Utilizando uma bibioteca de expressão feita a partir do epitélio do intestino médio da larva de Diatraea saccharalis, nós clonamos e sequenciamos 3 cDNAs completos (DsβglyA, DsβglyB e DsβglyC), além de uma seqüência parcial que teoricamente codificam β-glicosidases. As sequências dos peptídeos obtidos após digestão por tripsina das β-glicosidases βgly1 e βgly2 de D. saccharalis mostraram que DsβglyA codifica a βgly1, caracterizada anteriormente. DsβglyB e DsβglyC provavelmente codificam duas β-glicosidases solúveis com massas moleculares teóricas de, respectivamente, 57,5 KDa e 56,2 KDa. Levando em consideração as semelhanças entre βgly1 e βgly3 e entre DsβglyA e DsβglyC, é razoável supor que DsβglyC codifique a βgly3. Os peptídeos produzidos após a hidrólise de βgly2 por tripsina não são codificados por nenhum dos cDNAs que nós sequenciamos. βgly2 provavelmente é codificada pelo cDNA cuja seqüência ainda está incompleta. A inativação da βgly2 por carbodiimida usando o tio-glicosídeo sinigrina e o O-glicosídeo p-nitrofenil β-D-galactopiranosídeo resulta na mesma constante de inativação, indicando que o mesmo sítio ativo é responsável pela hidrólise dos dois substratos. A mesma conclusão é obtida calculando o Km de βgly2 para os dois substratos e o Ki da inibição que cada um deles causa na hidrólise do outro. Os resultados indicam que uma só enzima é responsável pela hidrólise de sinigrina e p-nitrofenil β-D-glicosídeo com atividade semelhante. Essa propriedade nunca foi descrita para outra tio- ou O-glicosidase. / We used an expression library made from Diatraea saccharalis midgut epithelium and succeeded in cloning and sequencing three complete cDNAs (DsβGlyA; DsβGlyB; DsβGlyC) plus a partial sequence that hypothetically code for β-glycosidases. The sequence of peptides obtained from the purified D. saccharalis β-glycosidases (βGly1 and βGly2) after trypsin digestion shows that DsβGlyA codes for βGly1, an enzyme that had already been characterized. DsβGlyB and DsβGlyC probably code for two soluble β-glycosidases with, respectively, 503 and 493 amino acid residues and theoretical molecular weighs of 57.5 kDa and 56.2 kDa. Taking into account the similarities of βGly1 and βGly3 and of DsβGlyA and DsβGlyC it is reasonable to suppose that DsβGlyC codes for βGly3. The peptides produced after βGly2 hydrolysis by trypsin could not coded by any of the complete sequenced cDNAs, although they might be code by the still partial sequence we have. We determined the chemical inactivation of βGly2 using the thio-glucoside sinigrin and the O-glycoside p-nitrophenyl-β-D-galactoside, and found the same inactivation constant, indicating that the same active site is responsible for the hydrolysis of the two substrates. The same conclusion is reached determining βGly2 Km for both substrates and the Ki for inhibition of the hydrolysis of one substrate using the other as inhibitor. These results indicated that only one enzyme is responsible for the hydrolysis of sinigrin and p-nitrophenyl-β-D-galactoside with similar activities, which is not a property reported before for any O- or S- β-glycosidase.

Parmi les analogues de sucres, les iminosucres constituent la classe la plus prometteuse au niveau biologique. En effet, leur structure, dans laquelle l'atome d'oxygène intracyclique est remplacé par un atome d'azote, leur confère des propriétés uniques d'inhibition de glycosidases et/ou glycosyltransférases, et en fait donc de très bons candidats thérapeutiques. L'introduction d'un substituant pseudo-anomérique carboné permet de mimer la partie aglycone du substrat de l'enzyme et d'accéder aux iminosucres C-glycosides, des composés chimiquement stables qui sont des inhibiteurs sélectifs et puissants des glycosidases.Afin d'accélérer la découverte de molécules d'intérêt thérapeutique, il est nécessaire de trouver des voies de synthèses conduisant à une plus grande diversité structurale. La méthodologie que nous avons mise au point est basée sur la débenzylation régiosélective de la position 2 de C-allyl glycosides exploitant une iodocyclisation. Cette dernière a été appliquée avec succès à la C-allyl-1-déoxynojirimycine puis étendue à plusieurs iminosucres de configurations variées en séries pipéridine et pyrrolidine.L'introduction de diversité moléculaire a été réalisée à partir de la C-allyl-1-déoxynojirimycine O-débenzylée régiosélectivement en position 2. Nous avons ainsi obtenu plusieurs iminosucres de configurations D-gluco- et D-manno- portant différentes fonctionnalités en position 2. La mise au point de cette synthèse a donc permis d'accéder à une grande variété de C-allyl iminosucres à partir d'un synthon unique. L'accès à des iminosucres bicycliques de structures inédites a également été possible en exploitant un