the six, independent, research chapters, we interconnected results from the different approaches and methodologies, in order to take advantage of their potential. Summarising, the more relevant and novel outcomes of the present work can be listed as follows: 1) We explored the morphological changes during a sequence of flood events in a natural braided river (Rees River, NZ)and we proposed a morphological method to assess the sediment transport rate. In particular we propose a semi-automatic method for estimating the particles path-length (Ashmore and Church, 1998) on the basis of the size of the deposition patches, which can be identified on the basis of DEM of differences. Comparison with results of numerical simulation confirmed that such an approach can reproduce the response of the bedload rate to floods of different duration and magnitude. 2) We developed a new indicator of the reach-scale morphology and, on the basis of existing laboratory experiments, we explored its dependence, under regime conditions, to the controlling factors: slope, discharge, confinement width, grain size. In spite of its synthetic nature, this simple indicator embeds the information needed to estimate the variability of the Shield stress throughout the braided network, and consequently enables to assess the transport-rate and its variation with the driving discharge. 3) We investigated, through flume experiments, the effect of the flow unsteadiness on the sediment transport in a braided river. This is possible only by following a statistical approach based on multiple repetitions of the same flow hydrograph. Results revealed that for confined network an hysteresis of the bedload response occurs, which leads to higher sediment transport during increasing flow, whereas relatively unconfined networks always show quasi-equilibrium transport rates. 4) A second set of laboratory experiments provided information on the morphodynamics of a braided network subject to variations of the sediment supply. We proposed a simple diffusive model to quantify the evolution of the one-dimensional bed elevation profile. Such simple approach, albeit having a limited range of practical applications, represents the first attempt to quantify this process and enables to study the relevant temporal and spatial scales of the phenomenon. 5) We solved analytically the two-dimensional morphodynamic model for a gravel-bed river bifurcation. This furnishes a rigorous proof to the idea proposed by Bertoldi and Tubino (2007) to interpret the morphological response of bifurcation in light of the theory of the morphodynamic influence. The analytical approach enables to investigate the fundamental mechanics which leads to balance, and unbalance, configurations and, from a more practical point of view, allows for a better prediction of the instability point than the existing 1D models (e.g. Bolla Pittaluga et al., 2003).

Interactions between fluvial processes and vegetation along the natural channel margins have been shown to be fundamental in determining meandering rivers development. By colonizing exposed sediments, riparian trees increase erosion resistance and stabilize fluvial sediment transport through their root systems, while during a flood event the above-ground biomass interacts with the water flow inducing sediment deposition and altering scour patterns. In turn river dynamics and hydrology influence vegetative biomass growth, affecting the spatial distribution of vegetation. These bio-morphological dynamics have been observed to direct control accretion and degradation rates of the meander bend. In particular, vegetation encroachments within the point bar (i.e. colonizing species and strand wood), initiate pioneeristic landforms that, when evolving, determine the lateral shifting of the margin that separates active channel from river floodplain and thus inner bank aggradation (bar push). This diminishes the portion of the morphologically active channel cross-section, influencing the erosion of the cutting bank and promoting channel widen- ing (bank pull ). As a result of the cyclical occurrence of these erosional and depositional processes, meandering rivers floodplain show a typical ridge and swale pattern characterized by the presence of complex morphological structures, namely, benches, scrolls and chutes within the new-created floodplain. Moreover, difference in migration rate between the two banks have been observed to induce local temporal variations in channel width that affect river channel morphodynamics and its overall planform through their influence on the local flow field and channel bed morphology. Despite enormous advances in field and laboratory techniques and modelling development of the last decades, little is known about the relation between floodplain patterns and their controlling bio-morphological interactions that determine the bank accretion process. This knowledge gap has so far limited the development of physically-based models for the evolution of meandering rivers able to describe the lateral migration of banklines separately. Most existing meander migration models are indeed based on the hypothesis of constant channel width. Starting from this knowledge gap, the present doctoral research has aimed to provide more insight in the mutual interactions among flow, sediment transport and riparian vegetation dynamics in advancing banks of meandering rivers. In order to achieve its aims, the research has been designed as an integration of remote sensing and in-situ field observations with a mathematical modelling approach to i) provide a quantitative description of vegetation and floodplain channel topography patterns in advancing meanders bend and to ii) explore the key control factors and their role in generating the observed patterns. The structure of the present PhD work is based on four main elements. First, two types of airborne historical data (air photographs and Lidar survey) have been investigated, in order to quantify the effects of spatial-temporal evolution of vegetation pattern on meander morphology and to provide evidence for the influence of vegetation within the topography of the present floodplain. Such remote sensing analysis has highlighted a strong correspondence between riparian canopy structure and geomorphological patterns within the floodplain area: this has clearly shown the need to interpret the final river morphology as the result of a two-way interaction between riparian vegetation dynamics and river processes. Second, field measurments have been conducted on a dynamic meander bend of the lower reach of the Tagliamento River, Italy, with the initial aim of checking the outcomes of the remote sensing analysis through ground data. The outcomes of the field measurements have further supported the results, providing ground evidence on the relations between vegetation and topographic patterns within the transition zone that is intermediate