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Effets de l’irradiation sur l’évolution de la pellicule d’altération formée lors de la lixiviation des verres borosilicatés nucléaires / Study of the mechanisms occurring during the leaching of nuclear glasses under irradiation - residual alteration kinetic stageMougnaud, Sarah 19 October 2016 (has links)
Les déchets nucléaires de haute activité, produits en France sous forme de colis de verre lors du traitement du combustible usé, sont destinés à être stockés en couche géologique profonde sur le long terme. L’arrivée de l’eau de l’environnement au contact du colis est prévue après quelques milliers d’années. De nombreuses études sur la durabilité d’un simulant non radioactif du verre industriel ont montré que le verre au contact de l’eau s’altère selon plusieurs régimes de vitesse, aboutissant à la formation d’une pellicule d’altération « passivante » et à l’instauration d’un régime de vitesse résiduelle sur le long terme. Cependant, la matrice vitreuse est soumise à la radioactivité des radioéléments qu’elle confine. Ce travail de thèse a pour objectif de se focaliser sur l’influence de l’irradiation sur la pellicule d’altération formée au cours de ce régime de vitesse résiduelle d’un point de vue structural et mécanistique. Dans ce but, la démarche choisie s’articule selon trois axes complémentaires. Des verres modèles simples non radioactifs ont été altérés et irradiés de façon externe afin d’observer les modifications engendrées par des effets électroniques (irradiations aux électrons et aux particules alpha).Le comportement à l’altération de ces mêmes types de verres, préalablement irradiés par des ions lourds, a été étudié de façon à appréhender l’impact de la dose balistique par le verre avant l’arrivée de l’eau. Enfin, l’altération d’un verre complexe dopé en émetteur alpha a été mise en œuvre afin de se rapprocher d’une situation plus réaliste. / High-level radioactive waste (HLW) remaining after spent nuclear fuel reprocessing is immobilized within a glass matrix, eventually destined for geological disposal. Water intrusion into the repository is expected after several thousand years. The alteration of a non-radioactive surrogate for nuclear glass has been extensively studied and it has been determined that successive leaching mechanisms lead to the formation of a “passivating” alteration layer and to the establishment of a residual rate regime in the long term. However, glass packages are submitted to the radioactivity of confined radioelements. This work focuses on the influence of irradiation on the alteration layer formed during the residual rate regime, in a structural and mechanistic point of view. Three focal areas have been selected. Non-radioactive simple glasses have been leached and externally irradiated in order to determine modifications induced by electronic effects (irradiations with electrons and alpha particles). The same type of glass samples have been previously irradiated with heavy ions and their leaching behavior have been studied in order to assess the impact of ballistic dose cumulated by the glass before water intrusion. Leaching behavior of a complex radioactive glass, doped with an alpha-emitter, has been studied to consider a more realistic situation.
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Optimization of High-Level Waste Loading in a Borosilicate Glass Matrix by Using Chemical Durability Modeling ApproachMohammad, Javeed 13 December 2002 (has links)
A laboratory scale study was carried out on a set of 6 borosilicate waste glasses made from simulated high-level nuclear waste. The test matrix was designed to explore the composition region suitable for the long-term geologic disposal of high-temperature-and high-waste-containing glasses. The glass compositions were selected to achieve maximum waste loading without a sacrifice in glass durability. The relationship between glass composition and chemical durability was examined. The qualitative effect of increasing B2O3 content on the overall waste glass leaching behavior has also been addressed. The glass composition matrix was designed by systematically varying the factors: %waste loading and (SiO2+Frit):B2O3 ratio, with (SiO2:Frit) ratio being held constant. In order to assess the chemical durability, the Product Consistency Test (ASTM C-1285) was performed. Under PCT protocol, crushed glass was allowed to react with ASTM type I water under static conditions. All leachate solutions were analyzed by the technique; Inductively Coupled Plasma-Atomic Emission Spectroscopy (ICP-AES). A statistical regression technique was utilized to model the normalized release of the major soluble elements, Na, Si, and B, as a function of the individual as well as interactive chemical effects (B2O3, Al2O3, Fe2O3, MnO, SiO2, SrO, Na2O, B2O3*SiO2, B2O3*Al2O3, Fe2O3*Na2O, Al2O3*Na2O, and MnO*SiO2). Geochemical modeling was performed using the computer code EQ3/6 to: (1) determine the saturation states of the possible silicate minerals, a-cristobalite and chalcedony; and (2) predict the most stable mineral phase based on the mineral thermodynamic data. Mineral/water interactions were analyzed by representing the resultant glass data on a Na-Al-Si-O-H stability diagram.