C-allyl 2-céto iminosucre obtenu par notre méthodologie de débenzylation régiosélective. / Iminosugars constitute undoubtedly the most promising class of sugar analogues, their unique glycosidase and/or glycosyltransferase inhibition profile making them promising therapeutics. To generate more potent and selective inhibitors called C-glycoside iminosugars, introduction of a stable pseudoanomeric substituent is usually performed, the improved efficacy being attributed in part to the information brought by the aglycon moiety.The main challenge associated with this class of iminosugars C-glycosides is currently the design of efficient and general routes enabling introduction of structural diversity at a late stage from advanced synthons to accelerate the discovery of biologically relevant molecules. In this context, we have explored a strategy based on a regioselective debenzylation at C-2 and a stereocontrolled nucleophilic substitution assisted by the N-benzyl group. We have successfully applied this methodology on the C-allyl-1-deoxynojirimycin and extended it to several iminosugars in the piperidine and pyrrolidine series.The introduction of molecular diversity was performed from the C-allyl-1-deoxynojirimycin selectively O-debenzylated at position 2. We obtained several iminosugars in the D-gluco- and D-manno- series bearing various functionalities at position 2. This strategy allowed us to access a wide range of C-allyl iminosugars from one single synthon. We have also described the access to unknown bicyclic iminosugars starting from a C-allyl 2-keto iminosugar obtained by our regioselective debenzylative methodology.

Utilizando uma bibioteca de expressão feita a partir do epitélio do intestino médio da larva de Diatraea saccharalis, nós clonamos e sequenciamos 3 cDNAs completos (DsβglyA, DsβglyB e DsβglyC), além de uma seqüência parcial que teoricamente codificam β-glicosidases. As sequências dos peptídeos obtidos após digestão por tripsina das β-glicosidases βgly1 e βgly2 de D. saccharalis mostraram que DsβglyA codifica a βgly1, caracterizada anteriormente. DsβglyB e DsβglyC provavelmente codificam duas β-glicosidases solúveis com massas moleculares teóricas de, respectivamente, 57,5 KDa e 56,2 KDa. Levando em consideração as semelhanças entre βgly1 e βgly3 e entre DsβglyA e DsβglyC, é razoável supor que DsβglyC codifique a βgly3. Os peptídeos produzidos após a hidrólise de βgly2 por tripsina não são codificados por nenhum dos cDNAs que nós sequenciamos. βgly2 provavelmente é codificada pelo cDNA cuja seqüência ainda está incompleta. A inativação da βgly2 por carbodiimida usando o tio-glicosídeo sinigrina e o O-glicosídeo p-nitrofenil β-D-galactopiranosídeo resulta na mesma constante de inativação, indicando que o mesmo sítio ativo é responsável pela hidrólise dos dois substratos. A mesma conclusão é obtida calculando o Km de βgly2 para os dois substratos e o Ki da inibição que cada um deles causa na hidrólise do outro. Os resultados indicam que uma só enzima é responsável pela hidrólise de sinigrina e p-nitrofenil β-D-glicosídeo com atividade semelhante. Essa propriedade nunca foi descrita para outra tio- ou O-glicosidase. / We used an expression library made from Diatraea saccharalis midgut epithelium and succeeded in cloning and sequencing three complete cDNAs (DsβGlyA; DsβGlyB; DsβGlyC) plus a partial sequence that hypothetically code for β-glycosidases. The sequence of peptides obtained from the purified D. saccharalis β-glycosidases (βGly1 and βGly2) after trypsin digestion shows that DsβGlyA codes for βGly1, an enzyme that had already been characterized. DsβGlyB and DsβGlyC probably code for two soluble β-glycosidases with, respectively, 503 and 493 amino acid residues and theoretical molecular weighs of 57.5 kDa and 56.2 kDa. Taking into account the similarities of βGly1 and βGly3 and of DsβGlyA and DsβGlyC it is reasonable to suppose that DsβGlyC codes for βGly3. The peptides produced after βGly2 hydrolysis by trypsin could not coded by any of the complete sequenced cDNAs, although they might be code by the still partial sequence we have. We determined the chemical inactivation of βGly2 using the thio-glucoside sinigrin and the O-glycoside p-nitrophenyl-β-D-galactoside, and found the same inactivation constant, indicating that the same active site is responsible for the hydrolysis of the two substrates. The same conclusion is reached determining βGly2 Km for both substrates and the Ki for inhibition of the hydrolysis of one substrate using the other as inhibitor. These results indicated that only one enzyme is responsible for the hydrolysis of sinigrin and p-nitrophenyl-β-D-galactoside with similar activities, which is not a property reported before for any O- or S- β-glycosidase.

