Submitted by Cleide Dantas (cleidedantas@ufpa.br) on 2014-06-05T14:23:14Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 23898 bytes, checksum: e363e809996cf46ada20da1accfcd9c7 (MD5) Dissertacao_AnaliseFeicoesGeologicas.pdf: 5029424 bytes, checksum: cfb33f7546295339f257aa096789fa93 (MD5) / Rejected by Irvana Coutinho (irvana@ufpa.br), reason: Indexar os assuntos on 2014-08-07T16:06:54Z (GMT) / Submitted by Cleide Dantas (cleidedantas@ufpa.br) on 2014-09-09T16:19:56Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 23898 bytes, checksum: e363e809996cf46ada20da1accfcd9c7 (MD5) Dissertacao_AnaliseFeicoesGeologicas.pdf: 5029424 bytes, checksum: cfb33f7546295339f257aa096789fa93 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Ana Rosa Silva (arosa@ufpa.br) on 2014-09-18T14:28:33Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 23898 bytes, checksum: e363e809996cf46ada20da1accfcd9c7 (MD5) Dissertacao_AnaliseFeicoesGeologicas.pdf: 5029424 bytes, checksum: cfb33f7546295339f257aa096789fa93 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2014-09-18T14:28:34Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 23898 bytes, checksum: e363e809996cf46ada20da1accfcd9c7 (MD5) Dissertacao_AnaliseFeicoesGeologicas.pdf: 5029424 bytes, checksum: cfb33f7546295339f257aa096789fa93 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009 / CNPq - Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / FINEP - Financiadora de Estudos e Projetos / Dois métodos geofísicos foram aplicados para a detecção de estruturas geológicas na borda oriental do Escudo das Guianas. O método gravimétrico foi aplicado para encontrar falhas, discordâncias e descontinuidades no embasamento, associadas a cinturões de cisalhamento que possuem orientação NW-SE, e o posicionamento da profundidade com que o embasamento se encontra da superfície. Foram encontradas falhas no embasamento e também indicações de que a crosta apresenta um afinamento em certa região da borda. O método eletromagnético GPR foi utilizado para encontrar descontinuidades geológicas nas rochas sedimentares e averiguar se essas feições são o reflexo das falhas no embasamento e/ou reativação de algumas delas. O GPR localizou feições interpretadas como descontinuidades em rochas e paleoestruturas. O estudo teve o intuito de compreender como as descontinuidades do embasamento podem ter influenciado na formação de bacias sedimentares do Terciário e na formação de paleoestruturas rasas. / Two geophysical methods were applied to detect geologic structures on the oriental edge of the Guianas Shield. The gravimetric method was applied mainly to find faulting on the basement, associated to shear belts that have orientation NW-SE. It was found faulting on the basement as well as an indication that the crust suffered a thinning in some region of the edge. The GPR electromagnetic method was applied to find geologic discontinuities on the sediments and to check if they are reflex of structural faults on the basement and/or reactivation of some of them. The GPR showed places where discontinues and some paleostructures can be observed. The study was also applied to understand how the basement discontinuities can influence on the formation of Tertiary sedimentary basins and on the formation of shallow paleostructures.

The terms &lsquo / ground-probing radar&rsquo / , &lsquo / ground penetrating radar (GPR)&rsquo / , &lsquo / sub-surface radar&rsquo / or &lsquo / surface-penetrating radar (SPR)&rsquo / refer to various techniques for detecting and imaging of subsurface objects. Among those terms GPR is preferred and used more often. In this thesis, the depth and the position of the buried circular cylinder are determined by a GPR system which comprises of an optical fiber sensor (OFS). The system is a combination of OFS, GPR and optical communication link. In order to determine the depth and the position, first of all the electric field distribution at the OFS is obtained by integrating the Green&rsquo / s function over the induced current distribution. Those distributions are observed for different frequency and depth values. The voltages inside the distribution are measured by OFS. By changing the depth of the cylinder and the frequency of the system, various plots showing x axis displacement versus measured voltages are obtained. Those plots are related to interference fringe patterns. The position and the depth of the cylinder are obtained using interference fringe patterns. All of the studies mentioned are performed in MATLAB R2007b program. The noises of the system due to OFS are extracted using OPTIWAVE OPTISYSTEM 7.0 program. By adding those noises to the measured voltage values, the operating frequency of the system is observed.

