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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
21

Conception et synthèse d’iminosucres multivalents bioactifs à motif glycoimidazole : développement d’une méthode de déshydroxylation sélective / Conception and synthesis of bioactive multivalent iminosugars with glycoimidazole motif : development of a selective dehydroxylation method

Pichon, Maëva 23 November 2018 (has links)
La multivalence est reconnue en tant qu’outil permettant d’augmenter le pouvoir d’inhibition d’un inhibiteur. La mise en évidence, en 2010, d’un effet multivalent puissant sur l’inhibition des glycosidases par un iminosucre multivalent a ouvert la voie vers la synthèse de clusters toujours plus puissants. En 2016, un composé multivalent a permis d’atteindre une inhibition 173000 fois meilleure que le composé monovalent correspondant, ce qui équivaut à une augmentation record du pouvoir d’inhibition par iminosucre de 4800. La synthèse d’une nouvelle génération d’iminosucres multivalents à ligand affin pour sa cible, pour parvenir à augmenter encore l’effet multivalent, était mon objectif de thèse. Au cours de ce travail, de nouveaux iminosucres multivalents à motif gluco- ou mannoimidazole, très affin des mannosidases, ont été synthétisés. Ces composés multivalents ont permis de travailler sur deux projets parallèles : un projet fondamental et un projet appliqué. Le premier a consisté en l’étude de l’influence de l’affinité du ligand sur l’effet multivalent par mesure du pouvoir d’inhibition sur l’enzyme commerciale répondant le mieux à l’effet multivalent, l’α-mannosidase de Jack-bean. Les résultats montrent l’existence d’un effet multivalent notable mais sa valeur n’est pas aussi importante comparée aux études précédentes. Les iminosucres multivalents pouvant également cibler les glycosidases d’intérêt thérapeutique, nous nous sommes intéressés, dans le cadre du projet appliqué, au traitement de la mucoviscidose. L’idée était de viser les mannosidases I et II du réticulum endoplasmique pour permettre de secourir la protéine CFTR déficiente impliquée dans cette maladie. Malheureusement, aucun effet correcteur ni potentiateur n’a pu être observé pour nos composés. En marge de ces axes principaux, une méthode de déshydroxylation sélective a été optimisée et développée en élargissant son champ d’application et en apportant des preuves mécanistiques. / Multivalency is known to be a tool to drive inhibitors more potent. The multivalent effect, evidenced in 2010 with multivalent iminosugar on glycosidase inhibition, paved the way to the synthesis of multimeric inhibitors even more powerful. In 2016, an iminosugar cluster was reported to be 173 000 times more potent inhibitor compared to the monovalent reference. This is equal to an inhibitory potency enhancement of 4800 per iminosugar. The goal of my PhD was the synthesis of a new generation of multivalent iminosugars very potent towards their target, to keep increasing multivalent effect. New multivalent iminosugars with glycoimidazole motifs, with high affinity towards mannosidases, were synthetised. Those multivalent compounds allowed us to work on two parallel projects: a fundamental and an applied one. The first one focused on the influence of ligand affinity on multivalent effect by measuring the inhibition potency on the most sensitive to multivalent effect commercially available enzyme: the Jack-bean α-mannosidase. Results showed that multivalent effect was maintained but at a lower level than those reported previously. Multivalent iminosugars being also able to target glycosidases of therapeutic interest, we were interested in the treatment of cystic fibrosis. Targeting endoplasmic reticulum mannosidases I and II could restore the CFTR protein whose deficiency is the root cause of the disease. Unfortunately, no corrective or potentiation effect were observed. Aside those principal lines, a selective dehydroxylation method was optimized and developed widening the scope and providing mechanistic proofs.
22

Rare monosaccharides and biologically active iminosugars from carbohydrate chirons

Best, Daniel January 2011 (has links)
Iminosugars are polyhydroxylated alkaloids, and can be viewed as sugar analogues in which the endocyclic oxygen atom has been replaced with nitrogen. These compounds are highly medically relevant and their biological activity is largely due to their inhibition of glycosidases. Several examples of the iminosugar class are currently marketed as drugs, and many more are in earlier stages of development for a variety of diseases and disorders. The most fruitful approaches to the chemical synthesis of iminosugars have utilised carbohydrate starting materials as optically pure chiral building blocks, or chirons. Most of the monosaccharides are not readily available, but the relatively few naturally abundant cheap sugars have been exploited as chirons for over a century. The availability of the rare sugars is growing with the development of a new biotechnological approach to their synthesis, known as Izumoring. This thesis is primarily concerned with the chemical synthesis of iminosugars from carbohydrate starting materials. The synthesis of unnaturally functionalised sugar polyols and their suitability as substrates for the Izumoring process is also discussed. Chapter 1 provides a brief general overview of the history, natural occurrence and therapeutic application of iminosugars. General strategies for their synthesis from carbohydrate chirons are discussed. Chapter 2 concerns divergent syntheses of several iminosugar targets from both enantiomers of glucuronolactone and their biological evaluation. A new scaleable synthesis of the natural product 1-deoxynojirimycin is presented that has since been adopted for commercial purposes, as well as an efficient strategy for the synthesis of both enantiomers of 2,5-dideoxy-2,5-imino- mannitol and their novel amino acid analogues. Access to hexosaminidase inhibiting acetamido- substituted piperidines is presented, including 2-acetamido-1,5-imino-1,2,5-trideoxy-D- galactitol, which has been found to be one of the few known potent and specific inhibitors of α- N-acetyl-galactosaminidase. This inhibitory profile may allow the compound’s use for further investigation of a strategy for cancer treatment. Chapter 3 concerns the synthesis of carbon branched pyrrolidines and their biological evaluation. A novel and highly potent α-glycosidase inhibitor has been discovered, synthesised by a strategy that utilises the benzhydryl ether as key protecting group. A mild method for the introduction of this protecting group has been shown to be general to a range of sterically congested and/or acid/base sensitive carbohydrate lactones. Chapter 4 concerns the synthesis of deoxygenated and fluorinated sugar alcohols and their successful biotechnological transformation into ketoses by the Izumoring process. Publications arising from this work are included in the Appendix.
23