Made available in DSpace on 2017-05-12T14:36:25Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 MULTIFUNCIONAcrescentus.pdf: 2433174 bytes, checksum: e25ac7003e428ac0baf41c43a48f0e42 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-12-04 / The genetic manipulation of microorganisms has provided great advances in the production of enzymes involved in the bioconversion of biomass to fuels and chemicals. The main component of hemicellulose that compose the plant biomass is xylan, and its degradation dependent on the synergistic action of several enzymes, including xylanases and β-xylosidases stand as the major. The analysis of the genome of Caulobacter crescentus showed that this bacterium has at least eight genes encoding enzymes involved in the degradation of xylan, three coding for endo-xylanases and five β-xylosidases. In the present report, the enzymatic characterization of a C. crescentus β-glucosidase/β-xylosidase V was performed. For this purpose the xynB5 gene (CCNA 03149) was cloned into pJET1.2 /blunt and subcloned into the expression vector pTricHisA for producing a recombinant protein fused to an amino-terminal His-tag. The recombinant enzyme was induced with IPTG in E. coli (TOP10 strain) and the protein was purified using pre-packaged nickel-sepharose column. The characterization of the pure enzyme showed an optimum pH of 6 for both enzyme activity and a temperature optimum of 50 ° C to β-glucosidase and 60 ° C to β-xylosidase in the presence of NPG and NPX substrates, respectively, while also there has been a small activity in the presence of NPA. The multifunctional protein had its predominant enzyme activity to β-glucosidase (7.6 U ml-1) and a secundary β-xylosidase activity (4.3 U ml-1). In addition to greater specificity for NPG (Km = 0.24  0.008 mM) compared to that obtained for NPX (Km = 0.64  0.032 mM) although the Vmáx for both substrates was not statistically significant difference in optimal conditions of each enzyme (NPG = 0.041  0.001 M min-1 and NPX = 0.055  0.002 M min-1). In fact, data to enzymatic characterization corroborated the suggested in genomic annotation to C. crescentus. These multifunctional characteristics of the protein are important for biotechnological applications like the future reuse of agroindustrial residues / A manipulação genética de microrganismos tem propiciado grandes avanços para a produção de enzimas que possam auxiliar na bioconversão da biomassa vegetal a combustíveis e químicos. O principal componente da hemicelulose que compõem a biomassa vegetal é o xilano, e sua degradação depende da ação sinérgica de várias enzimas, das quais Xilanases e β-Xilosidases destacam-se como as principais. A análise do genoma de Caulobacter crescentus revelou que esta bactéria apresenta pelo menos oito genes envolvidos com a degradação do xilano, três deles codificam para endo-Xilanases, e cinco codificam para β-Xilosidases. O presente trabalho objetivou a caracterização enzimática de uma destas enzimas, a β-Glicosidase/β-Xilosidase de C. crescentus. Para isto o gene xynB5 (CCNA 03149) foi clonado em pJET1.2/blunt e subclonado no vetor de expressão pTricHisA para a produção de uma proteína recombinante fusionada a uma cauda de histidinas amino-terminal. A enzima recombinante foi induzida com IPTG na cepa TOP10 de E. coli e a proteína foi purificada com o auxílio de colunas pré-empacotadas de níquel-sepharose. A caracterização da enzima pura mostrou um pH ótimo igual a 6 para ambas as atividades enzimáticas e uma temperatura ótima de 50 C para -Glicosidase e 60 C para -Xilosidase, na presença dos substratos NPG e NPX, respectivamente, embora também tenha ocorrido uma pequena atividade na presença de NPA. A proteína multifuncional teve sua atividade enzimática preponderante para -Glicosidase (7,6 U mL-1) em relação a atividade de -Xilosidase (4,3 U mL-1). Além de maior especificidade para NPG (Km = 0,24  0,008 mM) em relação à obtida para NPX (Km = 0,64  0,032 mM) embora a Vmáx para ambos substratos não tenham apresentado diferença significativa nas condições ótimas de cada enzima (NPG = 0,041  0,001 M min-1 e NPX = 0,055  0,002 M min-1). Os dados de caracterização confirmaram os sugeridos na anotação genômica para C. crescentus. Estas características multifuncionais da proteína são importantes para futuras aplicações biotecnológicas como o reaproveitamento dos resíduos agroindustriais.

Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-10T13:59:29Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 MULTIFUNCIONAcrescentus.pdf: 2433174 bytes, checksum: e25ac7003e428ac0baf41c43a48f0e42 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-12-04 / The genetic manipulation of microorganisms has provided great advances in the production of enzymes involved in the bioconversion of biomass to fuels and chemicals. The main component of hemicellulose that compose the plant biomass is xylan, and its degradation dependent on the synergistic action of several enzymes, including xylanases and β-xylosidases stand as the major. The analysis of the genome of Caulobacter crescentus showed that this bacterium has at least eight genes encoding enzymes involved in the degradation of xylan, three coding for endo-xylanases and five β-xylosidases. In the present report, the enzymatic characterization of a C. crescentus β-glucosidase/β-xylosidase V was performed. For this purpose the xynB5 gene (CCNA 03149) was cloned into pJET1.2 /blunt and subcloned into the expression vector pTricHisA for producing a recombinant protein fused to an amino-terminal His-tag. The recombinant enzyme was induced with IPTG in E. coli (TOP10 strain) and the protein was purified using pre-packaged nickel-sepharose column. The characterization of the pure enzyme showed an optimum pH of 6 for both enzyme activity and a temperature optimum of 50 ° C to β-glucosidase and 60 ° C to β-xylosidase in the presence of NPG and NPX substrates, respectively, while also there has been a small activity in the presence of NPA. The multifunctional protein had its predominant enzyme activity to β-glucosidase (7.6 U ml-1) and a secundary β-xylosidase activity (4.3 U ml-1). In addition to greater specificity for NPG (Km = 0.24  0.008 mM) compared to that obtained for NPX (Km = 0.64  0.032 mM) although the Vmáx for both substrates was not statistically significant difference in optimal conditions of each enzyme (NPG = 0.041  0.001 M min-1 and NPX = 0.055  0.002 M min-1). In fact, data to enzymatic characterization corroborated the suggested in genomic annotation to C. crescentus. These multifunctional characteristics of the protein are important for biotechnological applications like the future reuse of agroindustrial residues / A manipulação genética de microrganismos tem propiciado grandes avanços para a produção de enzimas que possam auxiliar na bioconversão da biomassa vegetal a combustíveis e químicos. O principal componente da hemicelulose que compõem a biomassa vegetal é o xilano, e sua degradação depende da ação sinérgica de várias enzimas, das quais Xilanases e β-Xilosidases destacam-se como as principais. A análise do genoma de Caulobacter crescentus revelou que esta bactéria apresenta pelo menos oito genes envolvidos com a degradação do xilano, três deles codificam para endo-Xilanases, e cinco codificam para β-Xilosidases. O presente trabalho objetivou a caracterização enzimática de uma destas enzimas, a β-Glicosidase/β-Xilosidase de C. crescentus. Para isto o gene xynB5 (CCNA 03149) foi clonado em pJET1.2/blunt e subclonado no vetor de expressão pTricHisA para a produção de uma proteína recombinante fusionada a uma cauda de histidinas amino-terminal. A enzima recombinante foi induzida com IPTG na cepa TOP10 de E. coli e a proteína foi purificada com o auxílio de colunas pré-empacotadas de níquel-sepharose. A caracterização da enzima pura mostrou um pH ótimo igual a 6 para ambas as atividades enzimáticas e uma temperatura ótima de 50 C para -Glicosidase e 60 C para -Xilosidase, na presença dos substratos NPG e NPX, respectivamente, embora também tenha ocorrido uma pequena atividade na presença de NPA. A proteína multifuncional teve sua atividade enzimática preponderante para -Glicosidase (7,6 U mL-1) em relação a atividade de -Xilosidase (4,3 U mL-1). Além de maior especificidade para NPG (Km = 0,24  0,008 mM) em relação à obtida para NPX (Km = 0,64  0,032 mM) embora a Vmáx para ambos substratos não tenham apresentado diferença significativa nas condições ótimas de cada enzima (NPG = 0,041  0,001 M min-1 e NPX = 0,055  0,002 M min-1). Os dados de caracterização confirmaram os sugeridos na anotação genômica para C. crescentus. Estas características multifuncionais da proteína são importantes para futuras aplicações biotecnológicas como o reaproveitamento dos resíduos agroindustriais.

