No description available.

Syfte och frågeställningar Syftet med denna studie är att undersöka hur en grupp anställda vid Ericsson i Kista pendlar till arbetet, hur långt avståndet är till arbetet och hur lång tid det skulle ta att cykla. Insamlade data kommer sedan att jämföras med svaren från undersökningen år 1949. Ett sekundärt syfte är att undersöka skillnader i arbetspendling med avseende på kön. Frågeställningar som besvaras i studien är: Vilket färdmedel används för pendling till arbetet och hur förändras det valet beroende på årstid? Är det någon skillnad mellan män och kvinnor gällande val av färdmedel? Hur långt avstånd uppskattar de anställda att de har till arbetet och hur stämmer det överens med det uppmätta avståndet? Hur lång tid uppskattar de anställda att det skulle ta att cykla till arbetet och hur lång tid är den beräknade cykeltiden? Metod: Studien inleddes med att fördjupa kunskapen inom Ericssons historia. Efter att ha letat efter validerade enkäter beslöts att göra en egen enkät. En elektronisk enkät skickades ut till omkring 400 personer via HR-avdelningen på Ericsson varav 121 anställda (51 % kvinnor) valde att svara. I enkäten besvarades frågor om ålder, kön, vanligaste färdsättet till arbetet och skattat avstånd till arbetet. Svaren användes sedan i två olika formler för att beräkna cykeltiden; D = T x 16.14 km/h x 0,763 x (1,604 - 0,0129 x A) för kvinnor och D = T x 20.76 km/h x 0,719 x (1,676 – 0,0147 x A) för män där (D= km), (T=timmar) och (A=ålder). För att räkna ut det exakta cykelavståndet mellan bostad och arbetsplats användes Gmap-pedometer. Resultat: Från att 60 % tog cykeln till arbetet år 1949 till att 9 % gjorde det år 2019, och 1 % som använde sig av ett motordrivet fordon till 40 %. Det är även färre personer som promenerar till arbetet 2019 (1,65 %) jämfört med 1949 (19 %). Inga signifikanta skillnader noterades (p>0,05) mellan kvinnor och män angående val av färdmedel. Medelavståndet till arbetet var 16,48 km och den beräknade cykeltiden var i medeltal 73 minuter. Slutsats: Studien visar att flera faktorer har förändrats mellan år 1949 och 2019. Avståndet till arbetet har blivit längre och fler människor väljer idag bilen som fortskaffningsmedel. Studien kan inte uttala sig om kausalitet. Intressant är att fördelningen mellan kvinnor och män i de olika kategorierna av färdmedel var mycket jämn.

Systematic reviews of the effect of foster care on mental-health outcomes have consistently indicated a zero-sum game, which makes it unclear whether the intervention is suitable for children in need of out-of-home placements. This thesis took on a meta-analytical approach to examine sources of heterogeneity between studies evaluating the effect of foster care on adaptive functioning, cognitive functioning, externalizing behavior, internalizing behavior, and total problems behavior. The bulk of studies came from two recently published systematic reviews. The searches were replicated to cover studies published until March 31, 2018. From 2943 studies assessed for eligibility, 240 were selected for the analysis covering 25 085 children. A choice of study-related covariates was abstracted, and potential sources of heterogeneity were hypothesized and tested by means of meta-regression. The findings indicated that both the choice of study design and measurement instrument were significantly associated with the variation in effect sizes. These associations were even stronger in child protection-oriented welfare regimes while insignificant in family service-oriented regimes, which instead showed significant associations for outcome type and publication year. The results imply a need to standardize effect studies of foster care, and to further research on sources of heterogeneity in different child welfare regimes.

Background: Zambia has one of the highest rates of intimate partner violence (IPV) in the world. While the focus has been put on the prevalence and the consequences of physical, sexual and psychological violence, economic abuse has been a neglected area in research. Studies have shown that accepting attitudes toward IPV are the most prominent predictor of the occurrence of IPV while men’s attitudes toward IPV have not gained equal attention in research as women.  Aim: To explore women’s and men’s attitudes towards economic abuse in Livingstone, Zambia.  Methods: This study used a qualitative case study method consisting of semi-structured interviews with 17 women and men in four villages in Livingstone town. Transcripts were analyzed through a thematic analysis using the software NVivo 12 as an aid in facilitating the coding process.  Results: The husband not providing for the family was not acceptable by the respondents. As a result of this, men expressed constant feelings of societal pressure of being a good provider. Mixed and contradicting attitudes concerning preventing the wife from working or taking money without consent were shown. Preventing the wife from working or taking money were often justified as long as the husband could provide.  Conclusion: This study concludes that people’s overall attitudes towards economic abuse are strongly affected by traditional gender roles, where societal norms and expectations put on men should be questioned. Therefore, reducing the prevalence of economic abuse requires interventions targeting irresistible stereotypical norms concerning expectations on masculinities and femininities.

