Volcanoes with alkaline differentiated magma belong to the more explosive and destructive types, but knowledge about these systems is often limited. Unravelling the position and conditions in the source magma chamber systems that feed volcanism at the surface is vital to understand these systems better. Due to deep erosion and barren grounds the oceanic island of Gran Canaria, Spain, provides a natural laboratory to study unique chemical and structural volcanic features of alkaline volcanism. The centre of Gran Canaria is made up of the Miocene Tejeda intrusive complex including a cone-sheet swarm and shallow alkaline differentiated plutonic rocks that form the closing phase of the Miocene activity pulse on Gran Canaria. Cone-sheets and other high-level plutonic rocks can give important insights into the interior of a volcano, such as depth and geometry of the magma supply reservoir, and thus provide vital data for the interpretation of active volcanoes in the Canary Islands and beyond. This work uses the clinopyroxene-melt thermobarometric methodology by Putirka (2008) and Masotta et al. (2013), the latter being a re-calibration of the first making it specific to alkaline differentiated magmas, to further constrain the depth of mineral. Geochemical analysis was preformed with electron microprobe (EMPA) at Uppsala University to determine mineral compositions and to extend the dataset, chemical data from the extensive work by Schirnick (1996) was also utilised. When the calculated pressure from the method of Masotta et al. (2013), was converted to the depth, the results from syenite samples show that crystallization of clinopyroxene occurred at depths of ~ 4 km (100 MPa) to ~ 15 km (400 MPa), with the highest concentration between ~ 7 km (200 MPa) and ~ 11 km (300 MPa). The results indicates that crystallization took place through the pressure range equivalent to crustal levels and possibly reaching as far down as MOHO depth, with temperature estimates calculated to about 860 to 960 °C. After combining the thermobarometric results with other evidence of magmatic processes, from this work and previous publications, the magma system expresses characteristics of fractional crystallization trends and simultaneously evidence of magma mixing, small-scale convection, and magma contamination. To explain these contradictory features, this work promotes a network of interconnected magma chambers that allows for magma stagnation and evolution at different levels. The results have thus contributed to further constrain the depth of which the cone-sheet swarm originated from on Gran Canaria, Spain. / Vulkaniska system av den typ studerade i detta arbete tillhör de mer explosiva och destruktiva typer avsystem på jorden, men kunskapen om dem är begränsad. En viktig komponent som krävs för att bättreförstå dessa system är att utröna tryck och temperaturförhållanden i magmakammarna som livnärvulkanismen vid ytan. På grund av djup erosion och karg mark så fungerar ön Gran Canaria(Kanarieöarna, Spanien) som ett naturligt laboratorium för att studera både kemiska och strukturellaegenskaper. Den centrala delen av Gran Canaria består till stor del av det så kallade Tejeda intrusivakomplexet, vilket inkluderar en inverterad kon-intrusionssvärm samt djupbergarten syenit somtillsammans representerar den avslutande fasen av magmatisk aktivitet under epoken Miocen på ön.Inverterade kon-intrusioner kan ge viktiga insikter i det inre av en vulkan, såsom magmakammarensdjup, och därmed ge viktig data för tolkningen av aktiva vulkaner på Kanarieöarna och liknandeplatser.I detta arbete beräknades tryck och temperaturförhållanden utifrån kemin hos mineraletklinopyroxen och dess ursprungliga smälta. Detta gjordes med en metodik av Putirka (2008) samt enav Masotta et al. (2013) för att ytterligare begränsa djupet av mineraltillväxt. Geokemiskanalysutfördes vid Uppsala universitet med elektronmikrosond (EMPA) av insamlade stenprover för attbestämma de kemiska sammansättningarna som sedan användes i beräkningarna. Även kemiska datafrån omfattande arbete av Schirnick (1996) användes för att komplettera datasetet som anskaffadesunder detta arbete.När beräknat tryck från metoden av Masotta et al. (2013) omvandlats till djup, visar resultaten påatt kristallisation av klinopyroxen skedde på ca. 4 km (100 MPa) till ca. 15 km (400 MPa) djup, ochmed högst koncentration mellan ~ 7 km (200 MPa) och ~ 11 km (300 MPa) djup. Resultaten indikeraratt kristallisation skedde i tryckområdet motsvarande jordskorpans nivåer och möjligen nådde så långtner som till manteln, med temperaturer mellan ca 860 till 960 °C. Efter att ha kombinerat dessaresultat med andra bevis för aktiva magmatiska processer, från detta arbete och tidigare publikationer,uttrycker det magma systemet egenskaper som fraktionerad kristallisations trender och samtidigttecken på magma blandning, småskalig konvektion, och förorening av magma från jordskorpan. Föratt förklara dessa motstridiga egenskaper, främjar detta arbete ett nätverk av flera sammankopplademagmakammare som möjliggör magmatisk stagnation och utveckling på olika nivåer. Resultaten harsåledes bidragit till att ytterligare begränsa från vilket djup de inverterade kon-intrusionernahärstammar från Gran Canaria, Spanien.