Récemment, le concept de chaperon pharmacologique a émergé pour le traitement des maladies lysosomales. Comme inhibiteurs réversibles de glycosidases mutantes impliquées dans ces maladies, les chaperons pharmacologiques sont capables, à des concentrations sub-inhibitrices, de sauver ces enzymes des mécanismes de destruction du réticulum endoplasmique (RE). Ainsi, une partie de l’activité enzymatique est restaurée. Les iminosucres sont connus pour être une classe importante de chaperons pharmacologiques. Au cours de ce travail de thèse, de nouvelles classes d’iminosucres mono- et multivalents ont été conçues et synthétisées. Nos objectifs étaient de mettre en évidence de nouveaux chaperons pour la β-glucocérébrosidase, impliquée dans la maladie de Gaucher, mais également d’identifier de nouveaux inhibiteurs des α-glucosidases du RE impliquées dans la destruction de la protéine déficiente chez les malades atteints de la mucoviscidose. Plusieurs stratégies ont été mises en œuvre: l’utilisation d’une méthodologie de diamination d’alcènes pallado-catalysée, d’une méthodologie permettant la synthèse rapide d’une bibliothèque de composés iminosucres par chimie click ou encore de la multivalence. Une étude poussée sur la multivalence et l’inhibition de glycosidases a également été réalisée en faisant varier des paramètres clés de la multivalence tels que la valence, la charpente, le linker, ou encore la nature des ligands iminosucres. Le premier exemple d’un effet multivalent puissant jusqu’à quatre ordre de grandeur sur l’inhibition de glycosidases a été mis en évidence avec des systèmes iminosucres multivalents basés sur des charpentes de type β-cyclodextrine et fullerène C60. / Recently an innovative concept for the treatment of lysosomal diseases as emerged called pharmacological chaperone. Pharmacological chaperones are reversible inhibitors of the deficient glycosidases involved in these diseases. These molecules are able, at sub-inhibitory concentrations, to stabilize the enzymes and rescue them from the destruction by the quality control system of the endoplasmic reticulum. A part of the catalytic activity of the enzyme could be restored. Iminosugars are known to be an important class of pharmaceutical chaperones. During this PhD work, novel classes of mono- and multivalent iminosugars were designed and synthesized in order to identify novel pharmacological chaperones for the glycosidase: β-glucocerebrosidase involved in Gaucher’s disease and novel inhibitors of the α-glucosidases involved in the destruction of the defective protein delF508CFTR in cystic fibrosis. Several strategies were applied to achieve this aim. These strategies consist in the use of a synthetic methodology of palladium catalyzed alkenes diamination, the use of an efficient methodology to synthesize a library of novel iminosugars by click chemistry and the use of multivalency. A full study on the impact of multivalency on glycosidases inhibition was also completed by changing crucial structural parameters including valency, scaffold, linker and ligand. The first strong multivalent effect on glycosidases inhibition up to four orders of magnitude was reported with multivalent iminosugars based on β-cyclodextrin or C60 fullerene cores.

Notre équipe a récemment décrit la synthèse de nouveaux iminosucres de type indolizidines et quinolizidines, qui se sont avérés être de puissants inhibiteurs sélectifs d’α-glucosidases (IC50 nanomolaires). Ces molécules, de structure originale, ont la particularité de posséder un centre quaternaire en jonction de cycles et une configuration D-gluco. Dans le but de mieux comprendre le mode d’interaction de ces molécules avec les glycosidases, nous nous sommes intéressés à la synthèse de leurs analogues comportant un motif aziridine, inclus dans un squelette 1 azabicyclo[4.1.0]heptane.L’approche synthétique que nous avons choisie pour accéder aux aziridinyl iminosucres implique une cycloaddition 1,3-dipolaire régio- et stéréoselective de cétonitrones dérivées de sucres avec des alcynes pour former des isoxazolines et un réarrangement de Baldwin stéréosélectif en 2 acylaziridines. Pour les acylaziridines polybenzylées la conversion en aziridinyl iminosucres a été effectuée par réduction diastéréosélective de leur fonction cétone et déprotection dans des conditions réductrices de Birch. Pour les acylaziridines polyacétylées les iminosucres finaux ont été obtenus par réduction en présence d’hydrures métalliques.Grâce à cette stratégie de synthèse originale, efficace, et économique en atomes, nous avons préparés 7 aziridinyl iminosucres, et 5 isoxazolines polyhydroxylées. Tous ces nouveaux iminosucres ont été évalués comme inhibiteurs de glycosidases, et se sont avérées être des inhibiteurs moyens (IC50 micromolaires) mais sélectifs des α-glucosidases. L’obtention de complexes cristallins avec une α-glucosidase bactérienne a permis de montrer par cristallographie leur mode d’interaction avec cette enzyme, à l’échelle moléculaire. / Our team has recently described the synthesis of new indolizidine and quinolizidine iminosugars, which revealed to be potent and selective α-glucosidase inhibitors (nanomolar IC50). These original molecules exhibit a quaternary center at the ring junction and a D-gluco configuration. With the aim to define the mode of interaction of these molecules with glycosidases, we engaged in the synthesis of analogues containing an aziridine moiety included in a 1-azabicyclo[4.1.0]heptane scaffold.Our synthetic approach towards aziridinyl iminosugars involves a stereoselective 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition between carbohydrate-derived cyclic ketonitrones and alkynes, and a stereoselective Baldwin rearrangement into 2-acylaziridines. The latter (if polybenzylated) were converted into aziridinyl iminosugars through diastereoselective reduction of their ketone function and deprotection under Birch conditions. In the case of polyacetylated acylaziridines, the final iminosugars were obtained by reduction with hydrides.Using this strategy, we have prepared 7 aziridinyl iminosugars, and 5 polyhydroxylated isoxazolines. All these new iminosugars were evaluated as glycosidase inhibitors, and they revealed to be modest (micromolar IC50) but selective inhibitors of α-glucosidases. Their complexes with a crystalline bacterial α-glucosidase allowed crystallographic elucidation of their mode of interaction with this enzyme at the molecular level.