between the active channel bed and the vegetated portion of the accreting floodplain. The influence of vegetation on inner bank morphology has also been interpreted in the light of the expected time scales of inundation and geomorphic dynamics that characterize the advancing process of the inner bank. The combined analysis of both remotely sensed data and field measurements associated with the historical hydrological dataset have allowed to quantitatively characterize the biophysical characteristics of the buffer zone, close to the river edge, where the accretion processes take place. The third research element has foreseen the development of a biophysically-based, simplified bio-morphodynamic model for the lateral migration of a meander bend that took advantage of the empirical knowledge gained in the analysis of field data. The model links a minimalist approach that includes biophysically-based relationships to describe the interaction between riparian vegetation and river hydromorphodynamic processes, and employs a non linear mathematical model to describe the morphodynamics of meander channel bed. Model application has allowed to reproduce the spatial oscillations of vegetation biomass density and ground morphology observed in the previous analyses. Overall, the model allows to understand the role of the main controlling factors for the ground and vegetation patterns that characterize the advancing river bank and to investigate the temporal dynamics of the morphologically active channel width, providing insights into the bank pull and bar push phenomena. The fourth and concluding element of the present PhD research is a analytical investigation of the fundamental role of unsteadiness on the morphodynamic response of the river channel. Results obtained in the previous elements have clearly showed the tendency of a meander bend to develop temporal oscillations of the active channel width during its evolution, but no predictive analytical tool was previously available to investigate the channel bed response to such non-stationary planform dynamics. A non linear model has therefore been proposed to investigate the effect of active channel width unsteadiness on channel bed morphology. The basic case of free bar instability in a straight channel has been used in this first investigation, which has shown the tendency of channel widening to increase river bed instability compared to the steady case, in qualitative agreement with experimental observations. Overall, the research conducted within the present Doctoral Thesis represents a step forward in understanding the bio-morphodynamics of meandering rivers that can help the development of a complete bio-morphodynamic model for meandering rivers evolution, able to provide support for sustainable river management.

During the past decades, the systematic investigation of the morphodynamics of meandering rivers mostly involved the theoretical-analytical methodology. The development of analytical models enabled the definition of equilibrium conditions, stability and evolution of river meanders and to investigate the interaction between planform and bedform processes and mechanisms. In recent years the new branch of remote sensing applied to river morphodynamics has been constantly developing simultaneously to the rapid increase of computational and satellite resources. The remote sensing analysis is nowadays employed in a wide range fields in geophysics; for this reason, the past years have seen the prolific development of numerous algorithms for remote sensing analysis. However, remote sensing of meandering river morphodynamics has not been consistently integrated with morphodynamic modelling so far. There is a lack of sophisticated algorithms for the extraction of extensive morphodynamic information from the available remotely sensed data; this gap prevented researchers from seeking systematic validation of analytical models to define their range of applicability, and to exploit their potential for improved insight on observations in real world meandering rivers. The evolutionary dynamics of the channel width, at local and bend scale, as well as the dynamics of bars in meandering rivers represent two major unsettled issues in our present understanding of river meandering dynamics. In this thesis I first provide a systematic methodology for the automated extraction of meandering river morphodynamic information from multitemporal, multispectral remotely sensed data, coded in the PyRIS software. Moreover, I develop an analytical model to investigate the long-term planform evolution of periodic sequences of meander bends incorporating spatio-temporal variations of channel curvature, width and slope. A first model component predicts the temporal evolution of the channel width and slope based on a novel treatment of the sediment continuity at the reach scale. A second model component is a fully analytical, evolutionary model of periodic meanders with spatially and temporally oscillating width accounting for nonlinear feedbacks in flow and sediment transport by means of a two-parameters perturbation approach. Application of the PyRIS software to several long reaches of free-flowing meandering rivers allows me to develop a consistent set of observations on the temporal and spatial evolution of channel width and curvature with unprecedented level of detail. Furthermore, model outcomes indicate that meander-averaged width and slope invariably decrease during meander development, and that the temporal adjustment of the hydraulic geometry is controlled by the ratio between the evolutionary timescales of planform and riverbed, quantified from the analyzed meandering rivers dataset. The nonlinear perturbation model indicates that width and curvature co-evolve according to a hysteretic behavior in time and predicts that the meander belt width dramatically decreases when the meander resonance threshold is crossed. The modelling approach predicts wider-at-bend meanders when the bank pull is dominant with respect to bar push, which in turn promotes meander bends that are wider at inflections. Analytical modeling and remote sensing analysis are mostly integrated through a statistical approach; bend-scale evolutionary analysis of planform descriptors such as channel width, width oscillations and curvature in large pristine meandering rivers exhibit good agreement with the outcomes of the proposed analytical models. Finally, the integration between analytical modeling and remote sensing analysis allows me to identify the key processes controlling the interaction between migrating sediment bars and planform-driven steady point bars. The conditions for the formation of migrating bars in meandering rivers are mostly related to the production of sediment supply by the basin, contrarily to the widespread idea that meandering rivers exhibiting migrating bars typically display lower values of the channel curvature.

