This thesis explores the process of accreditation within a government contracted social service agency in British Columbia, Canada. The agency is seeking accreditation from the Commission on Accreditation for Rehabilitation Facilities (CARF). Institutional ethnography is used to explicate the social relations of CARF - how it organizes frontline work with clients and how it re-organizes an agency’s relations to government funding and service delivery. Data include the author’s frontline work accounts, interviews with frontline workers and the Director, and textual documents used within frontline work. The research process traces specific reporting documents that connect frontline work to the agency’s funders, Community Living B.C. and the Regional Health Authority, and to CARF. This thesis makes visible how the accreditation discourse of measurement and continuous quality improvement shifts how frontline workers think about and do their work with clients in ways that align their priorities with those of government contract management.

Chapter one: The influence of charitable activity on Indigenous communities’ well-being and other socio-economic outcomes Hitherto and within the Canadian context, no one has investigated the role played by the charitable sector on the economic well-being for “on-reserve” First Nations and Inuit communities. On the one hand, Indigenous peoples face longstanding and complex social problems and economic hardships. On the other hand, there are charities which provide public goods and services and benefits to communities by helping to fill needs. This is the first study to examine how the presence of charities may affect some measurable socio-economic outcomes of Indigenous communities and their people, by triangulating data from multiple sources: administrative data from the Canada Revenue Agency (CRA) on registered charities, the 2001 and 2006 Census Surveys, the 2011 National Household Survey and the Community Well-Being (CWB) Index developed by the Aboriginal Affairs and Northern Development Canada (AANDC). My findings indicate that having access to at least one charity is associated with increases in a community well-being measure of 3 points on a 100-point scale, in household income (5.1%) and in individual’s wages (6.9%). When the number of charities increases in a reserve by one unit, the CWB rises by 1.1 points (on the 100-point scale), household income by 2.7%, individuals’ total income by 1.9% and individuals’ wages by 3.4%. Chapter two: Government funding to Indigenous charities The government is an important revenue source for charitable organizations in Canada. Big differences in public funding can be observed across registered charities that serve Indigenous peoples and all other registered charities. Using charitable organizations’ tax returns, the T3010 Registered Charity Information Return for the years 2003 to 2017 I investigate these government-funding patterns. I test different hypothesis on financial support from government sources by discerning first between Indigenous and non-Indigenous charities, and second between Indigenous charities on reserve and off reserve. I also analyze the relationship between the funding across levels to see if one level of government funding is contingent on other levels. The results of my study point to a higher likelihood of Indigenous charities receiving government support as compared to non-Indigenous charities, with a 24% increase in the predicted probability of funding. Indigenous charities on reserve have a predicted probability of receiving government funding that is almost 17% lower than those off reserve. From the exploration of the link between the three levels of Canadian government funding for Indigenous and non-Indigenous charities two insights emerge. Firstly, the federal government is more likely to support Indigenous charities if they do not receive any other public funds, and the provincial government supports them if they do not get any municipal funding. Secondly, Indigenous charities are more likely than non-Indigenous charities to get both federal and provincial funding, and federal and municipal funding. The comparison between Indigenous charities off reserve and on reserve reveals that the on-reserve ones are less likely to be funded simultaneously by two levels of government. Chapter three: The causal relationship between government funding and donations to Indigenous charities While billions of dollars are donated annually to charitable organizations, relatively modest amounts go to charities that specifically serve Indigenous populations. In comparison to their non-Indigenous counterparts, these charities get fewer private donations, have less fundraising revenue and receive less gifts from other charities. This chapter studies the causal relationship between public funding and these three types of revenues, focusing on the Indigenous charities and distinguishing between on-reserve and off-reserve charities. I use the large T3010 dataset with financial information for over 95,000 registered charities, covering a 15-year period from 2003 to 2017. The estimation and identification strategy relies on novel instruments using a 2SLS model. The results indicate a crowding out effect of public funding on donations for Indigenous charities; I also find evidence that the level of government funding matters. With the preferred instrument, a one dollar increase in government funding crowds out seven cents of private contributions; the three levels of federal, provincial and municipal funding decrease private donations by 15, 6 and 46 cents respectively. Government funding negatively affects fundraising effort and gifts from other charities. For every dollar in public support the former decreases by one to seven cents and the latter by three to 12 cents. These reductions imply an economically substantial effect on charities’ revenue. Little evidence is found that government grants impact differently Indigenous charities on reserve compared to those off reserve. The area and programs in which charities operate matter though, which is critical for how governments structure grants to Indigenous charities.