Glycosidases are carbohydrate processing essential enzymes necessary for the growth and development of all organisms such as intestinal digestion, post-translational processing of glycoproteins and the lysosomal catabolism of glycoconjugates. The function of these glycosidases is limited and studies are still in progress to understand their function at cellular level. In recent years, biological role of carbohydrates has resulted in various carbohydrate-based therapeutics2. These carbohydrates serve as a tool to study the function of glycosidases by inhibiting their active site. The concept of inhibition is yet another approach for the discovery of drugs. Glycosidase inhibitors studied are often sugar analogs and a wide range of such inhibitors are reported in the literature.3, 4 Thiosugars, in particular, have gained new perspectives owing to their electronic, geometric, conformational and flexibility differences, as sulfide moiety being less electronegative and more polarizable than the oxygen counter-part.5 These differences make the thiosugars distinct from their oxygen analogs and hence can mimic the active site of the enzyme. Many molecules are reported to be promising glycosidase inhibitors but are not easily accessible due to difficulties in their synthesis. Hence, the chemical synthesis of thio-analogs of carbohydrates, by synthetic routes, remains a major challenge. To address the complexity of synthesis and to make available new strategies, we envisioned the use of benzyltriethylammonium tetrathiomolybdate [BnEt3N]2MoS4, a versatile and efficient sulfur transfer reagent. Objectives of the study: a. Design novel thiosugars as glycosidase inhibitors. b. Devise strategy for the synthesis of novel thiosugars through a simple, practical approach. c. Evaluate the synthesized molecules as glycosidase and HIV-1 protease inhibitors, in silico. d. Study miscellaneous applications of the novel thiosugar-derived thialactones. The thesis is divided into five sections: Section A entitled “Synthesis of deoxythiosugars and thiosugar-based lactones” is divided into two parts, Part A and Part B. Part A – “An introduction and background on thiosugars and sulfur transfer reagents” has been provided. A brief discussion of sulfur transfer reagents in carbohydrate synthesis and earlier work related to the use of benzyltriethylammonium tetrathiomolybdate, [BnEt3N]2MoS4, as an efficient sulfur transfer reagent have been provided. Part B –“Design of inhibitors of glycosidases and HIV-1 protease” deals with the design of inhibitors of glycosidase and HIV-1 protease. The designed thiosugar molecules exhibit the characteristics of sugars and will act as planar molecules to mimic the active site conformation of a good inhibitor. Synthetic methodologies devised and adopted for the synthesis of constrained sugar-derived thialactones include: (a) Double displacement, (b) Displacement-cum-intramolecular thia-Michael addition, (c) Epoxide ring-opening-cum-intramolecular thia-Michael addition, and (d) Displacement-cum-epoxide ring opening in an intramolecular fashion. In all the above mentioned strategies, sulfur transfer step is the crucial step which was achieved by the use of benzyltriethylammonium tetrathiomolybdate [BnEt3N]2MoS46 as the key reagent. (a) Various constrained thialactones synthesized by double displacement strategy using tetrathiomolybdate as the sulfur transfer reagent are shown in Scheme – 1. (b) A number of constrained thialactones were synthesized following nucleophilic displacement-cum-intramolecular thia-Michael addition strategy as shown in Scheme – 2. (c) Synthesis of bicyclic thiolactones was achieved using the strategy of epoxide ring-opening-cum-intramolecular thia-Michael addition. (Scheme – 3) (d) A few bicyclic thialactones were synthesized through displacement-epoxide ring opening-cyclization as shown in Scheme – 4. The methodology was also utilized for the synthesis of thiosugar derivatives and azido-thialactones. (Fig. 1) Figure 1 Synthesis of deoxythiosugars: The bicyclic thialactones (designed as inhibitors) on reduction with borohydride exchange resin (BER) easily furnished the deoxythiosugars (Fig. 2). It is worth mentioning that the synthesis of these thiosugars as reported in the literature involved lengthy procedures whereas the present methodology turns out to be short and concise. Figure 2 Section B entitled “Synthesis of amines, β-amino acids and novel thiosugar-based dehydroamino acids” comprises a brief introduction on the importance of amines, β-amino acids and dehyroamino acids. In this section the effective utilization of benzyltriethylammonium tetrathiomolybdate as a key reagent for reductive transformations and its application in the synthesis of amines, β-amino acids and dehyroamino acids have been