Submitted by Edisangela Bastos (edisangela@ufpa.br) on 2017-04-17T14:12:07Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Tese_MorfologiaMudancasCosteiras.pdf: 12617964 bytes, checksum: b0c0924776db01927afa379e8482353c (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Edisangela Bastos (edisangela@ufpa.br) on 2017-04-17T16:29:39Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Tese_MorfologiaMudancasCosteiras.pdf: 12617964 bytes, checksum: b0c0924776db01927afa379e8482353c (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-04-17T16:29:39Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Tese_MorfologiaMudancasCosteiras.pdf: 12617964 bytes, checksum: b0c0924776db01927afa379e8482353c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2003-02-27 / A margem leste da Ilha de Marajó (Estado do Pará) apresenta uma diversidade de feições morfológicas, resultantes das oscilações relativas do nível do mar, da neotectônica e da dinâmica costeira, durante o Cenozóico Superior. As variações do nível do mar, do Mioceno ao Holoceno, controlaram a deposição da Formação Barreiras e dos sedimentos Pós-Barreiras, que formam o planalto costeiro, e dos ambientes sedimentares que constituem a atual planície costeira. As estruturas neotectônicas regionais, representadas pelos sistemas de falhas transcorrentes NE-SW e de falhas normais NW-SE, influenciam, em nível local, a distribuição das unidades de relevo e o traçado retilíneo ou anguloso dos principais cursos fluviais e da linha de costa. A compartimentação do relevo costeiro mostra duas principais unidades: o planalto e a planície costeira. O planalto costeiro representa um relevo aplainado com suaves ondulações e cotas topográficas entre 5 e 15 m. O contato com a planície costeira é abrupto, formando falésias “mortas” e ativas. A planície costeira constitui um relevo plano e de baixo gradiente, com cotas abaixo de 5 m, o que favorece as inundações pela maré e a mobilidade sedimentar. As mudanças costeiras de longo período, relativas aos últimos 5.000 anos, resultaram na progradação da linha de costa, sob condições regressivas ou de mar estável, durante o Holoceno, com o desenvolvimento de planícies de maré e manguezais, e posterior retrogradação com migração de cordões de praias e dunas sobre depóstitos de maguezal. As sucessões estratigráficas Progradacional e Retrogradacional da planície costeira de Soure, são condizentes com a Sucessão Regressiva ou de Mar Estável (S2) e com a Sucessão Transgressiva Atual (S3), do modelo evolutivo proposto para as planícies costeiras de Bragança, Salinópolis, Marapanim e São João de Pirabas. A dinâmica costeira de médio período (1986/2001) é representada por mudanças morfológicas, resultantes da ação interativa de processos gerados por ondas, correntes, marés e ventos, que acarretaram a variação na posição da linha de costa. A costa de Soure e Salvaterra esteve submetida, nos últimos 15 anos, ao predomínio de processos erosionais, caracterizados pela retrogradação da linha de costa. O total de áreas erodidas variou de 0,89 km2 (1986/1995), para 0,38 km2 (1995/1999) e 0,75 km2 (1999/2001). Enquanto que as áreas em progradação somaram 0,21 km2 (1986/1995), 0,32 km2 (1995/1999) e 0,08 km2 (1999/2001). As mudanças costeiras de curto período envolvem a variabilidade morfológica e granulométrica dos perfis topográficos praiais de Soure e Salvaterra, entre os períodos chuvoso e o seco, monitorados em 2001. As mudanças sazonais representam uma resposta dos perfis praiais às variações de amplitude das marés, de energia das ondas, correntes de maré e ventos, à disponibilidade de sedimentos, à compartimentação e ao gradiente costeiro. Em Soure, a fase erosiva (fevereiro e abril, período chuvoso e de maiores sizígias da região), mostrou: retração da linha de maré alta (21 m), diminuição da pós-praia (13 m), deslocamento paralelo das zonas de estirâncio, perda sedimentar, aumento granulométrico (2,81 a 2,94 ϕ, areia fina), e melhoria da seleção (0,24 a 0,33, muito bem selecionado). A fase acrecional (julho a novembro, período seco e de ventos mais fortes), apresentou: extensão da linha de maré alta (82 m), alargamento da pós-praia (48 m), ganho sedimentar (+339,25 m3), diminuição granulométrica (2,86 a 3,10 ϕ, areia fina a muito fina) e piora da seleção (0,28 a 0,40, muito bem a bem selecionado). Em Salvaterra, a fase acrecional (fevereiro e abril) mostrou: extensão da linha de maré alta (29 m), alargamento da pós-praia (13 m) e aumento do volume praial. No perfil 1, houve aumento granulométrico (0,84 ϕ, areia grossa) e piora da seleção (0,51, moderadamente selecionado). No perfil 2, ocorreu afinamento do grão (1,49 ϕ, areia média) e melhora da seleção (0,44, bem selecionado). A fase erosiva (julho e novembro) mostrou: retração da linha de maré alta (25 m), diminuição da pós-praia (8 m), perda sedimentar (-22,67 m3), troca de material entre a parte superior e inferior dos perfis, afinamento do grão (1,39 ϕ, areia média) e piora da seleção (0,52, moderadamente selecionado). A vulnerabilidade da zona costeira aos riscos naturais decorre do predomínio dos processos erosivos, nos últimos 15 anos. O zoneamento geoambiental resultou da integração dos dados morfológicos com a análise dos geoindicadores de mudanças costeiras e dos níveis de interferência antrópica. Apresenta a seguinte classificação: áreas de preservação permanente (manguezais, praias e dunas), áreas adequadas à ocupação (planalto costeiro), áreas de risco à ocupação (margens de falésias) e áreas de degradação ambiental (manguezais desmatados, restingas e pós-praias ocupadas). As recomendações de preservação, uso e ocupação futura da costa devem subsidiar o planejamento e o gerenciamento costeiro. O uso do sensoriamento