Caractérisation génétique et biochimique de glycosidases de la bactérie pathogène des plantes Dickeya dadantii / Genetic and biochemical characterization of glycosidases of the plant pathogenic bacterium Dickeya dadantii

Charaoui-Boukerzaza, Sana 20 July 2011 (has links)
Parmi les bactéries pathogènes, les entérobactéries occupent une place particulière du fait de leur facilité d’étude génétique et de leur grande diversité d’hôtes. Dickeya dadantii est une bactérie pathogène des plantes, responsable de pourriture sur de nombreux végétaux en culture ou lors de leur stockage. Sa virulence est principalement due à la sécrétion d’enzymes dégradant la paroi végétale. Ce travail de thèse a porté sur la caractérisation génétique et biochimique de glycosidases de D. dadantii afin de comprendre leur importance dans la dégradation des tissus végétaux. Dans ce travail, nous avons montré que D. dadantii est capable d'utiliser le saccharose, le raffinose, ou le mélibiose comme seule source de carbone pour sa croissance grâce aux deux clusters de gènes scrKYABR et rafRBA, incluant les glycosidases RafA (α-galactosidase, famille GH36) et ScrB (sucrose hydrolase, famille GH32). Le cluster raf permet le catabolisme du mélibiose. Le catabolisme du raffinose nécessite deux étapes supplémentaires fournies par les gènes scrY et scrB. En outre, nous avons caractérisé et analysé deux autres gènes. D’une part, le gène bgxA code une β-D-glucosidase/β-xylosidase (famille GH3). Ce gène est induit en présence de sucres et acides phénoliques. D’autre part, le gène xydA code une enzyme à activité α-L-arabinopyranosidase (famille GH43). Ce gène est induit en présence de xylose. Les résultats obtenus suggèrent que BgxA et XydA sont impliquées dans la dégradation de composés végétaux. La mise en évidence de nouvelles enzymes impliqués dans la pathogénie des bactéries envers leurs hôtes ouvrirait la voie à la recherche de stratégies de lutte contre les phytopathogènes. / Enterobacteriaceae are of particular interest among pathogenic bacteria, because of their suitability for genetic studies and their wide range of hosts. Dickeya dadantii is a plant pathogenic bacterium , causing soft rot diseases in a wide range of plant species in culture or during storage. Its virulence is mainly due to the secretion of plant cell wall degrading enzymes. This thesis has focused on genetic and biochemical characterization of D. dadantii glycosidases to understand their importance in the degradation of plant tissues. In this work, we showed that D. dadantii is able to utilize sucrose, raffinose, or melibiose as sole carbon sources for growth. This ability is due of the presence of two gene clusters, scrKYABR and rafRBA, including the glycosidases RafA (α-galactosidase, GH36) and ScrB (sucrose hydrolase, family GH32). The cluster raf allows catabolism of melibiose. Raffinose catabolism requires two additional steps provided by the genes scrY and scrB. In addition, two other genes were analyzed and characterized. On one hand, bgxA encodes a β-D glucosidase/β-xylosidase of the family GH3. This gene is induced in the presence of phenolic sugars and acids On the other hand, XydA encodes an α-L-arabinopyranosidase of the family GH43. This gene is induced in the presence of xylose. The results suggest that BgxA and XydA are involved in the degradation of plant compounds. Identification of new enzymes involved in the pathogenesis of bacteria towards their hosts could open the way for research strategies to fight plant pathogens.
24

β-glicosidases e β-tioglicosidases de insetos / β-glucosidase and β-tioglicosidases of insect