Gaussian Processes (GPs) are promising Bayesian methods for classification and regression problems. They have also been used for semi-supervised classification tasks. In this thesis, we propose new algorithms for solving semi-supervised binary classification problem using GP regression (GPR) models. The algorithms are closely related to semi-supervised classification based on support vector regression (SVR) and maximum margin clustering. The proposed algorithms are simple and easy to implement. Also, the hyper-parameters are estimated without resorting to expensive cross-validation technique. The algorithm based on sparse GPR model gives a sparse solution directly unlike the SVR based algorithm. Use of sparse GPR model helps in making the proposed algorithm scalable. The results of experiments on synthetic and real-world datasets demonstrate the efficacy of proposed sparse GP based algorithm for semi-supervised classification.

Rock glaciers play a significant role in the alpine debris transport system. For practical and engineering considerations, identifying the internal structure and its relationship to surface characteristics is significant in terms of how a rock glacier settles during periods of melting, and the mode of deformation. A better understanding of these factors is important for engineers, engineering geologists and geomorphologists who must make prudent evaluations of rock glaciers as potential sites for human development and uses. It is equally important for evaluating potential stores for water on other planets such as Mars. Ground penetrating radar (GPR) shows that the internal structure of a lobate rock glacier located in the San Juan Mountains of southwest Colorado consists of continuous to semi-continuous horizontal layers of ice-supersaturated sediments and coarse blocky rockslide debris which likely formed through catastrophic episodes of rockfall from the cirque headwall. Folds in the uppermost layers correspond to the surface expression of ridges and furrows, indicating that compressive stresses originating in the steep accumulation zone are transmitted downslope through the rock glacier. The rock glacier is a composite feature that formed by a process involving the development and overlap of discrete flow lobes that have overridden older glacial moraine and protalus rampart materials. The latter materials have been incorporated into the present flow structure of the rock glacier. The discovery of rock glacier-like features on Mars suggests the presence of flowing, or once-flowing ice-rock mixtures. These landforms, which include lobate debris aprons, concentric crater fill and lineated valley fill, hold significant promise as reservoirs of stored water ice that could be used as fuel sources for human exploration of Mars and provide a frozen record of the climatic history of the planet. To this end, the rock glacier in this study was used as a surrogate for similar Martian landforms. Liquid water, found to be abundant in this rock glacier, occurs within a network of interconnected channels that permeate throughout the landform. In terms of water storage within Martian analogs, consideration must include the possibility that some water ice may be stored in relatively pure form within lenses and vein networks that are supplied by seasonal frost accumulation and/or water influx from below.

No description available.

This dissertation details the design and development of a mobile autonomous platform from which to conduct a 3D ground-penetrating radar survey. The system uses a three-rover multiagent team to perform a site-selection activity during a lunar analog mission. The work took place beginning in 2008 and culminated in a final field test on Mauna Kea in Hawaii. This demonstration of autonomous acquisition of 3D ground-penetrating radar in a space robtic application is promising not only for in-situ resource utilization, but also for the concept of multiagent teaming.

This dissertation details the design and development of a mobile autonomous platform from which to conduct a 3D ground-penetrating radar survey. The system uses a three-rover multiagent team to perform a site-selection activity during a lunar analog mission. The work took place beginning in 2008 and culminated in a final field test on Mauna Kea in Hawaii. This demonstration of autonomous acquisition of 3D ground-penetrating radar in a space robtic application is promising not only for in-situ resource utilization, but also for the concept of multiagent teaming.