remoto e do Sistema de Informação Geográfica, nas várias etapas de desenvolvimento da tese, representaram importantes ferramentas de levantamento de dados, de análise espacial e de síntese, de compreensão da distribuição e das características do relevo costeiro, de monitoramento e quantificação das mudanças e do mapeamento temático, sendo de larga aplicabilidade nos estudos costeiros. / The eastside of the Marajó Island (Pará State) shows a diversity of morphological features produced by sea level changes, neotectonic and coast dynamics, during Late Cenozoic. The sea level changes, from Miocene to Holocene, controled the deposition of Barreiras Formation and Pós-Barreiras Sediments that form the coastal upland. The framework neotectonic structures controll the NE-SW strip-slipe fault systems and NW-SE normal faults, influencing the distribution of relief units and the fluvial and shoreline morphology. The coastal morphology shows two main units: coastal upland and coastal plain. Coastal upland represents a flated relief with low ondulations and elevations between 5 and 15 meters. The contact with the coastal plain is abrupt, forming “dead” and active cliffs. The coastal plain has a flat relief with low gradients, with portions below 5 meters in hight, which favors sea inundations and the sedimentary dynamic. Long term coastal changes, during the last 5.000 years, resulted in shoreline accretion in response to regressive or stable sea level conditions, with the development of tide flats and mangroves, with migration of barrier-beaches and dunes over mangrove deposits. The accretional and regressive successions of the Soure coastal plain is agreeable to the regressional succession (S2) and transgressive succession (S3) as proposed to coastal plains of Bragança, Salinópolis, Marapanim and São João de Pirabas. The medium term coastal dynamic (1986/2001) is represented by morphological changes in response to interactive action of wave, current, tide and wind process, which has produced changes in the shoreline position. Soure and Salvaterra coast has been submited, in the last 15 years, to erosional processes characterized by shoreline retreat. The total of erosioned lands reached from 0.89 km2 (1986/1995), to 0.38 km2 (1995/1999) and 0.75 km2 (1999/2001). While the accretional areas represent a total of 0.21 km2 (1986/1995), 0.32 km2 (1995/1999) and 0.08 km2 (1999/2001). The short term coastal changes involve the morphological and textural variability from beach topographic profiles in the rain and dry periods seazon in 2001. The seasonal changes are reflected in answer from the beach profiles in respose to variations of tides, ranges of currents, wave energy, availability of sediments and coastal morphology. In Soure, the erosional phase (february to april rainy period with highest tidal range) when it is possible to observe the shoreline retreat (21 m), backshore reduction (13 m), parallel dislocation of foreshore, sedimentary loses, granulometric coarsing (2.81 to 2.94 ϕ, thin sand)) and better selection (0.24 to 0.33, very well selected). The accretionary phase (july to nevember, dry period with stronger winds) showed: hight tide line extension (82 m), backshore enlargement (48 m), sedimentary gain (+339.25 m3), granulometric finning (2.86 a 3.10 ϕ, thin to very thin sand) and worse selection (0.28 to 0.40, very well to well selected). In Salvaterra, the accretional phase (february to april) showed high tide line extension (29 m), backshore enlargement (13 m) and raise of beach volume. In profile 1, there was a granulometric coarsing (0.84 ϕ, thick sand) and worse selection (0.51, moderatelly selected). In profile 2, the grain became thinner (1.49 f medium sand) and better selection (0.44 well selected). The erosional phase (july to november) showed high tide line retreat (25 m), diminution backshore (8 m), sedimentary loses (-22.69 m3), exchange of material between the higher amd lower part of the profiles, the grain became thinner (1.39 ϕ medium sand) and worse selection (0.52 moderatelly selected). The vulnerability of the coast zone to natural risks occur in response to erosive processes in the last 15 years. The environmental zonement resulted in an integration of morphological dates with analysis of coastal changes geoindicators and human interference levels. Different sectors of the coastal zone were classified in : permanent preservation areas (mangroves, beaches and dunes), adequated to occupation areas (coastal upland), areas with risk to occupation (cliff sides) and environmental damage areas (deforested mangroves, beach-dune ridges occupied). The recomendations of preservation, use and future occupation from the coast should subsidize the planning and coastal management. The use of remote sensing and of Geographic Information System, in the several stages of this thesis development, represented important tools to data aquisitions, spatial analysis and synthesis, understanding of coastal relief distribution and caracteristics, observation and quantification of the changes, thematic mapping. Thus this information presents a large use in coastal studies.