Blanes, Lucas 02 April 2004 (has links)
No tubo digestivo das larvas de Anastrepha fraterculus e Anastrepha pickeli há β-glicosidases capazes de clivar dissacarideos, β-glicosídeos tóxicos produzidos por plantas e substratos sintéticos. As β-glicosidases de A. fraterculus são pouco ativas e as de A. pickeli são bastante ativas sobre alguns compostos, entre eles linamarina, um glicosídeo cianogênico. Esse composto está presente, em altas concentrações, no fruto da mandioca do qual a larva se alimenta. A. fraterculus alimenta-se do fruto da goiaba e aparentemente consegue o carboidrato que necessita por ação de α-glicosidases, que são bem mais ativas do que as β. O fruto da mandioca não é tão nutritivo e A. pickeli deve aproveitar a glicose da linamarina para obter energia e consegue desintoxicar-se do aglicone tóxico. Rhynchosciara americana apresenta quatro β-glicosidases nas membranas microvilares intestinais, sendo três delas β-galactosidases. Dessas, duas são ativadas por Triton X-100 sendo que a glicosidase, de maior mobilidade eletroforética é ativada por este composto, com uma Ka de 4µM, um α de 0,5 e um β de 2. β-tioglicosidases foram demonstradas em afideos. Nós verificamos que ocorre a clivagem do tioglicosídeo sinigrina após separação das β-glicosidases digestivas do Lepidoptera Diatraea saccharalis por cromatografia hidrofóbica. Nesse inseto, a mesma enzima é capaz de clivar O- e S-glicosídeos com atividades semelhantes. Enzimas com essas características nunca foram descritas anteriormente. Esses experimentos ilustram a viabilidade das adaptações dos insetos na utilização de compostos formados for ligações β-glicosídicas, viabilizando a exploração de nutrientes normalmente inacessíveis a outros animais. / Anastrepha fraterculus and Anastrepha pickeli have in their midguts 13-glycosidases able to hydrolase dissaccharides, synthetic substrate and plant toxic β-glucosides. β-glycosidases from A. fraterculus have low activity and the enzymes from A. pickeli may be highly active depending on the substrate used. Linamarin, a cyanogenic β-glucoside present in A. pickeli food (Manihot fruit) is easly hydrolysed by A. pickeli β-glycosidases (A. fraterculus eats on guava fruits and may obtain carbohydrate through the action of α-glycosidases, that are much more active them the β-glycosidases). A. pickeli probably uses glucose derived from linamarinan avoiding the effects of the toxic aglycon. Rhynchosciara americana has 4 β-glycosidases (3 galactosidases and I glucosidase) in their intestinal microvilar membranes. Two of these enzymes are activated by Triton X-100. In β glucosidase the activation has Ka= 4µM, α=0,5 e β=2. β-thioglycosidases occur in Aphids. One digestive β-glucosidase from Diatraea saccharalis resolved by hydrofobic chrornatography hydrolyses sinigrin. The same enzyme may hydrolyse O- and S-glucosides with the same efficienly. Enzymes with this specificity have never been described before. In this study we shown some adaptations of insects to use substrates with β-glycosidic bonds, allowing these organisrns to explore nutrients usualy avoided by other animals.
25

Compostos bioativos com potencial ação no controle da homeostase glicêmica / Bioactive compounds with potential action in the control of glycemic homeostasis.

Souza, Ana Marla Duarte de 18 April 2017 (has links)
Diversos estudos buscam identificar novas moléculas com ações regulatórias sobre a via de sinalização da insulina e consequentemente na homeostase da glicose. Assim, este trabalho visa avaliar o potencial de extratos de frutos no controle da homeostase glicêmica. Os frutos avaliados foram o morango (cv. Toianoca, Camarosa, Oso Grande e Camino Real), a amora-preta e a framboesa vermelha, em dois tempos de amostragem, sendo considerado como tempo A1 e tempo A2. As amostras foram caracterizadas quanto ao seu conteúdo de fenólicos totais, conteúdo de antocianinas monoméricas, capacidade antioxidante, avaliada pelos métodos DPPH e ORAC, ácido elágico total, capacidade de inibição da alfa-glicosidase e captação de glicose e lipólise em tecido adiposo de camundongos (ensaio explante). Dentre os frutos, no primeiro tempo de amostragem, a amora-preta e o morango, cv Oso Grande, foram os que apresentaram maior conteúdo de fenólicos totais (62,36 e 34,89 mg AG/g, respectivamente) no entanto não foram mantidos esses valores no segundo tempo de amostragem, com concentração 30% e 60% inferior, respectivamente; e maior concentração de antocianinas monoméricas (45,33 mg/g e 3,09 mg/g, respectivamente). Em relação a inibição da enzima alfa-glicosidase, avaliado em extrato metanólico, o fruto framboesa vermelha e o morango cv. Camino Real foram as que apresentaram alto potencial inibitório nos dois tempos de amostragem (IC50 0,47 mg FT e IC50 0,57 mg FT para framboesa vermelha e IC50 0,50 mg FT e IC50 0,46 mg FT para Camino Real). Quando avaliado os extratos enriquecidos em fenólicos, o valor de IC50 com maior potencial dentre os frutos avaliados foi da amora-preta, nos dois tempos A1 e A2 (0,0023 mg FT e 0,0021 mg FT, respectivamente). Para captação de glicose em tecido adiposo explate, ao utilizar a insulina para estimular a captação de glicose juntamente com o tratamento (extrato), esse estimulo foi efetivo no aumento da captação de glicose somente com as amostras cv. Camino Real e cv. Oso Grande. Isso pode ser explicado pela alta correlação encontrada de antocianinas identificadas no fruto, como pelargonidina-3-O-glicosídeo. Por outro lado, somente a amora-preta A1 aumentou a lipólise em condição basal, mas nenhuma fruta foi eficiente para reduzir a lipólise em condição estimulada pelo isoproterenol. Sendo assim, frutas vermelhas podem ser boas fontes de compostos bioativos, principalmente antocianinas, as quais podem ter corroborado positivamente com os resultados. / Several studies seek to identify new molecules with regulatory actions on the insulin signaling pathway and consequently on glucose homeostasis. Thus, this work aims to evaluate the potential of fruit extracts in the control of glycemic homeostasis. The fruits evaluated were strawberry (cv. Toianoca, Camarosa, Oso Grande and Camino Real), blackberry and red raspberry, in two sampling times, being considered as time A1 and time A2. Fruits were evaluated for total phenolic, monomeric anthocyanins and contents, antioxidant capacity, evaluated by DPPH and ORAC methods, alpha-glycosidase inhibition capacity and glucose uptake and lipolysis in adipose tissue of mice (explant assay). Among the fruits, in the first sampling period, blackberry and strawberry, cv. Oso Grande, showed the highest total phenolic content (62.36 and 34.89 mg AG / g, respectively), with a decrease of the 30% and 60%, respectively, in the second sampling time; and higher monomeric anthocyanins concentration (45.33 mg/g and 3.09 mg/g, respectively). The methanolic extracts of raspberry and the strawberry cv Camino Real (A1 and A2) presented the highest alpha-glucosidase inhibitory potential. Otherwise, the enriched-polyphenol extract of blackberry (A1 and A2) presented the highest potential among the evaluated fruits. Adipose tissue treated with strawberry cv. Camino Real and cv. Oso Grande was effective in increasing glucose uptake stimulated by insulin. This can be explained by the high correlation with the anthocyanins pelargonidin-3-O-glycoside identified in this fruit. In addition, blackberry A1 was the only sample to increase the lipolysis in basal condition, but all other fruits were not effective to decrease lipolysis in stimulated condition. Thus, berries could be a good sources of bioactive compounds to maintain the glucose homeostasis.
26