A presente tese de doutoramento versa sobre o estudo das propriedades geotécnicas de solos residuais não saturados ocorrentes no município de Ubatuba, litoral norte do Estado de São Paulo. O estudo das propriedades geotécnicas foi realizado a partir de uma abordagem macro e micromorfológica, buscando estabelecer a relação existente entre a água presente no solo e sua variação sazonal. Os procedimentos e técnicas utilizadas permitiram diferenciar os horizontes de intemperismo quanto à microestrutura e porosidade, bem como caracterizar seus comportamentos físico e hídrico. Os ensaios geotécnicos, in situ e em laboratório, forneceram informações importantes sobre as propriedades dos materiais, tais como: índices físicos, distribuição granulométrica, limites de Atterberg, curvas de retenção de água e condutividade hidráulica saturada. Os dados registrados pelos equipamentos instalados no campo (pluviômetros, sensores GMS e FDR) permitiram avaliar a relação existente entre os eventos pluviométricos com a distribuição de umidade e sucção matricial ao longo dos perfis de alteração. Além disso, utilizouse metodologia geofísica de forma inédita na geotecnia brasileira para a determinação de perfis de umidade em solos residuais tropicais. Em termos gerais, os resultados obtidos permitiram estabelecer algumas relações entre as propriedades mecânicas e hidráulicas e as peculiaridades micromorfológicas dos horizontes de solos. Os resultados desse trabalho poderão ainda indicar áreas prioritárias para o monitoramento das variáveis climatológicas e geotécnicas, podendo fornecer apreciáveis subsídios para um futuro aperfeiçoamento dos parâmetros técnicos utilizados em Planos Preventivos de Defesa Civil (PPDC). / This doctoral thesis focusing on the study of the geotechnical properties of unsaturated residual soils occurring in the municipal district of Ubatuba, north coast of the State of Sao Paulo. The study of geotechnical properties was conducted from a macro and micromorfology approach, seeking to establish the relationship between the water present in the residual soil and its seasonal variations. The procedures and techniques enabled differentiate the horizons of weathering in relation to the microstructure and porosity, and characterize its physical-hydraulic behaviours. The laboratory and in situ geotechnical tests, provided important information about the properties of materials, such as: physical index, grain-size distribution, Atterberg limits, water retention curve and saturated hydraulic conductivity. The data registered by equipments installed in the field (pluviometers, FDR and GMS sensors) enabled to evaluate the relationship between the rainfall events with the distribution of moisture and suction matrix along the soil profiles. In addition, was used geophysical methodology in order unprecedented in brazilian geotechnical for the determination of moisture profiles in residual tropical soils. Overall, the results allowed establish some relationship between the hydraulic and mechanical properties and the micromorphological peculiarities of the horizons of soils. The results of this study may also indicate priority areas for monitoring the climatological and geotechnical variables, and may provide appreciable subsidies for a future improvement of the technical parameters used in Civil Defense Prevention Plans (PPDC).

L’objectif de cette thèse est de proposer une nouvelle méthode de construction de modèles métaboliques dans le contexte de la génomique comparée. Nous avons développé un outil, ab-pantograph, permettant l’inférence de modèles métabolique se basant sur la logique abductive. Pour ce faire, nous avons introduit une représentation logique de modèles métaboliques minimaux enzymatiques, puis à partir d’un modèle métabolique dit de référence, nous avons dérivé un modèle minimal enzymatique explicite accompagné d’association de gènes. Enfin, en couplant ce modèle métabolique au génome d’un organisme cible, nous inférons par abduction un modèle enzymatique pour cet organisme cible accompagné d’un ensemble d’associations de gènes, modèle que l’on veut congruent à celui que l’on aurait pu obtenir en ayant toutes les informations pour l’organisme cible.L’outil proposé, ab-pantograph, a été développé en utilisant la programmation logique par contraintes et Hyprolog. / The objective of this thesis is to propose a new method of constructing metabolic models in the context of comparative genomics. We have developed a tool, abpantograph, allowing the inference of metabolic models based on the Abductive logic. To do this, we have introduced a logical representation of minimal enzymatic metabolic models and from a metabolic model called reference, we derived an explicit enzymatic minimal model accompanied by gene association. Finally, by coupling this metabolic modele with the genome of a target organism, we infer abductively a model enzyme for this target organism accompanied by a set of gene associations, pattern one wants congruent to that which is could have obtained by having all the information to the target organism. The proposed tool, ab-pantograph, has been developed using constraint logic programming and Hyprolog.