presented. A one pot reduction of azides to amines followed by intermolecular aza-Michael addition employing tetrathiomolybdate was achieved to furnish a number of different β-amino esters as shown in Scheme -4: Scheme 4 The study was further extended to the reduction of a few anomeric azides to afford the corresponding anomeric amines and derivatives. (Fig. 3) Figure 3 A one-pot thia-Michael addition-vinyl azide reduction in a tandem fashion employing benzyltriethylammonium tetrathiomolybdate was studied and was shown to be effective for the synthesis of thiosugar derived dehydroamino acid derivatives. (Scheme – 5) Scheme 5 Section C entitled “Molecular docking studies of deoxythiosugar probes” gives an overview of different glycosidases, HIV-1 protease and their inhibitors. This section also deals with a brief introduction on active site conformations of potent inhibitors. In this connection we have studied the crystal conformations of the synthesized molecules whose conformations were the same as that of the existing inhibitors in the active site. (Fig. 4) With this background in silico study of the synthesized deoxythiosugar probes was conducted on human glycosidases: α-mannosidase, α-galactosidase, β-glucosidase and HIV-1 protease, respectively. Figure 4 Molecular docking was carried out using Autodock suite, molecular modeling simulation. Separate docking procedures were employed for the four different receptors. The PDBs representing the four enzyme targets were 2V3D, 3H53, 1X9D and 3I8W for β–glucosidase, α–galactosidase, α–mannosidase and HIV–1 protease respectively. The control compounds used for α–mannosidase were mannostatin and kifunensine. NMB, THK, and BED were the positive controls for HIV–1 protease. Similarly, NBV and cyclophellitol were the controls used for β–glucosidase and NOJ, N–methyl calystegine B2 for α–galactosidase. (Fig. 5) Ligands TGSB68 and TGSB482 had the energy value of –6.49 kcal/mol comparable to that of the average reference value of the positive control, and thus, the potent candidate as identified by molecular docking to HIV-1 protease. (Fig. 6a) The control compounds used for α–mannosidase were mannostatin and kifunensine, which bind with mean binding energy of -9.11 and -5.56. In the case of α–mannosidase, the same compounds TGSB68 and TGSB482 were selected due to comparable energy and a good cluster size with that of positive control. (Fig. 6b) For β– glucosidase, ligands TGSC108 and TGSC236, which had comparable values to that of positive control was identified as the Figure 5 Figure 6 potent candidate. (Fig. 6c) In the case of α–galactosidase, again the ligands TGSB68 and TGSB482 were selected based on binding energies. (Fig. 6d) In conclusion, the concept analogy (deoxy nature, planarity, thiosugar framework, lactone moiety) for the design of inhibitors indeed worked positively. The results are really encouraging. An in vivo study of the synthesized novel thiosugar probes will certainly provide a potent inhibitor. Section D entitled “Research methodology” provides experimental procedures adopted with details of synthesis. Section E entitled “Bibliography” provides the references cited in this work.

The aim of the work described in this thesis was to explore the synthesis of glycosidase inhibitors and to evaluate their potential as anti-cancer agents. Glycosidases catalyze the fission of glycosidic bonds and are involved in vital biological functions. With regard to their potential for anti-cancer therapy, two glycosidases were identified: α-N-acetyl-galactosaminidase and β-N-acetyl-hexosaminidase. The former has been implicated in causing immunosuppression in advanced cancer patients by negating the effect of the macrophage activating factor (MAF), while the latter is secreted by invading cancer cells and hence associated with metastasis formation. The synthetic focus was on generating piperidine and azetidine iminosugars, carbohydrate mimetics with their endocylic oxygen replaced by nitrogen. Their structural similarity to carbohydrates make iminosugars excellent inhibitors of glycosidases. Following synthesis of a pipecolic amide, its previously reported potent β-N-acetyl-hexosaminidase inhibition was confirmed. This data, along with inhibition profiles of several pyrrolidines, allowed the generation of a molecular model for predicting activity of β-N-acetyl-hexosaminidase inhibitors. The model was used to select azetidines in the D/L-ribo and D-lyxo configuration as suitable candidates to be explored in novel chemical space, leading to the first synthesis of a fully unprotected 3-hydroxy-2-carboxy-azetidine. The potent α-N-acetyl-galactosamindase inhibitor 2-acetamido-1,2-dideoxy-D-galacto-nojirimycin (DGJNAc) was successfully derivatised via N-alkylation. Important structural