Made available in DSpace on 2016-01-26T12:51:37Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 gustavohenriquedeoliveira_dissert.pdf: 1016056 bytes, checksum: b6eb4d4fc07821695de5cff5b5d6909b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-12-09 / To evaluate the importance of cervical gland area (CGA) to predict spontaneous preterm birth (SPB). Method: A prospective study was performed from October 2008 to September 2009 of 102 singleton pregnancies at 20 and 24 weeks. A transvaginal ultrasound during the routine morphological scan investigated: the cervical length, CGA, its thickness and signs of cervical funneling. A preterm birth is defined as one that occurs at less than 37 weeks gestation. Ultrasound and clinical variables were submitted to univariate analysis by calculations of descriptive statistics, the Student t-test, percentages, and two-dimensional associative arrays evaluated using the Fisher exact test and odds ratio. The level of significance was set at 5%. Results: Of the 102 patients, four were lost in the follow up and seven were excluded as delivery was induced prematurely; ten patients presented spontaneous preterm births and 81 at term. The mean maternal age was 28.8 years old (18-41 years) without significant difference between the spontaneous preterm birth and term groups. There were statistical differences in the mean (33.9 vs. 36.1 cm), median (33.5 vs. 37.0 cm) and spread (standard deviation: 9.6 vs. 7.0) of the cervical length between the two groups. Risk factors for SPB gave an odds ratio of 15.06. All patients presented a CGA with a mean thickness of 8.4 mm (5.1 to 15 mm SD: 3.1) for SPB and 8.9 mm (3.0 to 13.9 mm SD: 2.3) for term individuals. Conclusion: The results suggest that the presence or absence and thickness of CGA are not correlated to SPB even in clinically or ultrasonographically high-risk patients. Further studies are necessary to reevaluate the parameters used to predict SPB. / Avaliar a importância do eco glandular endocervical (EGE) na predição de parto prematuro espontâneo (PPE). Método: Estudo prospectivo de 102 gestações únicas, entre 20-24 semanas, de outubro/2008 a setembro/2009. Na ecografia morfológica, o exame transvaginal avaliou: comprimento do colo uterino, EGE, espessura e sinal do afunilamento. Foi considerado PPE interrupção antes de 37 semanas de gestação. As avaliações ultrassonográfica e clínica foram submetidas à análise univariada pelos cálculos de estatísticas descritivas, teste t de Student, distribuições percentuais, tabelas associativas para análises bidimensionais, teste exato de Fisher e odds ratio no nível de significância de 5%. Resultados: Das 102 pacientes, quatro perderam seguimento, sete foram excluídas por parto prematuro induzido, dez pacientes apresentaram PPE e 81 parto a termo (PT). A idade materna média foi de 28,8 anos (18-41 anos), sem diferença nos dois grupos (PPE e PT). No comprimento do colo observaram-se diferenças na média (33,9 x 36,1 cm), mediana (33,5 x 37,0 cm) e na dispersão (desvio padrão 9,6 x 7,0). Fatores de risco para PPE mostraram odds ratio de 15,06. Todas as pacientes apresentaram EGE, com espessura média de 8,4 mm (5,1 a 15 mm - desvio padrão 3,1) para PPE, e de 8,9 mm (3,0 a 13,9 mm - desvio padrão de 2,3) para PT. Conclusão: Os resultados indicam que a presença, ausência ou espessura do EGE não se correlacionou com PPE, mesmo naquelas pacientes com alto risco clínico e/ou ultrassonográfico de PPE. São necessárias novas pesquisas para reavaliação dos parâmetros indicadores de PPE.