Estudo do papel dos resíduos Y456 e N329 na atividade catalítica de uma β-glicosidase digestiva de Spodoptera frugiperda / The role of residues Y456 and N329 on catalytic activity of a β-glycosidase digestive from Spodoptera frugiperda

Padilha, Marcelo Henrique Peteres 22 August 2005 (has links)
Nesse projeto trabalhamos com uma β-glicosidase digestiva da larva da lagarta Spodoptera frugiperda (Sfβgli50, 50 kD - AF052729), expressa na forma de proteína recombinante em E.colli. O nosso objetivo foi estudar o papel de dois resíduos de aminoácidos envolvidos na atividade catalítica da Sfβgli50. O primeiro resíduo estudado foi o Y456, envolvido na afinidade pela porção redutora do substrato (aglicone), o segundo resíduo foi o N329 envolvido na modulação do pH ótimo. Estudo do papel do resíduo Y456 na afinidade pelo aglicone do substrato. O sítio-ativo da Sfβgli50 é formado por quatros subsítios (-1, +1, +2, e +3). O subsítio que acomoda a porção não-redutora do substrato (glicone) recebe numeração negativa (-1), já os subsítios que acomodam a porção redutora do substrato (aglicone) recebem números positivos (+1, +2 e +3). Trabalhando com duas β-glicosidases de plantas (milho e sorgo), Cicek et al. (2000) demonstraram que uma pequena porção da extremidade C-terminal destas β-glicosidases (462SSGYTERF469 - numeração da enzima do sorgo) está envolvida na especificidade pelo aglicone do substrato, sendo que muitos desses aminoácidos são conservados em outras β-glicosidases da família 1. O alinhamento das sequências destas duas enzimas com a Sfβgli50 sugere que Y456 pode fazer parte do sítio de ligação do aglicone nesta β-glicosidase de inseto. Utilizando experimentos de mutação sítio-dirigida, o Y456 foi substituído por uma alanina (mutante Y456A) sendo que este foi expresso na forma de proteína recombinante em bactérias BL21 DE3 utilizando o vetor pT7-7. O mutante Y456A foi parcialmente purificado através de uma cromatografia hidrofóbica em sistema de FPLC, e caracterizado utilizando diversos inibidores competitivos (glucono δ-lactona, celobiose, celotriose, pentilbglicosídeo e octilbtioglicosídeo). Comparando os Kis obtidos para a Sfβgli50 selvagem e mutante Y456A com os inibidores glucono δ-lactona, celobiose e celotriose, foi proposto que Y456 encontra-se no subsítio +1 do sítio ativo da Sfβgli50. Já através da comparação entre os inibidores octilβtioglicosídeo e pentilβglicosídeos constatou-se que Y456 interage com uma porção polar do aglicone do substrato, talvez através de uma ligação de hidrogênio. Baseando-se nestes Kis foi calculada a energia de associação de resíduos de glicose e grupos alquila nos subsítios +1 e +2, indicando que o subsítio +1 do mutante Y456A tem uma especificidade mais ampla frente à ligantes polares (glicose) e apolares (grupos butil) do que a enzima selvagem. Sabendo que este resultado foi obtido removendo-se um resíduo com um grupo polar na cadeia lateral (Y456), estes dados estão de acordo com a hipótese de que a especificidade dos subsítios da região de ligação do aglicone é determinada por um balanço entre resíduos polares e apolares (Marana et al., 2001). Estudo do papel do resíduo N329 na modulação do pH ótimo. O mecanismo de catálise da Sfβgli50 é dependente de dois resíduos de ácido glutâmico: um doador de prótons (E187 - pKa= 7,5) e um nucleófilo (E399 - pKa = 5,0). Sendo o pH ótimo da Sfβgli50 (6,2) uma média aritmética dos pKas destes dois resíduos catalíticos. Uma análise estrutural do sítio ativo da Sfβgli50 mostra que o resíduo N329 forma ligações de hidrogênio com o resíduo E187 (doador de prótons), talvez atuando na modulação do seu pKa. Para estudar o papel do resíduo N329 na atividade da Sfβgli50 foram construídos 3 mutantes, nos quais tal resíduo foi substituído por alanina (N329A), ácido aspártico (N329D) e uma glutamina (N329Q). Os mutantes foram expressos na forma de proteína recombinante em bactérias BL21 DE3 utilizando os vetores pT7-7 e pCal-n-Flag. Entretanto, tentativas de purificação das SfΒgli50 mutantes através de cromatografia hidrofóbica foram infrutíferas, sugerindo uma possível inativação destas enzimas. Esta hipótese foi reforçada pela purificação das Sfβgli50 mutantes e selvagem contendo o peptídeo de fusão CBP (calmodulin binding peptide) através de cromatografia de afinidade. Este experimento demonstrou que as enzimas mutantes eram de fato inativas. Frente à estes resultados não foi possível concluir a caracterização do efeito do pH na atividade catalítica das Sfβgli50 mutantes N329A, N329D e N329Q. Por fim, foi proposto que a inativação da Sfβgli50 devido à mutações na posição N329 pode resultar de uma desnaturação das enzimas mutantes ou do reposicionamento do ácido catalítico devido à perda ou alteração da interação com o resíduo 329. / In