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:26:11Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2010-09-03Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:14:49Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 santos_vc_me_rcla.pdf: 1357104 bytes, checksum: 93f8d2931c8ea5facacb9de9abe21ee3 (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / O rio Paraná, em seu trecho natural, possui padrão multicanal caracterizado por canais secundários de diferentes ordens, separando diversas ilhas e barras fluviais. As barras fluviais são formas semi-submersas associadas à disponibilidade de sedimentos e a um dinamismo temporal cujas dimensões são controladas pelo fluxo e pela profundidade. Neste estudo, pretende-se compreender os processos que promovem a formação, desenvolvimento e movimentação de uma barra de soldamento situada junto à ilha Santa Rosa, no rio Paraná, município de Porto Rico - PR. Para alcançar os objetivos propostos, foram realizados levantamentos de parâmetros hidráulicos, morfométricos e granulométricos. Nos dados levantados dos parâmetros hidráulicos, verificou-se que a presença da ilha Santa Rosa, juntamente com barra fluvial, divide o canal em dois setores de dinâmica hidráulica e sedimentar distintas. O canal principal conduz a maior parcela da vazão, é mais energético, enquanto o canal secundário apresenta valores inferiores nestes dois parâmetros. A separação do fluxo também acarreta na formação de correntes divergentes à direção principal do canal, favorecendo a diminuição da velocidade e, consequentemente, a deposição de sedimentos no entorno da ilha Santa Rosa. Averiguou-se que a morfologia da barra está diretamente vinculada às flutuações de vazão do rio Paraná: em período de águas altas há maior retrabalhamento da forma, já no período de águas médias, esta se preservou parcialmente, inclusive com afloramento em parte. Quanto aos sedimentos, as partículas de diâmetro fino distribuem-se em locais de maior velocidade de fluxo e profundidade (talvegue) em ambos os períodos analisados As partículas de diâmetro médio a grosso encontram-se no período de águas altas distribuídas pela área estudada; já no período de águas médias, estes sedimentos... / The Paraná River, in its natural stretch, has a multichannel pattern characterized by secondary channels of different orders, which separates several islands and bars. The bars are forms semi-submerged associated with the availability of sediment and a temporal dynamic, whose dimensions are controlled by the flow and depth. This study intends to understand the processes which promote formation, development and movement of the annexation bar associated to the Santa Rosa Island, located on Paraná River, near to Porto Rico - PR. To achieve the proposed aims, surveys were carried out in hydraulic, morphometric and granulometric parameters. In the data hydraulic parameters survey it was found that the presence of Santa Rosa Island along with bar divides the river channel in two sectors of distinct dynamic hydraulic and sediment. The main channel leads to a higher portion of the flow, it is more energetic, while the secondary channel has lower values in these two parameters. The separation of the flow also causes the formation of divergent currents towards the main channel, favoring the decrease in velocity and consequent deposition of sediments near to Santa Rosa Island. It was found that the morphology of the bar is directly linked to fluctuations in the flow of the Paraná River, during periods of high water there is more reworking, since in this average water period partially preserved its shape, emerging in part. As for sediment, the fine diameter particles are distributed in areas of higher flow velocity and depth (thalweg) in both analyzed periods. From medium to coarse diameter particles are, in the high-water period, distributed in the studied area, although in the average water period these sediments are located in low flow velocity and depth (Bar and Secondary Channel). Specific stream power and shields parameter values are larger in the main channel in both periods, indicating... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)

Made available in DSpace on 2015-03-13T17:08:19Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 TasiaHLM.pdf: 1408963 bytes, checksum: 9fb714b620a5b8c79b79cd9b918dafb4 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2001-03-02 / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior / O presente estudo objetiva identificar e compreender as transforma??es geomorfol?gicas ocorridas nas lagoas naturais existentes e desaparecidas na Cidade do Natal, durante a ocupa??o urbana, considerando a import?ncia e o equil?brio do ecossistema lacustre no meio ambiente local. Foram utilizadas fotografias a?reas/1970, imagens de sat?lite SPOT/1996, cartas topogr?ficas/1978, 1:2000, mapa do munic?pio do Natal/1 : 10.000 /1956, planta do Forte do Rio Grande e arredores, 1633, observa??es in loco , e conversas informais com moradores das ?reas do entorno das lagoas. As cartas topogr?ficas foram digitalizadas e com os dados obtidos foram constru?dos Modelos Digitais de Eleva??es das ?reas das lagoas e da Cidade do Natal. Constatou-se que, em decorr?ncia da expans?o urbana, as lagoas perderam as caracter?sticas de natureza primitiva e ganharam outras de natureza transformada, substituindo a cobertura vegetal natural pela arboriza??o urbana; o solo pela cobertura de asfaltos e os riachos por galerias de ?guas pluviais sintetizando, assim, os novos aspectos da geomorfologia urbana. O entorno das lagoas foi ocupado por pra?as, pr?dios p?blicos e particulares, causando degrada??es consider?veis nas lagoas da Campina, Nova, Seca, Jacob, Manuel Felipe e nas do conjunto habitacional Pirangi/Jiqui, agravadas, substancialmente, no per?odo chuvoso. Estas lagoas naturais foram classificadas como lagoas do conjunto habitacional Pirangi/Jiqui, lagoas associadas ao sistema Lagoinha, lagoas associadas ao sistema estu?rio Potengi/Jundia?, lagoas associadas ao sistema rio Doce e lagoas artificiais (recep??o e estabiliza??o). Morfologicamente, as lagoas se apresentam como depress?es interdunares, com formas semicirculares e alongadas na dire??o preferencial dos ventos, com depend?ncia das precipita??es pluviom?tricas e do suprimento d ?gua do aq??fero Dunas/Barreiras, o qual aflora nas ?reas mais baixas, onde ocorrem substratos correlacionados aos sedimentos da Forma??o Barreiras recobertas por aluvi?es lacustres. O aterramento das lagoas imp?s mudan?as consider?veis ? geomorfologia local, provocando transforma??es ? paisagem natural. O maior problema do aterramento das lagoas foi ? transfer?ncia da drenagem urbana da cidade. Prop?e-se a realiza??o de estudos geol?gicos/geomorfol?gicos relativos ao uso e ocupa??o do solo urbano