Die equine Endometrose ist eine irreversible periglanduläre und/oder stromale Fibrose, betroffene Uterindrüsen zeigen meist glanduläre Alterationen und häufig eine zyklusasynchrone Differenzierung. Sie ist eine der wichtigsten Ursachen für Fruchtbarkeitsstörungen von Stuten und reduziert - abhängig von ihrer qualitativen und graduellen Ausprägung - die zu erwartende Abfohlrate. Fehldifferenzierte Endometrien treten nach neueren Erkenntnissen häufiger (16 % während der Decksaison) auf als bisher angenommen. Sie sind durch Abweichungen des endometrialen Funktions- und oder Aktivitätszustandes gekennzeichnet, wobei die irreguläre glanduläre Differenzierung (IGD) eine vollständige Pleomorphie ihrer Drüsenanschnitte zeigt. Die ungleichmäßige glanduläre Differenzierung (UGD) ähnelt mit ihren vom Grundzustand des Endometriums abweichend differenzierten Drüsennestern, die bisher als nicht-fibrotisch angesehen wurden, der equinen Endometrose. Bislang finden Fehldifferenzierungen (Ausnahme: die Atrophie in der Decksaison) keine Erwähnung im Kategorisierungsschema der Endometriumbioptate. Tatsächlich sind sie jedoch auch als fertilitätsmindernd anzusehen. Daher war das Ziel der vorliegenden Studie, mittels vergleichender lichtmikroskopischer und immunhistologischer Untersuchung der UGD und der Endometrose in Serienschnitten (n = 837) von Endometriumbioptaten (n = 33), neue Erkenntnisse darüber zu gewinnen, ob die UGD eine Frühform der Endometrose darstellt. Die Bioptate wurden 31 Stuten während der Decksaison (April bis September) der Jahre 1998 - 2012 entnommen und anhand ihrer Befunde in Gruppen eingeteilt: Stuten in Gr. 1 (n = 10) weisen eine UGD auf, Gr. 1a (n = 3) ist durch eine UGD und eine IGD, Gr. 2 (n = 10) durch eine UGD und eine Endometrose gekennzeichnet, während Gr. 2a (n = 10) eine UGD, eine Endometrose und eine IGD zeigt. Als Kontrollen dienten jeweils 5 Biopsien mit unveränderten Endometrien bzw. einer ggr. Endometrose. Die Serienschnitte wurden routinemäßig aufgearbeitet und mittels H.-E. gefärbt oder immunhistologischen Behandlungen zum Nachweis von α-Aktin, Desmin, Vimentin, Laminin, Östrogen- und Progesteronrezeptoren unterzogen. Die Ergebnisauswertung erfolgte semi-quantitativ und ohne die Erstellung einer Statistik. Alle ausgewählten UGD-Nester wurden in 3 Schnittebenen des Gewebes lichtmikroskopisch auf das Vorhandensein und die Ausprägung periglandulär angelagerter Stromazellen (PSC) überprüft. Dabei wiesen in Schnittebene 1 die Mehrzahl (78,15 %) der Drüsen innerhalb der UGD-Nester PSC auf, die häufig einschichtig (67,56 %), seltener (30,38 %) zwei- bis dreischichtig auftraten und die Drüsen meist (73,42 %) maximal zur Hälfte und selten (7,07 %) vollständig umschlossen. In tieferen Schnittebenen konnte eine dezente Zunahme der zwei- bis dreischichtigen PSC (35,85 % bzw. 34,67 %) festgestellt werden, welche die betroffenen Drüsen etwas häufiger vollständig umfassten (10,53 % bzw. 10,03 %). Immunhistologisch nimmt die α-Aktin-Expression innerhalb der UGD und (stärker ausgeprägt) in der Endometrose gegenüber unveränderten Stromazellen zu. Desmin wird im Vergleich mit unveränderten Arealen in der UGD und in der Endometrose von einem höheren Prozentsatz positiver Stromazellen exprimiert, jedoch – wie in der Literatur bereits für die UGD, nicht aber für die Endometrose, berichtet - mit verminderter Intensität. Die stromale Vimentin-Expression ist in UGD und Endometrose gegenüber den unveränderten Arealen insgesamt erhöht, wobei der Prozentsatz Vimentin exprimierender Stromazellen in der UGD etwas höher ausfällt als in der Endometrose. Auch die Drüsenepithelien zeigen in beiden Alterationen einen leicht erhöhten Prozentsatz und v.a. erhöhte Intensität von Vimentin. Für die Basallamina-Komponente Laminin kann v.a. ein verbreitertes/aufgefasertes, diskontinuierliches oder fehlendes, teilweise auch dünneres Erscheinungsbild um Drüsen in der UGD und in der Endometrose festgestellt werden. Die ER und PR werden von den Stromazellen in UGD und Endometrose insgesamt reduziert exprimiert, die Epithelzellen zeigen insbesondere für die ER eine leicht erhöhte Expression gegenüber unveränderten Drüsen. Zusammenfassend weist ein Großteil der UGD-Drüsen PSC auf. Dies lässt, in Verbindung mit dem vom unveränderten Endometrium abweichenden immunhistologischen Expressionsmuster der UGD sowie (meist stärker ausgeprägt) der Endometrose, den Schluss zu, dass die UGD eine Frühform der Endometrose darstellt. Daraus folgt die Notwendigkeit einer Überarbeitung und Ergänzung des histomorphologischen Kategorisierungsschemas für Endometriumbioptate, wobei für die UGD dieselbe (gradabhängige) prognostische Bewertung wie für die Endometrose angenommen werden muss. Künftige Studien können anhand von Verlaufsuntersuchungen überprüfen, ob UGD-Stuten in einem definierten Zeitraum eine den Kriterien des Kategorisierungsschemas entsprechende