The script, Millennium Bridge, is an investigation into the passions and fears that are shaping contemporary Australia today. Charting the political climate of the past decade, at the play's centre a man is building a bridge from Australia to Asia. The central dramatic question being asked is &quotIn an environment where the emphasis on economic prosperity overrides that of human rights and freedom of speech--what will be the consequences for the Australian people?" The accompanying analysis of the ten-year period it took to write Millennium Bridge illuminates the significance of institutional issues on a play and playwright's development. Written from the perspective of a mid-career playwright, the paper argues that the professional and personal circumstances within which a work of art is created (and their effect on the playwright's confidence and financial capacities) are a significant determinant of the productivity of playwrights.

Esta tese tem como objeto o estudo do financiamento da saúde pública no Estado de Minas Gerais, no período compreendido entra a promulgação da Constituição mineira, em 21 de setembro de 1989, e o ano de 2005. Seu texto analisa também o financiamento da saúde pública no federalismo trino, em Minas Gerais, e, diferentes momentos de vinculação constitucional: na vigência do ordenamento constitucional determinado pelo 1 do art. 158 da Constituição estadual de 19989 e na vigência da Emenda n 29, de 13 de setembro de 2000, da Constituição da República. A presente tese constrói a série histórica de 1989 a 2005, com os valores do gasto em saúde pelo Estado de Minas Gerais, a partir dos Balanços Gerais do Estado. Através desses dados, comprova-se que a aplicação de recursos em ações e serviços públicos de saúde não se elevou com a vigência da EC-29, ao contrário, constatamos uma diminuição do aporte realizado em 2005 quando comparado ao valor aplicado em 1995 (15,62%). A construção da série histórica de gastos municipais em saúde total despendido pelo conjunto dos 853 municípios mineiros no período 1996-2005, demonstra que Minas Gerais no período analisado o aporte dos governos locais e, na média anual expressa em real de 2005 (13,22%), menor no quinquênio 2000-2005 do que no quadriênio 1996-1999 que antecede a vigência da EC-29. Este estudo pioneiro, já que o Siops disponibiliza dados municipais até o primeiro semestre de 2003, recomenda a necessidade de verificação em outros estados, pois em Minas Gerais a EC-29 se revela ferramenta incapaz de garantir maiores aportes ao financiamento das ações e serviços públicos de saúde. Verificamos, também que, nos últimos quatro anos, há coerência entre as quatro leis que formam o arcabouço do planejamento orçamentário (PMDI, PPAG, LDOs, LOAs) e os respectivos Balanços Gerais do Estado, mas o Fundo Estadual de Saúde FES não é a unidade orçamentária que realiza a maior parte dos gastos na função saúde. / The goal of this paper is the public health financing study in the State of Minas Gerais, within the period comprised between the promulgation of Minas Gerais Constitution, on September 21, 1989 and the year of 2005. The text also analyses the public health financing in the federalism, in Minas Gerais, on different moments of constitutional biding: during the term of the constitutional system established by the state Constitution 1 of art. 158 of 1989, and during the term os the Republic Constitution Amendment nr. 29, of September 13, 2000. The present paper builds the historical series from 1989 to 2005, with the amounts of the expense with health by the State of Minas Gerais, as from the General Balance Sheets of the State. Through these data it is proved that the investment of resources in actions and public health services has not been increased with the enforcement of the EC-29, on the contrary, we verify a reduction to the financial support accomplished in 2005 when compared to the amount invested in 1995 (15,62%). The historical series building on municipalities of Minas Gerais within the period 1996-2005, shows in Minas Gerais, in the period analyzed, that the financial support of the local government and, the yearly average expressed in quadrienium 1996-1999 that antecedes the EC-29 enforcement. This pioneer study, since the Siops makes available the municipal data until the first semester of 2003, recommends the necessity of checking other states, as in Minas Gerais the EC-29 has proved to be a tool incapable of ensuring greater financial supports to the financing of actions and health public services. We also verified that, in the past four years, there is coherence among the four laws that compose the budget planning framework (PMDI, PPAG, LDOs, LOAs) and the respective General Balance Sheets of the State, but the Health State Fund (Fundo Estadual de Saúde FES) is not the budgeting unit that accomplishes the greatest part of the expenses in the health function. Finaççy, due to the results of the analyzed data, we decided for the need of an urgent proceduring of the complementary law project the regulates the EC-29. The external control of the public expenses and the implementation of the National Account in Health, are important strategies to make the private and public expenses with health more effective and efficient, since such financial supports are practically in the Brazilian reality.