Cone-sheet swarms are magmatic sheet intrusions and part of volcanic plumbing systems and are pathways for magma to the Earth’s surface, where they feed volcanic eruptions. The analysis of cone-sheets provides information on the geometry of the magmatic plumbing system of a volcano and allows to understand processes and dynamics of magma transport. This is important to interpret information during a volcanic crisis and to help reduce risks to humans and infrastructure. In order to create a realistic model, the structure and shape of cone-sheet complexes can be reconstructed in three-dimensional space. Most cone-sheet swarms are not sufficiently exposed to allow such a reconstruction. The Tejeda cone-sheet swarm on Gran Canaria (Canary Islands, Spain), however, is an excellent location to study a cone-sheet complex in great detail, as it is exposed over 15 kmhorizontally and 1000 m vertically. This allows to determine its geometry in 3D space. The felsic deposits of the Miocene Tejeda caldera were intruded by cone-sheets between 11.7 and 7.3 Ma. Schirnick et al. (1999) assumed straight cone-sheets, based on 2D projections, and suggested that the Tejeda cone-sheet swarm is formed by a stack of uniformly dipping, parallel intrusive sheets that converge towards a common, static, laccolith-like source, forming a concentric structure around acentral axis that has the geometry of a truncated cone. This hypothesis was tested in this study, using structural data from Schirnick (1996) as well as additional data collected in the field. Using the software Move™, the extensive data set was visualized and projected in three dimensional space. The underlying magmatic source of the cone-sheets was reconstructed using two different approaches, with the first one based on sets of cross-sections to select intersection points, following an approach prognosed by Burchardt et al. (2013a). To improve the quality of the reconstruction of the magma chamber, a second method was developed using geometric calculations in MATLAB. The results indicate that individual cone-sheets are straight with parallel to slightly fanning dips, which can be steeper in the central part of the cone-sheet complex. They converge towards a common centre, creating a sub-spherical geometry of the source of the cone-sheet complex. Comparison of the two approaches used for the magma chamber reconstruction indicate that the second approach (geometric calculations) produces less uncertainties in data interpretation. The modelling results lead to the proposition of a dynamic model for the emplacement of the Tejeda cone-sheet complex. Cone-sheets would start to intrude from a reservoir situated at about 4500m below sea level that became successively shallower with time. / Inverterade koniska intrusionssvärmar är en del av det underjordiska vulkaniska systemet som möjliggör vägar för magma till jordens yta, där de livnär vulkaniska utbrott. Genom analys av inverterade koniska intrusioner kan information om geometrin hos magmatiska system erhållas vilket gör det möjligt att förstå magmans processer och transportdynamik. Detta är viktigt då det hjälper att tolka information under vulkaniska kriser och kan bidra till att minska risker för människor och infrastruktur. För att skapa en realistisk modell, kan strukturer och former av komplexa inverterade koniska intrusionssvärmar rekonstrueras i ett tredimensionellt utrymme. De flesta inverterade koniska intrusionssvärmar är inte tillräckligt blottade på jordens yta för att möjliggöra en sådan rekonstruktion.Tejedas inverterade koniska intrusionssvärm på Gran Canaria (Kanarieöarna, Spanien) är dock utmärktbelägen för att studera ett inverterat koniskt intrusionskomplex i detalj, detta då den är blottad i över 15 km horisontell och 1000 m i vertikal utsträckning. Detta gör det möjligt att bestämma dess geometrii tre dimensioner. De felsiska avlagringarna av den Miocena Tejeda kalderan blev intruderade av inverterade koniskaintrusioner