Endometrose entwickeln. / Equine endometrosis is known as periglandular and/or stromal fibrosis in combination with glandular alterations. In view of their function and/or activity, the affected glands often are deviating from the physiological stage of the cycle. It is one of the most important reasons for reduced fertility in mares and - in dependence on quality and degree - partly leads to a distinct reduction of the expected foaling rate. According to recent findings, endometrial maldifferentiations occur more often (16% during the breeding season) than expected. Affected endometria are characterised by glands deviating from the physiological stage of the cycle regarding their function and/or activity. The irregular glandular differentiation (IGD) shows a polymorphy of epithelial cells within one gland cross-section, while the unequal glandular differentiation (UGD) reminds on endometrosis because of the glandular nests, up to now seen as non-fibrotic, deviating from the stage of the cycle. Until now, endometrial maldifferentiations, excluding atrophia during the breeding season, are not mentioned in the catgorisation system for endometrial tissue examination. But in fact, they also are reducing the fertility. So the aim of this study was to get new insights if UGD is an early form of endometrosis by comparative histomorphological and immunohistochemical examinations on serial slides (n = 837) of 33 endometrial tissue specimens with UGD and endometrosis. The biopsies were taken of 31 mares during physiological breeding season (April to September) between 1998 and 2012 and grouped according to their diagnostic findings: The mares in group 1 (n = 10) show UGD, group 1a (n = 3) shows UGD and IGD while Group 2 (n = 10) is characterised by the presence of UGD and endometrosis and group 2a (n = 10) by UGD, endometrosis and IGD. Each 5 tissue samples without alterations, respectively a mild endometrosis served as controls. All serial slides (n = 837) were routinely processed and stained by hematoxylin and eosin or underwent an immunohistochemical treatment to detect α-actin, desmin, vimentin, laminin, estrogen- und progesteronreceptors. The evaluation of the results was carried out semi-quantitatively and without statistical analysis. Each three slide levels of the tissue samples were examined by light microscopy, if and of which gradual occurrence periglandular arranged stromal cells (PSC) were noticeable in deeper areas of the selected UGD-nests. In slide level 1 most of the glands (78.15%) within UGD show PSC, which mostly (73.42%) surrounds maximally half of the affected gland and rarely (7.07%) the whole gland, often (67.56%) consists of one layer and less frequently (30.38%) of two or three layers. A slight increase of PSC with two or three layers (35.85% respectively 34.67%) is detectable in deeper slide levels, also more often a complete surrounding of the glands (10.53% respectively 10.03%) by the PSC is seen. The immunohistochemical investigations reveal, compared to unchanged stromal cells, an increase of the stromal α-actin-expression in UGD and (stronger) in endometrosis. Desmin is expressed by a higher percentage of stromal cells in UGD as well as in endometrosis, but with reduced intensity. This is already described in literature for UGD but not for endometrosis. The stromal vimentin-expression is increased towards the unchanged areas in UGD and endometrosis, but the percentage of vimentin-positive stromal cells is slightly higher within UGD than within endometrosis. Vimentin also is detectable with slightly hightened percentage and first of all stronger intensity in epithelial cells of both alterations. Laminin, which is a part of the basal lamina, can be found around glands and around UGD- and fibrotic glands primarily is characterised by a widened/filamentous, discontinuous or missing, sometimes also slighter morphology. Compared to the unchanged areas, the stromal cells in UGD and endometrosis express the ER and PR in a reduced way, while epithelial cells show a slightly increased expression, especially for the ER. To sum up, a big part of the glands within UGD is characterised by PSC. In association with the immunohistochemical expression pattern of UGD and endometrosis differing (mostly stronger in endometrosis) from those of the unchanged endometrium, this is regarded as an aproach of UGD towards endometrosis, which suggests UGD being an early form of endometrosis. Because of that, a revision and completion of the histomorphological categorisation system for endometrial tissue samples is necessary, assuming the same prognostical evaluation für UGD as for endometrosis, that depends on the degree of the alterations. Future studies could verify, if mares suffering from UGD are developing an endometrosis according to the diagnostical criteria of the categorization system by a defined period of time.