this project it was studied the role of two residues (N329 and Y456) in the catalytic activity of a digestive β-glycosidase from Spodoptera frugiperda (SfΒgli50 - AF052729). N329 is believed to modulate the enzyme pH optimum, whereas Y456 may participate in the binding of the substrate aglycone. Role of Y456 The peptide 462SSGYTERF469 of the sorghum β-glycosidase is proposed to be part of the aglycone binding site in that enzyme. Some of those residues are conserved in Sfβgli50, among them Y456. Using site-directed mutagenesis Y456 was replaced by A and this mutant (Y456A) expressed in bacteria. Following that, this mutant enzyme was partially purified using hydrophobic chromatography. Inhibition experiments showed that binding of δ-gluconolactone, which occupies subsite -1, is not affected by that mutation. In contrast, Ki values for cellobiose (that binds to subsites -1 and +1) and cellotriose (that binds to subsites -1, +1 and +2) are two-fold higher than those of wild-type enzyme, indicating that mutation Y456A decrease the interaction with these oligocellodextrins. Moreover, binding of pentyl and octylβglucosides is not affected by mutation Y456A, suggesting that Y456 interacts with aglycone polar groups. Finally, evaluation of glucose and butyl binding energies in subsite +1 revealed that mutant Y456A specificity is broader than that of wild-type enzyme. Role of N329 A structural model of Sfβgli50 active site revealed that catalytic proton donor (E187) may interact with N329. In order to study the role of this interaction in the activity of Sfβgli50, N329 was replaced by A, D and Q (mutants N329A, N329D and N329Q, respectively). These mutants were expressed as recombinant proteins in bacteria and purified through affinity chromatography, revealing that Sfβgli50 was inactivated by those mutations. It was proposed that this inactivation may be due to protein desnaturation or a wrong positioning of the catalytic proton donor.
27

Synthesis and biological characterization of natural and designed sugars

Kiappes, John Leon January 2014 (has links)
Carbohydrates represent a keystone among biological molecules. Well known as a source of energy, sugars also form the backbone of various biopolymers, act as markers and receptors for cellular communication and modulate lipid and protein functions. As such a powerful class, carbohydrates represent a useful pool from which both nature and man have drawn structures to produce biologically active compounds with a variety of modes of action. Beyond their importance to biology, sugars have represented attractive synthetic targets to chemists given their densely functionalized scaffolds. The work presented in this thesis aims to employ synthetic chemistry to provide both natural and designed carbohydrates in order to carry out biological studies to improve our understanding of these compounds' particular effects. In the first part, a synthesis is developed for the carboline disaccharide domain of the cytotoxic enediyne, shishijimicin A. The route employs a Reetz-Müller-Starke reaction to install the domain's quaternary center, with addition of a carboline dianion to complete the target. Iminosugars represent the focus of the second portion of the thesis. These polyhydroxylated alkaloids have long been investigated for their ability to mimic single sugars, inhibiting various glycosidases and glycosyltransferases. The endocyclic nitrogen atom of members of this class can act as a functional handle for alkylation, with increased chain length increasing both potency of enzyme inhibition and toxicity in cellula. Specific iminopyranose structures with D-gluco stereochemistry have broad-spectrum antiviral activity, while those with D-galacto stereochemistry are antiviral with respect to hepatitis C, but not other genetically related viruses. Reported herein are syntheses of classes of iminosugars to determine the influence of both N-alkylation chain length and iminopyranose stereochemistry on the spectrum of antiviral activity. Complementing antiviral activity with isolated enzyme inhibition assays, the work aims to identify new targets for next generation antivirals. Finally, the prototypical iminosugar, D-deoxynojirimycin, is conjugated to a second natural product, D-α-tocopherol. By replacing the more common normal alkyl group with a lipid, the goal was to reduce cellular toxicity, while also taking advantage of the natural active transport for the lipid to increase uptake of the drug. Surprisingly, this change provided a marked shift in selectivity of enzyme inhibition and antiviral ability. In order to fully characterize the mechanism, the mentioned enzymatic and antiviral studies were supplemented with lipidomic, STED-microscopy and pharmacokinetic investigations.
28