mellan 11,7 och 7,3 Ma. Schirnick et al. (1999) antog att dessa intrusioner var raka, baseratpå 2D-projektioner, och föreslog att Tejedas inverterade koniska intrusionssvärm bildades som enlikformigt stupande stapel av parallella intruderande plan som konvergerar mot en gemensam, statiskoch lakkolitisk källa, vilken i sin tur bildar en koncentrisk struktur runt en central axel med samma geometri som en inverterad stympad kon. Denna hypotes undersöktes i detta arbete, med hjälp avstrukturell data från Schirnick (1996) samt ytterligare data insamlat från fält. Den omfattande datamängden visualiserades och projicerades i tre dimensioner med hjälp av mjukvaran Move™. Denunderliggande magmatiska källan till det inverterade koniska intrusionskomplexet rekonstruerades medhjälp av två olika metoder, den första är baserad på tvärsnitt där planens skärningspunkter kan studeras, följt av ett tillvägagångssätt framställt av Burchardt et al. (2013a). För att förbättra kvalitén pårekonstruktionen av magmakammaren utvecklades en andra metod med hjälp av geometriskaberäkningar i MATLAB. Resultaten tyder på att enskilda inverterade koniska intrusioner är raka med parallellt till svagt flacktstupning, vilka kan vara brantare mot den centrala delen av komplexet. De konvergerar mot ettgemensamt centrum, vilket skapar en sub-sfärisk geometri hos källan till det inverterade koniskaintrusionskomplexet. Jämförelse av de två metoderna som används för magmakammarens rekonstruktion tyder på att denandra metoden (geometriska beräkningar) ger färre osäkerheter i tolkningen. Modelleringsresultatettyder på en dynamisk modell för bildningen av Tejedas inverterade koniska intrusionskomplex. Enligtdessa resultat skulle de inverterade koniska intrusionerna till en början ha utgått från en reservoarungefär 4500 m under havsytan som med tiden förflyttade sig mot grundare nivåer.

En este estudio se analizan las actitudes lingüísticas hacia la variedad canaria en comparación con la variedad español peninsular considerado estándar de veinte estudiantes universitarios en Las Palmas de Gran Canaria. La investigadora utiliza una versión modificada del método matched guise que consiste en una grabación de cuatro versiones de un mismo texto leído por dos hablantes de la variedad canaria y dos hablantes de la variedad español peninsular considerado estándar. Los informantes escuchan el texto grabado y contestan consecutivamente un cuestionario, evaluando las voces de la grabación. Según el resultado obtenido existe una diferencia entre la valoración de la dimensión de estatus y la dimensión de solidaridad. Los informantes valoran más positivamente a la variedad español peninsular estándar al nivel estatus, mostrando actitudes desfavorables hacia la variedad canaria. En la dimensión de solidaridad se manifiestan actitudes contradictorias hacia la variedad canaria, indicando una posible oposición entre una variedad culta y una vulgar. / The purpose of this study is to analyze the language attitudes of twenty university students in Las Palmas de Gran Canaria towards the Canarian variety of Spanish compared to standard Spanish. The investigator uses a modified matched-guise technique to test the subjects´ responses to speech samples from four speakers reading the same text: two Canarian speaking voices and two voices speaking the standard Spanish variety. The subjects listen to the recording and thereafter answer a questionnaire that evaluates their language attitudes. The results show that prestige and solidarity are evaluated variously. In the dimension of prestige the respondents held more positive attitudes towards the standard variety of Spanish while the Canarian variety received less positive virtues and the respondents evaluated their own variety in an unfavorable way. In the dimension of solidarity the attitudes towards the Canarian variety are contradictory, indicating a possible division between the judgement of an educated variety and a vulgar variety.