Made available in DSpace on 2015-03-13T17:08:32Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 LinoPAF_DISSERT.pdf: 3570938 bytes, checksum: 9f6e2a321c5dc93388c87d95193a12d6 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-02-28 / Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte / This work focuses the geomorphological characterization and spatial data modeling in the shallow continental shelf within the Folha Touros limits (SB-25-CV-II), based on bathymetric data analysis and remote sensing products interpretation. The Rio Grande do Norte state is located in northeastern Brazil and the work area is located at the transition region between the eastern and northern portions of their coast. The bathymetric surveys were conduced between march and may 2009, using a 10 meters long vessel and 0.70 meters draught, equipped with global positioning system and echo sounder (dual beam, 200KHz , 14?). The fieldwork resulted in 44 bathymetric profiles espaced 1.5 km and 30 km average length. The bathymetric data amount were 111,200 points and were navigated 1395.7 km within na area about 1,850 km2. The bathymetric data were corrected for the tide level, vessel draught and were subsequently entered into a geographic information system for further processing. Analysis of remote sensing products was carried out using Landsat 7/ETM + band 1, from november 1999. The image was used for visualization and mapping submerged features. The results showed the presence of geomorphological features within the study area. Were observed, from the analysis of local bathymetry and satellite image, seven types of geomorphological features. The channels, with two longitudinals channels (e. g. San Roque and Cioba channels) and other perpendicular to the coast (e. g. Touros, Pititinga and Barretas). Coastal reef formations (Maracaja?, Rio do Fogo and Cioba). Longitudinal waves, described in the literature as longitudinal dunes. The occurrence of a transverse dune field. Another feature observed was the oceanic reefs, an rock alignment parallel to the coast. Were identified four riscas , from north to south: risca do Liso, Gameleira, Zumbi, Pititinga (the latter being described for the first time). Finally, an oceanic terrace was observed in the deepest area of study. Image interpretation corroborated with the in situ results, enabling visualization and description for all features in the region. The results were analysed in an integrating method (using the diferent methodologies applied in this work) and it was essential to describe all features in the area. This method allowed us to evaluate which methods generated better results to describe certain features. From these results was possible to prove the existence of submerged features in the eastern shallow continental shelf of Rio Grande do Norte. In this way, the conclusions was (1) this study contributed to the provision of new information about the area in question, particularly with regard to data collection in situ depths, (2) the method of data collection and interpretation proves to be effective because, through this, it was possible to visualize and interpret the features present in the study area and (3) the interpretation and discussion of results in an integrated method, using different methodologies, can provide better results / O objetivo deste trabalho ? apresentar uma caracteriza??o geomorfol?gica e a modelagem de dados espaciais na plataforma continental rasa nos limites da Folha Touros (SB-25-V-C-II), com base na an?lise/interpreta??o de dados batim?tricos e produtos de sensores remotos orbitais. O Estado do Rio Grande do Norte est? localizado na regi?o nordeste do Brasil e a ?rea de trabalho situa-se na regi?o de transi??o entre as por??es oriental e setentrional de sua plataforma. Para o desenvolvimento das an?lises foram realizados levantamentos batim?tricos entre os meses de mar?o e maio de 2009, utilizando-se uma embarca??o com 10 metros de comprimento e 0,70 metros de calado, equipada com sistema de posicionamento global e ecossonda (feixe duplo, 200KHz, 14?). A campanha resultou em 44 perfis batim?tricos com espa?amento de 1,5 km e extens?o m?dia de 30 km. O montante das campanhas foi de 111.200 pontos v?lidos de profundidade em 1.395,7 km navegados numa ?rea de 1.850 km2. Os dados batim?tricos foram corrigidos em rela??o ao n?vel de mar?, calado da embarca??o e posteriormente foram inseridos em um sistema de informa??es geogr?ficas para outros processamentos. Para o desenvolvimento das an?lises, a partir de produto de sensor remoto orbital, foi utilizada a banda 1 do Landsat 7/ETM+, de 19 de novembro de 1999. A imagem foi utilizada para visualiza??o e mapeamento de fei??es submersas. Os resultados obtidos evidenciaram, de forma muito expressiva, a presen?a de fei??es geomorfol?gicas caracter?sticas da regi?o em estudo. Foram observados, a partir da an?lise da batimetria local e imagem orbital sete tipos de fei??es geomorfol?gicas. Os canais, com a presen?a de canais longitudinais (e. g. canal de S?o Roque, Cioba de Dentro e Cioba de Fora) e outros perpendiculares a costa (e. g. Touros, Pititinga e Barretas). Os altos costeiros, caracterizados como forma??es recifais, sendo estes os altos de Maracaja?, Rio do Fogo e Cioba. As