<p>2019-08-25</p>

Aim: To explore the causes of minority stress in trans individuals in Sweden, and how these individuals cope with such minority stress. Background: Trans individuals have markedly poor mental health compared to the general population. Meyer’s Minority Stress Model has been shown to apply to trans individuals. However, causes of minority stress and methods of coping for trans individuals have not been investigated in Sweden. Previously, social support has been highlighted as a key coping mechanism of minority stress. This thesis explores the causes of minority stress on trans individuals and how they cope with this stress. Methods: A qualitative study utilising semi-structured interviews with 18 trans individuals from across Sweden. A deductive approach was applied in analysis of the data, in order to explore the causes of minority stress, as detailed by the Minority Stress Model. Results: The main causes of minority stress were found to be the medical investigation, discrimination and internalised stigma. The trans community was a source of social support, facilitating coping with minority stress. Other facilitative coping mechanisms used by participants were the support of family. Discrimination and internalised stigma led to avoidant coping mechanisms, such as avoidance of social environments. Conclusion: This study reinforces previous findings that discrimination and internalised stigma cause minority stress for trans individuals. The structure of the medical investigation in Sweden should be reviewed, to reduce the stress it causes. The visibility of the trans community should be improved to increase the use of the community as a source of social support and facilitative coping.

<p>2019-06-04</p>

Det är allt färre barn och ungdomar idag som når upp till den rekommenderade mängden fysisk aktivitet. Antalet barn som promenerar eller cyklar till skolan har drastiskt sjunkit de senaste årtiondena. Därför är det viktigt att undersöka hur elever upplever aktiva skoltransporter. Syftet med studien var att undersöka elevers upplevelser av att delta i en empowermentinspirerad studie för att främja aktiva skoltransporter under vintern. Genom en kvalitativ metod genomfördes fyra fokusgrupper där upplevelsen av aktiva skoltransporter under vintern diskuterades med photovoice som metod. Resultatet analyserades genom en latent innehållsanalys. Studien var en del av ett treårigt forskningsprojekt som pågår i norra Sverige kring aktiva skoltransporter där flertalet skolor medverkar. I detta projekt medverkade två klasser från årskurs 6. Resultatet visar att barns upplevelse av aktiva skoltransporter på vintern inte är särskilt annorlunda än vad de är på sommaren om förutsättningarna med bra däck och plogade vägar fungerar. Barnen upplevde att de känt sig piggare, har haft bättre koncentration i skolan samt en ökad gemenskap under projektet. Av resultatet bildades tre underteman; “yttre faktorer påverkar barnens sätt att ta sig till skolan”, “delaktighet och gemenskap genom processen är viktig”, “aktiva skoltransporter innebär många fördelar” som sedan bildade ett huvudtema; “omgivning, samhörighet och upplevda fördelar avgör elevers uppfattning av aktiva skoltransporter”. / There are fewer children and adolescents today who reach the recommended amount of physical activity. The number of children walking or cycling to school has drastically fallen in recent decades. Therefore, it is important to investigate how students experience active school transport. The aim of the study was to investigate students experiences of participating in an empowerment-inspired study to promote active school transport during the winter. Through a qualitative method, four focus groups were conducted, where the experience of active school transport during the winter was discussed with photovoice as a method. The result was analyzed by a latent content analysis. The study was part of a three-year research project in northern Sweden about active school transport where several schools participate. In this project, two classes participated from grade 6. The results show that children's experiences of active school transport in winter are not very different from what they are in the summer if the conditions of good tires and plowed roads exist. The children expressed that they felt more alert, had better concentration in school and a sense of community during the project. From the result, three sub themes were formed; “external factors affect children's ways of getting to school”, “participation and sense of community throughout the process are important”, “active school transport has many advantages” that then formed a main theme; “surroundings, togetherness and perceived benefits determine pupils' perception of active school transport”.