Esta investigación tiene como objetivo medir el progreso de la provincia de Gran Chimú mediante el desarrollo de líneas de base e indicadores, asegurando comparabilidad. Más que profundizar en métricas económicas, el Social Progress Index está enfocado en tres dimensiones: necesidades humanas, fundamentos del bienestar y oportunidades en 12 componentes, con esto se garantiza un mejor nivel de vida de los habitantes como instrumento de gestión de las políticas públicas. La investigación tiene un diseño descriptivo simple, su finalidad es la descripción de los procesos actividades objetos y personas. El tamaño de la muestra a la cual se aplicó el Índice de Progreso Social es de 277 jefes de familia por vivienda, de las cuales 135 están ubicadas en la Zona 1 considerando el distrito de Cascas, 53 viviendas ubicadas en la Zona 2 considerando el distrito de Lucma, 62 viviendas ubicadas en la Zona 3 considerando el distrito de Marmot-Compin y 27 viviendas ubicadas en la Zona 4 considerando el distrito de Sayapullo; esta zonificación fue basada principalmente en la densidad poblacional de la provincia. Los resultados de la medición de la Provincia de Gran Chimú dio como resultado un IPS de 22.62, que lo ubica en un nivel de progreso social extremo bajo. El análisis identificó que ni la provincia y ninguno de sus cuatro distritos han logrado satisfacer las necesidades básicas humanas en ninguno de sus componentes. Se identificaron las brechas más importantes en los componentes de vivienda, salud y bienestar, acceso al conocimiento básicos y derechos personales que alcanzaron los mínimos puntajes. Se analizó también según sus distritos, siendo el distrito de Lucma el que menos contribuye con el desarrollo del Índice de Progreso Social de la provincia. Se recomienda a las autoridades utilizar este estudio con la finalidad de efectuar los programas de desarrollo necesario que conlleven a un mejoramiento del nivel de vida de los pobladores de cada uno de los distritos de la provincia de Gran Chimú. / This investigation has as aim measure the progress of the province of Great Chimú by means of the development of base lines and indicators, assuring comparability. More that to penetrate in metric economic, the Social Progress Index is focused in three dimensions: human needs, foundations of the well-being and opportunities in 12 components, with this a better standard of living of the inhabitants is guaranteed as instrument of management of the public policies. The investigation has a descriptive simple design, its purpose is the description of the processes activities objects and persons. The size of the sample to which there was applied the Index of Social Progress belongs 277 family chiefs for housing, of which 135 are located in the Zone 1 considering the district of You Crack, 53 housings located in the Zone 2 considering Lucma's district, 62 housings located in the Zone 3 considering 4 to be Marmot-Compin's district and 27 housings located in the Zone considering Sayapullo's district; this zoning was based principally on the population density of the province. The results of the measurement of the Province of Great Chimú it gave like proved an IPS of 22.62, which it locates in a level of social progress low end. The analysis identified that not even the province and any of its four districts have managed to satisfy the basic human needs in none of its components. The most important gaps were identified in the components of housing, health and well-being, I access to the knowledge basic and personal rights that reached the minimums scores. It was analyzed also according to its districts, being Lucma's district the one that less it contributes with the development of the Index of Social Progress of the province. One recommends to the authorities to use this study with the purpose of effecting the programs of necessary development that they carry to an improvement of the standard of living of the settlers of each one of the districts of the province of Great Chimú.

Landnutzungswandel ist eine der Hauptursachen von Biodiversitätsverlust. In den Tropen und Subtropen führt eine Ausweitung von Agrarflächen zu vermehrter Abholzung der Wälder. Selbst wenn zukünftige Waldrodungen vermieden werden können, ist ein weiterer Artenrückgang sehr wahrscheinlich, da viele Arten zeitverzögert auf Veränderungen reagieren. Die Hauptziele dieser Arbeit waren die Auswirkungen vergangener und aktueller Landnutzung auf Biodiversität im argentinischen Chaco besser zu verstehen und Ansätze zu entwickeln, um negative Effekte schon vor einem lokalen Aussterben zu erkennen. Der argentinische Chaco ist aufgrund seiner Landnutzungsgeschichte, den hohen Abholzungsraten und der hohen Biodiversität bestens für eine solche Untersuchung geeignet. Meine Arbeit zeigt, dass der Artenreichtum an Vögeln und Säugetieren stark durch vergangene Landschaftsmuster beeinflusst wurde, was auf zeitverzögerte Reaktionen auf Landnutzungswandel hindeutet, sowie darauf, dass ein Teil der momentan vorkommenden Arten durch vergangene Landnutzungsänderungen noch aussterben wird. Die zeitverzögerten Reaktionen sind hauptsächlich eine Folge von Lebensraumfragmentierung, mehr noch als von Lebensraumverlust. Meine Ergebnisse zeigen, dass das Vorkommen von Ameisenbären seit 1985 stark rückläufig ist, insbesondere seit 2000, als die Ausweitung von Agrarflächen besonders stark zunahm. Abschließend konnte ich zeigen, dass Pekaris meist in abgelegenen Regionen mit hohem Waldanteil vorkommen, sowie dass physiologischer Stress bei Pekaris negativ mit Nahrungsverfügbarkeit korreliert, jedoch nicht mit Abholzung. Meine Arbeit legt nahe, dass