ondula??es longitudinais, descritas na literatura como sendo dunas longitudinais. Foi verificada a presen?a de um campo de dunas transversais. Outra fei??o observada foi o alto oce?nico, um alinhamento rochoso paralelo a costa. Foram identificadas quatro riscas, de norte para sul: risca do Liso, Gameleira, Zumbi, Pititinga (esta ?ltima sendo descrita pela primeira vez). Por fim, um terra?o oce?nico foi observado na regi?o mais profunda da ?rea de estudo. A interpreta??o das imagens corroboraram com os resultados in situ, sendo poss?vel vizualisar e descrever todas as fei??es existentes na regi?o. A integra??o dos resultados, das metodologias aplicadas neste trabalho, foi fundamental para que todas as fei??es existentes na ?rea fossem amplamente discutidas e possibilitou avaliar quais m?todos geraram melhores resultados para descrever certas fei??es. A partir dos resultados obtidos foi poss?vel comprovar a existencia de fei??es submersas na plataforma continental rasa do litoral oriental do Rio Grande do Norte. Desta forma, foi poss?vel destacar que (1) o presente trabalho contribuiu com a disponibiliza??o de novas informa??es a respeito da ?rea em quest?o, principalmente no que diz respeito a coleta de dados in situ de profundidades, (2) o m?todo de coleta e interpreta??o dos dados se mostrou eficiente visto que, por meio deste, foi poss?vel visualizar e interpretar as fei??es presentes na ?rea em estudo e (3) a interpreta??o e discuss?o dos resultados de forma integrada, entre diferentes metodologias, podem fornecer melhores resultados

Submitted by Divisão de Documentação/BC Biblioteca Central (ddbc@ufam.edu.br) on 2016-11-29T14:46:57Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação - André Z. A. Nascimento.pdf: 4664415 bytes, checksum: 8ee80e33a796e4d64a6bcac337ed3005 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Divisão de Documentação/BC Biblioteca Central (ddbc@ufam.edu.br) on 2016-11-29T14:47:18Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação - André Z. A. Nascimento.pdf: 4664415 bytes, checksum: 8ee80e33a796e4d64a6bcac337ed3005 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Divisão de Documentação/BC Biblioteca Central (ddbc@ufam.edu.br) on 2016-11-29T14:47:32Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação - André Z. A. Nascimento.pdf: 4664415 bytes, checksum: 8ee80e33a796e4d64a6bcac337ed3005 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-11-29T14:47:32Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação - André Z. A. Nascimento.pdf: 4664415 bytes, checksum: 8ee80e33a796e4d64a6bcac337ed3005 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-06-27 / CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The Solimões and Negro are very complex river systems, which have different characteristics. Try to understand how they interact hydrological processes along with the fluvial geomorphology is fundamental to understanding the changes that occur in the landscape and in the bed of these rivers. Through bathymetry and hydrological data it was possible to extract information from the morphology and hydrology of the bed in the lower course of the Solimões and Negro sections, and their respective confluence. The study made possible a description of the processes and hydro-geomorphological characteristics that occur at the confluence of the Solimões and Negro, the main result of the identification of the bed morphology characteristics and flow zones found in the confluences studies of large rivers. A possible uniform flow region before confluence in Solimões River, a uniform flow area in the Black River before confluence, there is a flow stagnation zone in the NE end of the island of Xiborena, an area for flow deflection, shortly after high speed region, and a separation zone of the flow at the end there is the recovery zone flow. A region where an erosion valley occurs, associated with regions where there are the deflection of the flow, and also high speeds. Possibly it occurs in a deposition zone submerged bar, after the junction of two channels. Are remarkable transformations that occurred both on the banks of Xiborena Island in the NE direction end, which had a deposited area increase, as in Careiro Island in parallel edge to the Solimões River and the Island Xiborena where there was a great erosion, caused one loss of approximately 800 meters of land. / Os Rios Solimões e Negro são sistemas fluviais muito complexos que têm diferentes características. Tentar entender como interagem os processos hidrológicos, juntamente com a geomorfologia fluvial, é fundamental para a compreensão das mudanças que ocorrem na paisagem e no leito desses Rios. Por meio de dados batiméticos e hidrológicos foi possível extrair informações da morfologia do leito e hidrologia em trechos do baixo curso dos Rios Solimões e Negro, e respectiva confluência. O estudo possibilitou uma descrição dos processos e das características hidro-geomorfológicas que ocorrem na confluência dos Rios Solimões e Negro. O principal resultado foi a identificação de características da morfologia do leito e das zonas de fluxo encontradas nos estudos de confluências de grande rios. Uma possível região de fluxo uniforme no Rio Solimões, uma zona de fluxo uniforme no Rio Negro, uma zona de estagnação do fluxo na extremidade NE da Ilha da Xiborena, uma área de deflecção de fluxo, logo após uma região de altas velocidades, uma zona de separação do fluxo, áreas de recuperação do fluxo. E uma região onde ocorre um vale de erosão (bed scour) associado às regiões onde existe a deflexão do fluxo e também altas velocidades. Possivelmente, ocorre uma zona de deposição em barra submersa, após a junção dos dois canais. As transformações que ocorreram tanto nas margens da Ilha da Xiborena na extremidade NE, são tão notáveis que houve um aumento de área depositada, como na Ilha do Careiro na margem paralela ao Rio Solimões e da Ilha da Xiborena, onde houve uma grande erosão, ocasionado uma perda de aproximadamente 800 metros de terras.