Existence of larval dorsoabdominal scent glands (DAGs) together with occurence of adult metathoracic scent glands is one of the important autapomorphic characters of taxon Heteroptera within taxon Insecta. DAGs can persist until adults in some species of this taxon. The persistence of DAGs were proved also in members of infraorder Pentatomomorpha. Targets of this thesis are: collect the knowledge about persistent adult DAGs in selected representative members of important families of taxon Pentatomomorpha; study and compare the condition of the DAGs in the oldest larval instars and adults; clarify the significance of existence the openings of conducting ductules of proper glandular units in reservoir intima of DAGs in study of the persistence of these glands. For study were used stereomicroscope, light and scanning electron microscope. Key words: Pentatomomorpha, Heteroptera, dorsoabdominal scent glands, openings of conducting ductules of glandular units, larvae of 5th instar, persistence in adults, persistence patterns, light microscope, scanning electron microscope

Breast cancer presents serious epidemiological problem, in result of which die more than 2 000 czech women every year. Screening mammography is one of the most expanded and most effective examinations for early detection of this desease but one has to take into account an inconsiderable risk connected with the procedure based on X-ray ionizing radiation. This diploma thesis deals with evaluation of the dose absorbed by the tissue. It contains the description of evaluation of the average dose in glandular tissue on PMMA phantom, as well as results of the measurements on conventional and digital mammograph. A data file with exposure parameters from mammography screening is included and interpreted. Also the Monte Carlo method was used for the dose evaluation, the thesis contains the brief description of the method, concept of analysis model in mammography and results of simulations.

At present, prostate cancer is a significant public health issue throughout the world and is the second leading cause of cancer deaths in older men. The prostate specific antigen or PSA (which is encoded by the kallikrein 3/KLK3 gene) test is the current most valuable tool for the diagnosis and management of prostate cancer. However, it is insufficiently sensitive and specific for early diagnosis, for staging of prostate cancer or for discriminating between benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) and prostate cancer. Recent research has revealed another potential tumour marker, glandular kallikrein 2 (KLK2 gene/hK2 protein), which may be used alone or in conjunction with PSA to overcome some of the limitations of the PSA test. Twelve new kallikrein gene family members have been recently identified and, like hK2 and PSA, many of these genes have been suggested to be involved in carcinogenesis. In this study, the cellular localisation and level of expression of several of these newer kallikreins (KLK4, KLK5, KLK7, KLK8 and KLK11) was examined in prostate tissue, to provide an understanding of the association of their expression with prostatic diseases and their potential as additional biomarkers. Like PSA and hK2, the present observation indicated that each of these proteins, hK4, hK5, hK7, hK8 and hK11, was detected within the cytoplasm of the secretory cells of the prostate glands. For the first time, all of these newly-identified proteins were shown to be expressed in prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia (PIN) lesions, in comparison to normal glands and cancer lesions. In addition to cytoplasmic secretory cell expression, the localisation of hK4 to the basal cells and nuclei in prostatic lesions was intriguing. The intensity of hK4 staining in prostate tissue was strongest in comparison to the other newly-identified kallikrein proteins (hK5, hK7, hK8 and hK11). Therefore, KLK4/hK4 expression was characterised further to define this cellular localisation and examined in non-prostatic tissue and also in a larger number of prostate tissues in an attempt to determine its potential value as a biomarker for prostate disease. Three hK4 antipeptide polyclonal antibodies, derived against N-terminal, mid-region and C-terminal hK4 amino acid sequences, were used. The hK4 N-terminal antipeptide antibody was used to demonstrate the cellular localisation of hK4 in kidney, salivary glands, liver, testis, colon carcinoma, heart, endometrium and ovarian cancer, for the first time. The presence of hK4 in these non-prostate tissues was consistent with the previous reports using RT-PCR. The dual cytoplasmic and nuclear localisation of hK4 observed in the prostate above was also seen in these