Avalia??o f?sico-qu?mica e funcional da algaroba prosopis juliflora proveniente da mesorregi?o agreste do Rio Grande do Norte / Physical-chemical and functional evaluation of algaroba (Prosopis juliflora) from Rio Grande do Norte s semi arid

Oliveira, Natalia de Freitas 17 February 2011 (has links)
Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T15:01:25Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 NataliaFO_DISSERT_Partes autorizadas.pdf: 162419 bytes, checksum: df1688a55f3602778175a9d04e3bc026 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-02-17 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient?fico e Tecnol?gico / Algaroba (Prosopis juliflora) is a typical legume from arid and semi arid regions, which is composed by sugar-rich pods and high protein seeds. Phenolic compounds are secondary metabolites recognized as potent bioactive compounds, found in several vegetables.Therefore, the objective of this work is to characterize the algaroba flour in terms of its physicalchemical composition, total phenolic content, antioxidant activity by DPPH and ABTS methods, a-amylase and a-glycosidase inhibition, as well as to analyze its organic compounds by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Three experimental groups were investigated (seeds, seeds and pod together and only pod), which were prepared by oven drying and posterior grinding. Water and ethanol extracts (70, 80, 100% v/v) were prepared and used for functional studies. Organic compounds were detected by using HPLC equipment coupled to mass spectrometer. Results show important physical-chemical differences among the experimental groups, seeds, seeds and pod together and only pod. The algarroba seed flour is high in protein (49.49%) and fat (3.10%), while the pod flour is especially rich in sugar (60.3% to 67.9%). Algaroba phenolics are concentrated in pod flour, mainly in water extracts (1.30 mg GAEQ/100g sample). All seed extracts showed high DPPH activity and maximum antioxidant activity was registered for ethanol 80% extracts (19.81 ?M Trolox/g sample). The ABTS activity ranged from 9.73 to 12.74 ?M Trolox/g sample. Nearly all the extracts were able to inhibit ?-amylase activity mildly (30.50% to 48.80%), while the maximum ?-glycosidase inhibition was observed for pod water extracts (81.03%). Algaroba water extracts proven to be especially rich in organic compounds, observed by the high number of chromatographic peaks. Results demonstrate that algaroba is a potential candidate for further investigations concerning its possible functional applications / A algaroba (Prosopis juliflora) ? uma leguminosa t?pica de regi?es ?ridas e semi-?ridas constitu?da por vagem rica em a??cares e sementes de elevado teor prot?ico. Os compostos fen?licos s?o metab?litos secund?rios reconhecidos como importantes compostos bioativos, presentes em grande n?mero de vegetais. O objetivo do presente trabalho foi caracterizar a farinha de algaroba quanto ? composi??o f?sico-qu?mica, concentra??o fen?lica total, atividade antioxidante pelos m?todos DPPH e ABTS, capacidade de inibi??o das enzimas ?-amilase e ?-glicosidase, bem como analisar a presen?a de compostos org?nicos por cromatografia l?quida. Foram analisados tr?s grupos experimentais (semente, vagem inteira e vagem sem semente), os quais foram secos em estufa e mo?dos, obtendo-se a farinha de cada um dos grupos. A partir disso, foram elaborados extratos aquosos e etan?licos (70, 80, 100% v/v) para a an?lise da funcionalidade. Para a determina??o de compostos org?nicos foi utilizado cromatografia l?quida de alta efici?ncia acoplada a espectr?metro de massas. Os resultados da presente pesquisa permitem inferir que existem diferen?as importantes entre a composi??o f?sico-quimica das farinhas da semente, vagem inteira e vagem sem semente de algaroba. A farinha da semente se destacou por sua elevada concentra??o de prote?nas (49,49%) e gordura (3,10%), ao passo que a farinha das vagens mostrou-se especialmente rica em a??cares (60,3 a 67,9%). Os compostos fen?licos da algaroba est?o em maior concentra??o na vagem sem semente, sobretudo para os extratos aquosos (1,30 mg GAEQ/100g amostra). Todos os extratos da semente de algaroba apresentaram elevada capacidade antoxidante pelo m?todo DPPH, com m?ximo registrado para extratos etan?licos 80% (19,81?M Trolox/g amostra). A atividade antioxidante medida pelo m?todo ABTS dos extratos estudados estiveram entre 9,73 e 12,74 ?M Trolox/g amostra. Praticamente todos os extratos obtidos foram capazes de inibir moderadamente a atividade da enzima ?-amilase (30,50% a 48,80%), sendo que a m?xima inibi??o da ?-glicosidase foi observada para os extratos aquosos da vagem sem semente (81,03%). A algaroba apresentou variedade de compostos org?nicos detectados por cromatografia l?quida, sobretudo os extratos aquosos que demonstraram grande n?mero de picos. Sugere-se a algaroba como poss?vel candidata para futuras investiga??es visando sua utiliza??o como alimento funcional
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Exploitation of cell wall glycosidase inhibitors to improve wheat resistance against Fusarium graminearum / Exploitation des inhibiteurs de glycosidases de paroi pour améliorer la résistance du blé contre Fusarium graminearum