Background: Due to the effective antiretrovirals are people living with HIV expected live up to 70 years of age. Approximately half of the people living with HIV in Sweden are above 50 years old and estimated to become enrolled into the Swedish elderly care system. Concern about the Swedish elderly care preparedness for greeting people living with HIV is growing, based on previous experiences of stigma in the general society, many are feeling anxious that they will become victims of stigmatization and discrimination in the Swedish elderly care system.   Method: A collective case study was conducted of three nursing homes with different organizational background in Nacka municipality, Stockholm. Interviews with superintendents from each nursing home was performed and 95 health care workers at the nursing homes completed a questionnaire. Collected data was entered to Excel for descriptive analysis and all statistical analysis was performed in R: The R project for statistical computing. Pearson´s Chi-squared test was used to analyze categorial data, e.g., to find potential statistical significance between the variables and Pearson’s correlation coefficient was used to examine if the variables fluctuate together. Result: The general knowledge about HIV was not more than average among the participating health care workers and many stated concern towards HIV, which might impact on their attitudes and their practical performance when attending a person living with HIV. One of the nursing homes had experience of attending a person living with HIV and showed less feelings of concern compared to the other participating nursing homes. This support the idea that experience of attending a person living with HIV minimizes feelings of concern and negative attitudes to HIV. Like previous studies, this study highlights the relationship between higher degree of education and less negative attitudes towards HIV. However, none of the mentioned results showed a statistically significance outcome possibly due to the small sample size. To reduce risk of HIV stigma and feelings of concern among health care workers must HIV be discussed and prioritized in the Swedish elderly care system, as well as in municipalities.

Ensamhet bland äldre är ett aktuellt ämne då medellivslängden i Sverige ökar drastiskt och med det uppstår vissa utmaningar. Hälsan bland äldre är i flera avseenden sämre än bland yngre. Ensamheten bland äldre är ett folkhälsoproblem då tidigare studier visar att ensamheten ökar med åldern samt att det finns en trend som visar att ensamheten bland äldre kommer att öka med åren. Utifrån de hälsoutmaningar som finns i den åldrande befolkningen är förhoppningen att denna studie ska bidra till kunskap gällande sambandet mellan ensamhet och ohälsa bland äldre. Syftet med studien är att undersöka prevalensen av ensamhet bland äldre, det vill säga 70 år och äldre, samt undersöka sambandet mellan ensamhet och hälsoutfall i form av psykiska- och fysiska besvär, riskkonsumtion av alkohol samt rökning. Studien är en tvärsnittsstudie och använder data från Region Västmanlands enkätundersökning, Liv och hälsa, där 2 239 individer i ålder 70 år och äldre har besvarat enkäten. Studiens resultat visar att drygt var femte äldre i Västmanland ibland eller ofta upplever ensamhet (5,6 procent). Ensamhet ökade sannolikheten för psykiska besvär i form av nedstämdhet och ängslan/oro/ångest men inte för fysiska besvär eller riskkonsumtion av alkohol och rökning. Socialt stöd används som teoretiskt ramverk för att tolka resultaten då en avsaknad av socialt stöd är relaterat till ensamhet. Nyckelord: Ensamhet, fysiska besvär, äldre, levnadsvanor, Liv och hälsa, psykiska besvär, Socialt stöd / Loneliness among elderly is an important topic because the life expectancy in Sweden increases radically and causes a lot of challenges for health issues. Illness among elderly is more common than among younger people. Previous studies show that loneliness increase with age, therefore loneliness among elderly is a public health topic. It is also a pattern that loneliness among elderly will increase over the years. Based on the health challenges that exist in the aging population, the expectation is that this study will contribute to knowledge about the correlation between loneliness and illness among elderly. The aim of this study is to analyze the prevalence of elderly peoples, 70 years and older, loneliness and to analyze the correlation between loneliness and health outcomes like mental- and physical symptoms and habits in terms of risk consumption of alcohol and smoking. This study is a cross sectional study based on a survey from Region Västmanlands study, Liv och hälsa. The survey where answered by 2 239 people of the age 70 years and older. The result of this study shows that one of five of Västmanlands elderly population rarely or often experiencing loneliness (5,6 percent). Loneliness increased the probability of mental symptoms as depression and anxiety but with physical symptoms and risk consumptions of alcohol and smoking no correlation was found. Social support was a theoretical framework used to analyze the results of this study, because lack of social support is related to loneliness. Keywords: elderly, Liv och hälsa, loneliness, mental symptoms, physical symptoms, Social support