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-27T18:15:48Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Kamila da Silva Raimundo Boico.pdf: 14535403 bytes, checksum: 20bfdcb71386fb8a5cfaeaf0ae9ce692 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-05-06 / This study discusses the approach to categories and concepts related to Geomorphology in four teaching books written for high school students. We present not only the definitions for the subject studied in these works, but also take into account the images, figures, diagrams and maps presented, whose function is to aid in the explanation of the processes that occur inside the earth and on its surface, which in turn come to influence the forms of terrestrial relief. For the production of this analysis, we used respected works that deal with the dynamics studied by Geomorphology, as in the case of the Dictionary of Geology and Geomorphology, by Guerra (1987) and Understanding the Earth, compiled by Teixeira (2001). We also used an interview with Professor Gil Sodero de Toledo, who told us a little about the lectures that he gave in the University of Sao Paulo, and his reports were important to this research, given that he commented on the professors of Geography, on the participation that he had in formulating the Curriculum Guidelines of the State of Sao Paulo in 1986, on teaching books, amongst other subjects that involve the theme of this work / O presente trabalho discute a abordagem das categorias e conceitos que possuem relações com a Geomorfologia em quatro livros didáticos destinados a alunos do Ensino Médio. Apresentamos não só as definições sobre o tema observadas nessas obras, mas também levamos em conta as imagens, figuras, esquemas e mapas apresentados, cuja função é auxiliar a explicação dos processos ocorridos no interior e na superfície terrestre, que por sua vez virão a influenciar as formas de relevo. Para a elaboração dessa análise, utilizamos obras consagradas que tratam das dinâmicas estudadas pela Geomorfologia, como é o caso do Dicionário geológico e geomorfológico, de Guerra (1987) e de Decifrando a Terra, organizada por Teixeira (2001). Contamos também com a entrevista do professor Gil Sodero de Toledo, que nos contou um pouco das aulas que ministrava na Universidade de São Paulo, e seus relatos foram de sua importância para esta pesquisa, já que comentou sobre os professores de Geografia, sobre a participação que teve na Proposta Curricular do Estado de São Paulo em 1986, sobre os livros didáticos, entre outros assuntos que envolvem o tema deste trabalho

Na presente pesquisa investiga-se a geomorfologia da planície fluvial do rio Pinheiros entre os bairros de Pinheiros, Butantã e Cidade Jardim, na cidade de São Paulo. Para tal, propõe-se uma carta geomorfológica de detalhe deste setor da planície na escala de 1:20.000, confeccionada a partir de pesquisa arquivística prévia e, principalmente, de fotografias aéreas e de mapas antigos. A análise da carta e a sua correlação com informações sedimentológicas e estratigráficas encontradas, principalmente, em recentes relatórios de engenharia para a construção do Metrô de São Paulo, permitem a caracterização do sistema fluvial deste setor do rio Pinheiros, bem como de parte da morfodinâmica atuante no sistema antes da perturbação antrópica de alto impacto decorrente da urbanização que ali se instalou a partir da década de 1930. A pesquisa permitiu também a interpretação de uma provável sequência de eventos geomorfológicos atuantes no setor estudado durante o Pleistoceno Superior e o Holoceno. Parâmetros morfométricos tais como índice de sinuosidade de canais e paleocanais e largura da planície no trecho estudado evidenciaram aspectos da influência da estrutura geológica em sua evolução. O reconhecimento de sistemas geomorfológicos em seu estágio préperturbação antrópica é essencial para a compreensão dos processos atuais, principalmente em meios intensamente modificados como as áreas urbanas. A pesquisa apresenta então este tipo de reconhecimento, colaborando assim na compreensão dos processos antecedentes às grandes rupturas que se instalam no sistema a partir das ações antrópicas na superfície. / This research investigates the geomorphology of part of Pinheiros River fluvial plain in São Paulo city. This study main result is a detailed geomorphologic map - 1:20,000 - that used ancient aerial photographs and maps obtained from formal archival surveys. The descriptions of floodplain units were associated to stratigraphic and sedimentologic data obtained from recent engineering projects reports of São Paulo underground (such as subway). This association allows the understanding of part of Pinheiros River fluvial system and morphodynamic before urbanization. The research also allowed offering a sequence of geomorphological events related to the floodplain and channel systems over the Holocene. Morphometric parameters, such as width and sinuosity index of channels and paleo-channels of floodplain meandering system, appear as an evidence of the structural influence in geomorphological evolution of this system. The recognition of geomorphologic systems in pre-disturbance stage is essential for understanding the current processes, mainly in environments greatly modified by human actions, such as urban areas. This research presents this kind of recognition and contributes to the understanding of processes in the system before human actions in the surface.