Tundo, Silvio 11 June 2015 (has links)
Dans ce travail, nous avons étudié la contribution que les inhibiteurs de glicosidases ont dans la réponse de défense du blé à Fusarium graminearum. Nous avons démontré que les inhibiteurs de xylanases ont la capacité à la fois de contenir l'activité de dégradation de xylanases sécrétées par l'agent pathogène, et de limiter la possibilité de provoquer nécrose dans les tissus du blé. Nous avons démontré que l’expression de la PvPGIP2 dans la lemme, la paléa, les anthères et le rachis détermine une réduction des symptômes de la fusariose de l’épi, au même niveau de l’expression constitutive de cet inhibiteur. Inversement, l'expression de la PvPGIP2 dans l'endosperme ne détermine pas une réduction des symptômes de la maladie. Cela indique que, lorsque l'agent pathogène a atteint ce tissu, l'activité de polygalacturonases de l'agent pathogène n’est pas indispensable pour la propagation fongique. Enfin, la combinaison des différents inhibiteurs de glicosidases, qui renforcent différentes parties de la paroi cellulaire dans le même génotype, a été efficace pour réduire les symptômes de la fusariose, par rapport aux génotypes qui présentent seulment un type d’inhibiteur. Nous avons démontré cet aspect à travers les plantes qui expriment la PvPGIP2 et le TAXI-III. Au contraire, les génotypes qui expriment la PvPGIP2 et l’AcPMEI n’ont pas montré un effect additif sur la résistance, probablement parce que ils renforcent la même partie de la paroi cellulaire, c’est-à-dire la pectine. / In this work we studied the contribution of glycosidase inhibitors in the defense response of wheat against Fusarium graminearum. We demonstrated that xylanase inhibitors are able to limit both the degrading activity of the xylanases secreted by the pathogen and to limit their ability to induce necrosis in wheat cell suspensions and tissues.We demonstrated that the expression of PvPGIP2 in lemma, palea, anthers and rachis causes a reduction in Fusarium head blight symptoms, at the same level of the constitutive expression of this inhibitor. On the contrary, the expression of PvPGIP2 in the endosperm did not result in a reduction of disease symptoms, suggesting that once the pathogen has reached the endosperm, the activity of polygalacturonases secreted by the pathogen is not essential for the progression of symptoms.The pyramiding of glycosidase inhibitors in the same genotype is effective in reducing FHB symptoms although it depends on the specific combination. Pyramiding of PvPGIP2 and AcPMEI does not enhance further wheat resistance against FHB, possibly because they target the same virulent component secreted by the pathogen, that is PG. Conversely, the pyramiding PvPGIP2 and TAXI-III supports a further improvement of resistance compared to plants carrying only PvPGIP2 or TAXI-III.
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Estudo do papel dos resíduos Y456 e N329 na atividade catalítica de uma β-glicosidase digestiva de Spodoptera frugiperda / The role of residues Y456 and N329 on catalytic activity of a β-glycosidase digestive from Spodoptera frugiperda