tissues. Although hK4 was found widely expressed in many human tissue types, indicating that it is not prostate specific in its expression, the highest expression level of hK4 was seen in the prostate. Therefore, detailed expression patterns and levels of KLK4 mRNA and hK4 protein in the normal prostate and prostatic diseases and histopathological lesions were investigated and reported for the first time in this study. Twelve benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), 19 adenocarcinoma (Gleason grade 2-5) and 34 bone metastases from prostate cancer were analysed. Using in situ hybridisation, the expression of KLK4 mRNA was detected in the cytoplasm of the secretory cells of both normal and diseased prostate tissue. KLK4 mRNA was also noted in both secretory and basal cells of PIN lesions, but the basal cells of normal glands were negative. Using the hK4 N-terminal and mid-region antipeptide antibodies, hK4 was predominantly localised in the cytoplasm of the secretory cells. The intensity of hK4 staining appeared lowest in normal and BPH, and increased in PIN lesions, high Gleason grade prostate cancer and bone metastases indicating the potential of hK4 as a histopathological marker for prostatic neoplasias. Further studies are required with a larger cohort to determine its utility as a clinical biomarker. Small foci of atypical cells, which were found within normal glands, were also intensely stained. Surprisingly, hK4 protein was found in the nucleus of the secretory cells (but not the basal cells) of high grade PIN and Gleason grade 3 prostate cancer. The detection of KLK4 mRNA and hK4 protein in PIN lesions and small foci of atypical cells suggests that up-regulation of KLK4 expression occurs early in the pathology of prostate carcinogenesis. The finding of basal cell expression is not typical for the kallikreins and it is not clear what role hK4 would play in this cell type. With the use of the hK4 C-terminal antipeptide antibody, the staining was mainly localised in the nuclei of the secretory cells of the prostate glands. Although the nuclear localisation was readily noted in more than 90% of epithelial cells of the prostate gland with the C-terminal antibody, no difference in staining intensity was observed among the histopathological lesions of the prostate. The prominent nuclear localisation with the C-terminal antipeptide antibody was also shown to be distributed throughout the nucleus by using confocal microscopy. Further, by using gold-labelled particles for electron microscopy, the intracellular localisation of these hK4 antipeptide antibodies was reported here for the first time. Similar to the immunohistochemical results, the cytoplasm was the major site of localisation with the N-terminal and mid-region antipeptide antibodies. To further characterise the involvement of KLK4/hK4 in human prostate cancer progression, the transgenic adenocarcinoma mouse prostate (TRAMP) model was used in this study. In this study, mouse KLK4 (also known as enamel matrix serine protease -1, EMSP-1) was shown to be expressed in the TRAMP prostate for the first time. Previous studies had only shown the developing tooth as a site of expression for EMSP-1. The level of EMSP-1 mRNA expression was increased in PIN and prostate cancer lesions of the TRAMP model, while negative or low levels of EMSP-1 mRNA were seen in normal glands or in control mouse prostate tissue. The normal mouse prostate did not stain with any the three hK4 antipeptide antibodies. hK4 N-terminal and mid-region antipeptide antibodies showed positive staining in the cytoplasm of the epithelial cells of PIN and cancer lesions of the mouse prostate. The C-terminal antipeptide antibody showed distinctively nuclear staining and was predominantly localised in the nuclei of the glandular cells of PIN and cancer lesions of the mouse prostate. The expression patterns of both the mRNA and protein level for mouse KLK4 strongly supported the observations of KLK4/hK4 expression in the human prostate and further support the utility of the TRAMP model. Overall, the findings in this thesis indicate a clear association of KLK4/hK4 expression with prostate cancer progression. In addition, several intriguing findings were made in terms of cellular localisation (basal as well as secretory cells; nuclear and cytoplasmic) and high expression in atypical glandular cells and PIN, perhaps indicating an early involvement in prostate disease progression and, additionally, utility as basal cell and PIN histological markers. These findings provide the basis for future studies to confirm the utility of hK4 as a biomarker for prostate cancer progression and identify functional roles in the different cellular compartments.