discoveries with regard to glycosylation of vitamin D₃-binding protein, the precursor of MAF, were made using MALDI mass-spectrometry. By comparing the enzymatic and cellular inhibition of N-alkylated derivatives of DGJNAc and a pyrrolidine the following generalization on iminosugar biodistribution was found: N-butylation promotes uptake into the cell/organelles, while hydrophilic side-chains restrict cellular access. An in vitro assay evaluating cancer cell invasion was devised and β-N-acetyl-hexoamindase inhibitors were shown to retard cell migration, including with the highly metastatic breast cancer cell line MDA-MB-231. Additive effects where found when the iminosugar was combined with a protease inhibitor, suggesting potential for future combination therapy.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T15:01:25Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 KatiaCB_DISSERT.pdf: 2815552 bytes, checksum: 5538a2db54454e17355a1ea7d2b7b8e5 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-02-15 / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior / Fruits are rich sources of bioactive compounds, including phenolic compounds. Tropical fruit cultivation is an important productive segment in Brazilian Northeast. Its industrialization generates solid wastes as co-products, with potential environmental impact. Considering the recognized bioactive content of fruit and its derivatives, this research has the objective of investigating acerola (Malpighia glabra L.), caj?-umbu (Spondia ssp), jambolan (Syzygium cumini) and pitanga (Eugenia uniflora) dried wastes obtained by spouted bed drier. It was analyzed the physical-chemical composition, solubility and microphotographic aspect of these dried wastes. Besides this, it was also evaluated the bioactive content, antioxidant activity and inhibitory activity against aamylase and a-glycosidase enzymes of water and ethanol (70%, 80% e 100% v/v) extracts prepared from fruit dried wastes, as well as their possible correlations. The dried fruit wastes showed high phenolic (606.04 to 3074.6 mg GAE eq/100 g sample), anthocyanin (478.7 mg/100 g for jambolan) and ascorbic acid (2748.03 mg/100 g for acerola) contents, as well as high antioxidant DPPH activity (14.27 a 36.30 mg Trolox eq/g sample). The extracts exhibited moderate to high a-amylase inhibition (23.97% a 76.58%) and high α-glycosidase inhibition, which 99.32% peak was reached for ethanol 70% pitanga extracts. It was also observed great positive correlation between phenolic content and DPPH activity (0.97 for acerola), anthocyanin (0.95 for jambolan) and α- glycosidase inhibition (0.98 for acerola). The α-glycosidase inhibition also correlated well with the antioxidant activity for all fruit extracts. The results show that these dried fruit wastes are valuable material for further applications as functional ingredients / As frutas possuem importantes compostos bioativos, dentre eles os compostos fen?licos. O cultivo de frutas tropicais ? um importante segmento produtivo do Nordeste Brasileiro, mas sua industrializa??o gera res?duos s?lidos como c?-produtos da atividade, pass?veis de gerar impacto ambiental. Tendo em vista o reconhecido conte?do bioativo de frutas e seus c?-produtos, objetivou-se estudar o baga?o desidratado da acerola (Malpighia glabra L.), caj?-umbu (Spondia ssp), jambol?o (Syzygium cumini) e pitanga (Eugenia uniflora) obtidos em secador de leito de jorro. A partir disso, foi analisada a composi??o f?sico-qu?mica, solubilidade e aspecto microfotogr?fico dos baga?os secos. Al?m disso, foi avaliada a concentra??o de compostos bioativos, atividade antioxidante e atividade inibit?ria contra as enzimas α-amilase e α-glicosidase do extrato aquoso e extratos etan?licos (70%, 80% e 100% v/v) preparados a partir dos baga?os desidratados, bem como suas correla??es. Os p?s de fruta apresentaram elevado teor de compostos fen?licos (606,04 a 3074,6 mg GAE eq/100 g amostra), antocianinas (478,7 mg/100 g para jambol?o) e ?cido asc?rbico (2748,03 mg/100 g), bem como expressiva atividade antioxidante medida pelo m?todo DPPH (14,27 a 36,30 μg Trolox eq/g amostra). Os extratos foram capazes de expressar inibi??o da α-amilase de moderada a alta (23,97% a 76,58%) e expressiva inibi??o da α-glicosidase, cujo m?ximo de 99,32% foi alcan?ado pelos extratos etan?licos 70% da pitanga. Foi observada correla??o positiva entre o teor fen?lico e atividade antioxidante (0,97 para acerola), antocianinas (0,95 para jambol?o), inibi??o da α-amilase (0,99 para jambol?o) e inibi??o da α-glicosidase (0,93 para pitanga) e dessas duas ?ltimas com a atividade antioxidante para todos os frutos estudados. Os dados apresentados demonstram que os res?duos desidratados constituem valioso material de estudo para aplica??es como ingredientes funcionais