Marcelo Henrique Peteres Padilha 22 August 2005 (has links)
Nesse projeto trabalhamos com uma β-glicosidase digestiva da larva da lagarta Spodoptera frugiperda (Sfβgli50, 50 kD - AF052729), expressa na forma de proteína recombinante em E.colli. O nosso objetivo foi estudar o papel de dois resíduos de aminoácidos envolvidos na atividade catalítica da Sfβgli50. O primeiro resíduo estudado foi o Y456, envolvido na afinidade pela porção redutora do substrato (aglicone), o segundo resíduo foi o N329 envolvido na modulação do pH ótimo. Estudo do papel do resíduo Y456 na afinidade pelo aglicone do substrato. O sítio-ativo da Sfβgli50 é formado por quatros subsítios (-1, +1, +2, e +3). O subsítio que acomoda a porção não-redutora do substrato (glicone) recebe numeração negativa (-1), já os subsítios que acomodam a porção redutora do substrato (aglicone) recebem números positivos (+1, +2 e +3). Trabalhando com duas β-glicosidases de plantas (milho e sorgo), Cicek et al. (2000) demonstraram que uma pequena porção da extremidade C-terminal destas β-glicosidases (462SSGYTERF469 - numeração da enzima do sorgo) está envolvida na especificidade pelo aglicone do substrato, sendo que muitos desses aminoácidos são conservados em outras β-glicosidases da família 1. O alinhamento das sequências destas duas enzimas com a Sfβgli50 sugere que Y456 pode fazer parte do sítio de ligação do aglicone nesta β-glicosidase de inseto. Utilizando experimentos de mutação sítio-dirigida, o Y456 foi substituído por uma alanina (mutante Y456A) sendo que este foi expresso na forma de proteína recombinante em bactérias BL21 DE3 utilizando o vetor pT7-7. O mutante Y456A foi parcialmente purificado através de uma cromatografia hidrofóbica em sistema de FPLC, e caracterizado utilizando diversos inibidores competitivos (glucono δ-lactona, celobiose, celotriose, pentilbglicosídeo e octilbtioglicosídeo). Comparando os Kis obtidos para a Sfβgli50 selvagem e mutante Y456A com os inibidores glucono δ-lactona, celobiose e celotriose, foi proposto que Y456 encontra-se no subsítio +1 do sítio ativo da Sfβgli50. Já através da comparação entre os inibidores octilβtioglicosídeo e pentilβglicosídeos constatou-se que Y456 interage com uma porção polar do aglicone do substrato, talvez através de uma ligação de hidrogênio. Baseando-se nestes Kis foi calculada a energia de associação de resíduos de glicose e grupos alquila nos subsítios +1 e +2, indicando que o subsítio +1 do mutante Y456A tem uma especificidade mais ampla frente à ligantes polares (glicose) e apolares (grupos butil) do que a enzima selvagem. Sabendo que este resultado foi obtido removendo-se um resíduo com um grupo polar na cadeia lateral (Y456), estes dados estão de acordo com a hipótese de que a especificidade dos subsítios da região de ligação do aglicone é determinada por um balanço entre resíduos polares e apolares (Marana et al., 2001). Estudo do papel do resíduo N329 na modulação do pH ótimo. O mecanismo de catálise da Sfβgli50 é dependente de dois resíduos de ácido glutâmico: um doador de prótons (E187 - pKa= 7,5) e um nucleófilo (E399 - pKa = 5,0). Sendo o pH ótimo da Sfβgli50 (6,2) uma média aritmética dos pKas destes dois resíduos catalíticos. Uma análise estrutural do sítio ativo da Sfβgli50 mostra que o resíduo N329 forma ligações de hidrogênio com o resíduo E187 (doador de prótons), talvez atuando na modulação do seu pKa. Para estudar o papel do resíduo N329 na atividade da Sfβgli50 foram construídos 3 mutantes, nos quais tal resíduo foi substituído por alanina (N329A), ácido aspártico (N329D) e uma glutamina (N329Q). Os mutantes foram expressos na forma de proteína recombinante em bactérias BL21 DE3 utilizando os vetores pT7-7 e pCal-n-Flag. Entretanto, tentativas de purificação das SfΒgli50 mutantes através de cromatografia hidrofóbica foram infrutíferas, sugerindo uma possível inativação destas enzimas. Esta hipótese foi reforçada pela purificação das Sfβgli50 mutantes e selvagem contendo o peptídeo de fusão CBP (calmodulin binding peptide) através de cromatografia de afinidade. Este experimento demonstrou que as enzimas mutantes eram de fato inativas. Frente à estes resultados não foi possível concluir a caracterização do efeito do pH na atividade catalítica das Sfβgli50 mutantes N329A, N329D e N329Q. Por fim, foi proposto que a inativação da Sfβgli50 devido à mutações na posição N329 pode resultar de uma desnaturação das enzimas mutantes ou do reposicionamento do ácido catalítico devido à perda ou alteração da interação com o resíduo 329. / In this project it was studied the role of two residues (N329 and Y456) in the catalytic activity of a digestive β-glycosidase from Spodoptera frugiperda (SfΒgli50 - AF052729). N329 is believed to modulate the enzyme pH optimum, whereas Y456 may participate in the binding of the substrate aglycone. Role of Y456 The peptide 462SSGYTERF469 of the sorghum β-glycosidase is proposed to be part of the aglycone binding site in that enzyme. Some of those residues are conserved in Sfβgli50, among them Y456. Using site-directed mutagenesis Y456 was replaced by A and this mutant (Y456A) expressed in bacteria. Following that, this mutant enzyme was partially purified using hydrophobic chromatography. Inhibition experiments showed that binding of δ-gluconolactone, which occupies subsite -1, is not affected by that mutation. In contrast, Ki values for cellobiose (that binds to subsites -1 and +1) and cellotriose (that binds to subsites -1, +1 and +2) are two-fold higher than those of wild-type enzyme, indicating that mutation Y456A decrease the interaction with these oligocellodextrins. Moreover, binding of pentyl and octylβglucosides is not affected by mutation Y456A, suggesting that Y456 interacts with aglycone polar groups. Finally, evaluation of glucose and butyl binding energies in subsite +1 revealed that mutant Y456A specificity is broader than that of wild-type enzyme. Role of N329 A structural model of Sfβgli50 active site revealed that catalytic proton donor (E187) may interact with N329. In order to study the role of this interaction in the activity of Sfβgli50, N329 was replaced by A, D and Q (mutants N329A, N329D and N329Q, respectively). These mutants were expressed as recombinant proteins in bacteria and purified through affinity chromatography, revealing that Sfβgli50 was inactivated by those mutations. It was proposed that this inactivation may be due to protein desnaturation or a wrong positioning of the catalytic proton donor.

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