Esta tese tem como objeto o estudo do financiamento da saúde pública no Estado de Minas Gerais, no período compreendido entra a promulgação da Constituição mineira, em 21 de setembro de 1989, e o ano de 2005. Seu texto analisa também o financiamento da saúde pública no federalismo trino, em Minas Gerais, e, diferentes momentos de vinculação constitucional: na vigência do ordenamento constitucional determinado pelo 1 do art. 158 da Constituição estadual de 19989 e na vigência da Emenda n 29, de 13 de setembro de 2000, da Constituição da República. A presente tese constrói a série histórica de 1989 a 2005, com os valores do gasto em saúde pelo Estado de Minas Gerais, a partir dos Balanços Gerais do Estado. Através desses dados, comprova-se que a aplicação de recursos em ações e serviços públicos de saúde não se elevou com a vigência da EC-29, ao contrário, constatamos uma diminuição do aporte realizado em 2005 quando comparado ao valor aplicado em 1995 (15,62%). A construção da série histórica de gastos municipais em saúde total despendido pelo conjunto dos 853 municípios mineiros no período 1996-2005, demonstra que Minas Gerais no período analisado o aporte dos governos locais e, na média anual expressa em real de 2005 (13,22%), menor no quinquênio 2000-2005 do que no quadriênio 1996-1999 que antecede a vigência da EC-29. Este estudo pioneiro, já que o Siops disponibiliza dados municipais até o primeiro semestre de 2003, recomenda a necessidade de verificação em outros estados, pois em Minas Gerais a EC-29 se revela ferramenta incapaz de garantir maiores aportes ao financiamento das ações e serviços públicos de saúde. Verificamos, também que, nos últimos quatro anos, há coerência entre as quatro leis que formam o arcabouço do planejamento orçamentário (PMDI, PPAG, LDOs, LOAs) e os respectivos Balanços Gerais do Estado, mas o Fundo Estadual de Saúde FES não é a unidade orçamentária que realiza a maior parte dos gastos na função saúde. / The goal of this paper is the public health financing study in the State of Minas Gerais, within the period comprised between the promulgation of Minas Gerais Constitution, on September 21, 1989 and the year of 2005. The text also analyses the public health financing in the federalism, in Minas Gerais, on different moments of constitutional biding: during the term of the constitutional system established by the state Constitution 1 of art. 158 of 1989, and during the term os the Republic Constitution Amendment nr. 29, of September 13, 2000. The present paper builds the historical series from 1989 to 2005, with the amounts of the expense with health by the State of Minas Gerais, as from the General Balance Sheets of the State. Through these data it is proved that the investment of resources in actions and public health services has not been increased with the enforcement of the EC-29, on the contrary, we verify a reduction to the financial support accomplished in 2005 when compared to the amount invested in 1995 (15,62%). The historical series building on municipalities of Minas Gerais within the period 1996-2005, shows in Minas Gerais, in the period analyzed, that the financial support of the local government and, the yearly average expressed in quadrienium 1996-1999 that antecedes the EC-29 enforcement. This pioneer study, since the Siops makes available the municipal data until the first semester of 2003, recommends the necessity of checking other states, as in Minas Gerais the EC-29 has proved to be a tool incapable of ensuring greater financial supports to the financing of actions and health public services. We also verified that, in the past four years, there is coherence among the four laws that compose the budget planning framework (PMDI, PPAG, LDOs, LOAs) and the respective General Balance Sheets of the State, but the Health State Fund (Fundo Estadual de Saúde FES) is not the budgeting unit that accomplishes the greatest part of the expenses in the health function. Finaççy, due to the results of the analyzed data, we decided for the need of an urgent proceduring of the complementary law project the regulates the EC-29. The external control of the public expenses and the implementation of the National Account in Health, are important strategies to make the private and public expenses with health more effective and efficient, since such financial supports are practically in the Brazilian reality.

Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI) / For nonprofit organizations, securing and sustaining funding is essential to survival. Many nonprofit managers see government funding as ideal because of its perceived security (Grønbjerg, 1993; Froelich, 1999). However, there is little evidence to support the claim that such funds actually make nonprofits more sustainable, and some research has even suggested that nonprofits receiving “fickle” government funds are more likely to fail (Hager et al., 2004). The primary purpose of this work is to examine the relationship between government funding and nonprofit failure. Its secondary purpose is to understand the relationships between failure, government funding, and the causes for failure suggested by previous research—instability of the funding source and low funding diversification. To examine these relationships, I chose to use survival analysis and employed the Cox regression technique. Here, I analyzed the NCCS-Guidestar National Nonprofit Research Database, which archives nonprofit IRS filings from 1998 to 2003. This data set is noteworthy for its level of detail and its comprehensive nature. I found that organizations receiving government funding are less likely to fail, especially if this funding is part of a balanced portfolio. Organizations with higher percentages of nonprofit funding and organizations with less diversified overall portfolios do not. Furthermore, nonprofit organizations with less diversified portfolios were more likely to fail, and, among organizations receiving government funding, those with the highest percentage of their revenue from the government were more likely to fail than their counterparts with less funding.

Tertiary education campuses are no more the heart of peacefulness and scholastic study. They are turned into battlefields, administration and lecture hall buildings become the objects of siege, invasion and occupation. This is caused by the demands by students for adequate financial aid, the declining financial resources from government and the government's call for more access to tertiary education especially for the historically disadvantaged students. The problems in tertiary education pertain not only to financial problems, they also include cultural diversity, social and political issues. The financial aid to tertiary institutions is the main theme in this research. The research is based on a study of international and South African tertiary education systems in order to find ways to manage student affairs in tertiary education effectively and efficiently and to establish management strategies that will be acceptable to students, management, parents, all stakeholders and interest groups. In the end the management in tertiary education institutions should be able to effect the transformation based on the profound deficiencies of the present system which inhibit Higher Education's ability to meet the moral, social and economic demands of the new South Africa in the context of national and global opportunities and challenges. / Educational Leadership and Management / M.Ed. (Educational Management)

Tertiary education campuses are no more the heart of peacefulness and scholastic study. They are turned into battlefields, administration and lecture hall buildings become the objects of siege, invasion and occupation. This is caused by the demands by students for adequate financial aid, the declining financial resources from government and the government's call for more access to tertiary education especially for the historically disadvantaged students. The problems in tertiary education pertain not only to financial problems, they also include cultural diversity, social and political issues. The financial aid to tertiary institutions is the main theme in this research. The research is based on a study of international and South African tertiary education systems in order to find ways to manage student affairs in tertiary education effectively and efficiently and to establish management strategies that will be acceptable to students, management, parents, all stakeholders and interest groups. In the end the management in tertiary education institutions should be able to effect the transformation based on the profound deficiencies of the present system which inhibit Higher Education's ability to meet the moral, social and economic demands of the new South Africa in the context of national and global opportunities and challenges. / Educational Leadership and Management / M.Ed. (Educational Management)

Within the worldwide business community, many analysis tools and techniques have evolved to assist in the evaluation and encouragement of financial health and fiscal viability. However, in the educational community, such analysis is uncommon. It has long been argued that educational institutions bear little resemblance to, and should not be treated like, businesses. This research identifies an educational environment where educational institutions are, indeed, businesses, and may greatly benefit from the use of business analyses. The worldwide effort of Education for All (EFA) has focused on primary education, particularly in less developed countries (LDCs). In Sub-Saharan Africa, Uganda increased its primary school enrollments from 2.7 million in 1996 to 7.6 million in 2003. This rapid primary school expansion substantially increased the demand for secondary education. Limited government funding for secondary schools created an educational bottleneck. In response to this demand, laws were passed to allow the establishment of private secondary schools, operated and taxed as businesses. Revenue reports, filed by individual private schools with the Uganda Revenue Authority, formed the database for the financial analysis portion of this research. These reports, required of all profitable businesses in Uganda, are similar to audited corporate financial statements. Survey data and national examination (UNEB) scores were also utilized. This research explored standard business financial analysis tools, including financial statement ratio analysis, and evaluated the applicability of each to this LDC educational environment. A model for financial assessment was developed and industry averages were calculated for private secondary schools in the Mukono District of Uganda. Industry averages can be used by individual schools as benchmarks in assessing their own financial health. Substantial deviations from the norms signal areas of potential concern. Schools may take appropriate corrective action, leading to sustainable fiscal viability. An example of such analysis is provided. Finally, school financial health, defined by eight financial measures, was compared with quality of education, defined by UNEB scores. Worldwide, much attention is given to education and its role in development. This research, with its model for financial assessment of private LDC schools, offers a new and pragmatic perspective.