Le radar géologique est une méthode d'investigation géophysique basée sur la propagation d'ondes électromagnétiques dans le sous-sol. Avec des fréquences allant de 5 MHz à quelques GHz et une forte sensibilité aux propriétés électriques, le géoradar fournit des images de réflectivité dans des contextes et à des échelles très variés : génie civil, géologie, hydrogéologie, glaciologie, archéologie. Cependant, dans certains cas, la compréhension fine des processus étudiés dans la subsurface nécessite une quantification des paramètres physiques du sous-sol. Dans ce but, l'inversion des formes d'ondes complètes, méthode initialement développée pour l'exploration sismique qui exploite l'ensemble des signaux enregistrés, pourrait s'avérer efficace. Dans cette thèse, je propose ainsi des développements méthodologiques par une approche d'inversion multiparamètres (permittivité diélectrique et conductivité), pour des configurations en transmission, en deux dimensions.Ces développements sont ensuite appliqués à un jeu de données réelles acquises entre forages.Dans une première partie, je présente tout d'abord la méthode numérique utilisée pour modéliser la propagation des ondes électromagnétiques dans un milieu 2D hétérogène, élément indispensable pour mener à bien le processus d'imagerie. Ensuite, j’introduis puis étudie le potentiel des méthodes d’optimisation locale standards (gradient conjugué non linéaire, l-BFGS, Newton tronqué dans ses versions Gauss-Newton et Exact-Newton) pour découpler la permittivité diélectrique et la conductivité électrique. Je montre notamment qu’un découplage effectif n’est possible qu’avec un modèle initial suffisamment précis et la méthode la plus sophistiquée (Newton tronqué). Comme dans le cas général, ce modèle initial n’est pas disponible, il s’avère nécessaire d'introduire un facteur d'échelle qui répartit le poids relatif de chaque classe de paramètres dans l'inversion. Dans un milieu réaliste avec une acquisition entre puits, je montre que les différentes méthodes d'optimisation donnent des résultats similaires en matière de découplage de paramètres. C'est finalement la méthode l-BFGS qui est retenue pour l'application aux données réelles, en raison de coûts de calcul plus faibles.Dans une deuxième partie, j'applique cette méthodologie à des données réelles acquises entre deux forages localisés dans des formations carbonatées, à Rustrel (France, 84). Cette inversion est réalisée en parallèle d'une approche synthétique à l'aide d'un modèle représentatif du site étudié et des configurations d'acquisition similaires. Ceci permet de pouvoir comprendre, contrôler et valider les observations et conclusions obtenues sur les données réelles. Cette démarche montre que la reconstruction de la permittivité est très robuste. A contrario, l'estimation de la conductivité souffre de deux couplages majeurs, avec la permittivité diélectrique, d'une part, et avec l'amplitude de la source estimée, d'autre part. Les résultats obtenus sont confrontés avec succès à des données indépendantes (géophysique depuis la surface, analyse sur échantillons de roche), et permet de bénéficier d'une image haute-résolution des formations géologiques. Enfin, une analyse 3D confirme que les structures 3D à fort contraste de propriétés, telles que la galerie enfouie sur notre site, nécessiteraient une approche de modélisation 3D, notamment pour mieux expliquer les amplitudes observées. / Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR) is a geophysical investigation method based on electromagnetic waves propagation in the underground. With frequencies ranging from 5 MHz to a few GHz and a high sensitivity to electrical properties, GPR provides reflectivity images in a wide variety of contexts and scales: civil engineering, geology, hydrogeology, glaciology, archeology. However, in some cases, a better understanding of some subsurface processes requires a quantification of the physical parameters of the subsoil. For this purpose, inversion of full waveforms, a method initially developed for seismic exploration that exploits all the recorded signals, could prove effective. In this thesis, I propose methodological developments using a multiparameter inversion approach (dielectric permittivity and conductivity), for two-dimensional transmission configurations. These developments are then applied to a real data set acquired between boreholes.In a first part, I present the numerical method used to model the propagation of electromagnetic waves in a heterogeneous 2D environment, a much-needed element to carry out the process of imaging. Then, I introduce and study the potential of standard local optimization methods (nonlinear conjugate gradient, l-BFGS, Newton truncated in its Gauss-Newton and Exact-Newton versions) to fight the trade-off effects related to the dielectric permittivity and to the electrical conductivity. In particular, I show that effective decoupling is possible only with a sufficiently accurate initial model and the most sophisticated method (truncated Newton). As in the general case, this initial model is not available, it is necessary to introduce a scaling factor which distributes the relative weight of each parameter class in the inversion. In a realistic medium and for a cross-hole acquisition configuration, I show that the different optimization methods give similar results in terms of parameters decoupling. It is eventually the l-BFGS method that is used for the application to the real data, because of lower computation costs.In a second part, I applied the developed Full waveform inversion methodology to a set of real data acquired between two boreholes located in carbonate formations, in Rustrel (France, 84). This inversion is carried out together with a synthetic approach using a model representative of the studied site and with a similar acquisition configuration. This approach enables us to monitor and validate the observations and conclusions derived from data inversion. It shows that reconstruction of dielectrical permittivity is very robust. Conversely, conductivity estimation suffers from two major couplings: the permittivity and the amplitude of the estimated source. The derived results are successfully compared with independent data (surface geophysics and rock analysis on plugs) and provides a high resolution image of the geological formation. On the other hand, a 3D analysis confirms that 3D structures presenting high properties contrasts, such as the buried gallery present in our site, would require a 3D approach, notably to better explain the observed amplitudes.