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Leaching of Glass Waste – Structure and Humidity Cell Tests / Lakning av glasavfall – Struktur och fuktkammarförsökSandgren, Elin January 2019 (has links)
Glass production has historically occurred at around 50 glassworks in Sweden, in a region known as the Kingdom of Crystals (Glasriket). Today, most of these sites are no longer active and left behind is glass waste of different forms (both as fragments of finished glass as well as unrefined glass melts). Consequently, increased concentrations of different metals, especially arsenic, lead and cadmium, have been found around the sites, both in soil as well as in ground and surface water. Between 2016 and 2019, the Geological Survey of Sweden (SGU) assigned Golder Associates AB (Golder) to evaluate the environmental risks at three different glassworks: Flerohopp, Åryd and Alsterbro. The results, based on humidity cell tests (HCT) conducted on glass samples from each site, showed that glass itself leached to a surprisingly high extent. Based on this, the aim of this master thesis has been to explain trends in glass leaching by a thorough literature review and through the analysis of HCT data of glass samples. Additionally, the speciation of different metals in the leachate was investigated based on geochemical modelling using PHREEQC. Results from the literature review show that one of the possible mechanisms for the leaching of glass in contact with water is ion exchange, which occurs at the surface of the glass, namely between glass components and H+ ions in water. Additionally, the literature also argues that glass with higher silica content form a more resilient structure, in contrast to glass which contains a large amount of modifiers, such as Na and Ca. Researchers speculate that adding such modifiers to the glass mass opens up the structure, making it more vulnerable upon contact with water. Looking at the total concentration of elements from the three glassworks, the results show a variation in silica content in relation to other elements. In line with this hypothesis, the sample from Åryd, which contained a higher proportion of modifiers, showed a high leaching rate of both Na and Si. Furthermore, the result shows that the leaching of Na and As follows the same pattern over the HCT period for all glassworks. This is, to some extent, also the case for Pb although the correlation is not as significant. This could be explained by the result from geochemical modelling, showing that As tends to dissolve into the leachate while Pb is more prone to forming secondary minerals. Hence explaining their differences in leaching behavior. The result from this study showed no clear correlation between Ca and either As or Pb which could potentially be explained by the formation of precipitates. However, another approach to describe the difference in the behavior between Na and Ca is based on the glass structure itself as well as the hypothesis that Na+ participate in ion exchange to a larger extent than Ca2+. Consequently, the leaching of Na+ makes the surface structure more vulnerable, thereby promoting the leaching of other components such as As and Pb. / Produktion av glas har historiskt skett på cirka 50 glasbruk i Sverige i ett område som kallas Glasriket. I dag är produktionen vid majoriteten av dessa glasbruk avvecklad och kvar på platserna finns glasavfall i olika former, både som skärvor av färdigt glas och som ej färdigställd glasmassa. Som en konsekvens av detta har förhöjda halter av olika metaller, särskilt arsenik, bly och kadmium, påträffats i jorden såväl som i grund- och ytvattnet kring glasbruken. Mellan åren 2016 och 2019 gav Sveriges geologiska undersökning (SGU) i uppdrag till Golder Associates AB (Golder) att uträtta huvudstudier och bedömma risker vid tre olika glasbruk, Flerohopp, Åryd och Alsterbro. Resultaten, baserade på fuktkammarförsök på glassavfall, påvisade att glas lakade till en överraskande hög utsträckning. Detta resultat lade grunden till detta examensarbete med frågeställningar i syfte att förklara lakning av glas baserat på en genomgående litteraturstudie samt analys av resultat från fuktkammarförsöken. Vidare har även geokemisk modellering med programmet PHREEQC gjorts för att identifiera olika specifieringar av metaller som kan förväntas påträffas i lakvätskan. Resultat från litteraturstudien visar att en möjlig process som kan förklara lakning av glas vid kontakt med vatten är jonbyte mellan glasets beståndsdelar och H+-jonerna i vattnet. Tidigare studier påvisar att ett högre kiselinnehåll i glaset skapar en mer motståndskraftig struktur än glas som innehåller en förhållandevis hög andel modifierare, såom Na och Ca. Forskare spekularar kring huruvida tillsatsen av modifierare till glasmassan bidrar till att öppna upp glasstrukturen och som en konsekvens av detta göra strukturen mer sårbar. Vid analys av prover tagna vid de tre olika glasbruken påvisade resultaten ett varierat kiselinnehåll i förhållande till övriga ämnen. I linje med denna hypotes påvisade provet från Åryd den högsta andelen modifierare och samtidigt även den högsta lakningen av Na såväl som Si. Vidare påvisar resultatet att lakningen av Na och As följer samma mönster över hela fuktkammarförsöket. Detta kan delvis ses för Pb men korrelationen är inte lika signifikant som för As. En förklaring till detta baseras på resultat från geokemisk modellering, där As tenderar att gå i lösning medan Pb kan förväntas forma sekundära mineral vilket därmed kan antas kontrollera lakningen. Resultatet från denna studie visade ingen korrelation mellan varken Ca och As eller Ca och Pb vilket också skulle kunna förklaras av utfällningar i form av Ca-mineral i lakvätskan. En annan utgångspunkt för att beskriva den skillnad som kan ses mellan Na och Ca baseras på själva glasstrukturen och hur Na+ deltar i jonbyte till en högre grad än vad Ca2+ gör. Som en konsekvens av detta bidrar lakningen av Na+ till att ytan på glaset blir mer sårbar och på så sätt gör att ämnen som As och Pb blir mer lättåtkomliga. Detta resulterar i en större möjlighet för dessa att delta i reaktioner på ytan och därmed laka ut från strukturen.
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