Abholzung generell zum Artensterben im argentinischen Chaco beiträgt. Während manche Arten sehr schnell verschwinden, sterben andere nicht direkt aus, was ein Zeitfenster für Naturschutzmaßnahmen eröffnet. Die hier vorgestellten Ergebnisse können dabei helfen solche Zeitfenster in von Abholzung bedrohten Gebieten zu identifizieren. / Land-use change is a primary driver of biodiversity loss. During recent decades, the tropics and subtropics have witnessed accelerating deforestation rates, resulting in widespread extinctions. Even if further deforestation was to be avoided, species would likely continue to disappear due to delays in their responses to land-use change. The goals of this thesis were to provide a better understanding of the effects of past and contemporary land use on biodiversity in the Argentine Dry Chaco, and to develop approaches that capture the impacts of land-use change on biodiversity before local extinctions occur. The Argentine Dry Chaco provides an excellent scenario for this purpose due to its dynamic land-use history, the high deforestation rates, and its high biodiversity levels. At the community level, I found that species richness of birds and mammals was influenced by past landscape patterns, suggesting time-delayed responses to land-use change and the evidence of an extinction debt. These time-delayed responses were due to habitat fragmentation rather than habitat loss. At the population level, I found that giant anteater occupancy decreased particularly after 2000 when agriculture expanded rapidly. My results further suggested that land-use change had substantial indirect effects on species’ populations. Finally, I assessed the effects of deforestation on collared peccaries at the population and individual level. Peccary occupancy was highest in areas with high woodland cover. Where peccaries were present, physiological stress was negatively correlated with food availability. Overall, this thesis shows that deforestation is driving species to extinction in the Argentine Dry Chaco. While some species may disappear quickly following deforestation, extinctions of others may not be immediate, providing an opportunity to prevent those extinctions. The approaches presented in this thesis help to identify those opportunities in dynamic landscapes such as deforestation frontiers.

Doctor of Philosophy / Department of Biology / Samantha Wisely / Habitat fragmentation and destruction are the most ubiquitous and serious environmental threats confronting the long-term survival of plant and animal species worldwide. However, some native or exotic species can take advantages of these alterations and expand their range, placing endemic species at risk of extinction by changing the composition of biotic communities and altering ecosystem. Capybara (Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris) are a widely distributed rodent throughout most of South and Central America, but restricted to areas of standing water. As the Gran Chaco ecosystem of Paraguay has been converted from dry tropical forest to pastureland, I hypothesized that this habitat alteration created potential for invasion by capybara into newly fragmented areas. I used ecological niche modeling to generate hypotheses about how the distribution of capybara has been affected by land use change, and tested those hypotheses with phylogeographic analyses. To understand the mechanisms that have allowed the invasion, I investigated home range, habitat use and thermoregulation of capybara via radiotelemetry in a deforested area in which capybara had recently invaded. Genetic analyses confirm a rapid range expansion scenario with evidence of secondary contact between two distinct phylogroups which had previously been disjunct. Modeling results indicated that conversion of forest to pastureland allowed the expansion to occur. Capybara selected water significantly more than it was available to them, and avoided shrub forest. I found a significant positive correlation between body temperature and distance from water, and a significant negative correlation between distance from water and Chaco ambient temperature. Capybara proximity to water appeared to be tightly linked to body thermoregulation. These results suggest that although capybara have expanded into the Chaco forest as it is converted to pastureland, the presence of permanent water sources in those pastures are the mechanism that allow capybara to persist in this habitat. This is the first study to characterize capybara in a xeric habitat without a year round water source, and scarce natural grasslands. My results show how anthropogenic habitat modification has allowed capybara to thrive. Understanding how capybara invade and utilize the deforested Central Dry Chaco will provide valuable information for the future management of the species and the Chaco ecosystem.

Introducción: Se ha hallado presencia de estigma relacionado a VIH/SIDA en Perú; este constituye un impedimento para el acceso a la prevención, tratamiento y atención del VIH/SIDA. No se cuenta con estudios dentro del programa TARGA. Objetivo: Determinar el nivel de estigma relacionado a VIH/SIDA e identificar qué factores se asocian a este en los pacientes del programa TARGA del Hospital Nacional Dos de Mayo. Diseño: Analítico, observacional sin grupo control de tipo transversal. Participantes: Pacientes dentro del programa TARGA, mayores a 18 años, con más de 6 meses dentro del programa y que aceptaron participar. Intervención: Encuesta autoadministrada el en Hospital Nacional Dos de Mayo durante el año 2014. Los datos fueron confidenciales y el estudio fue aprobado por el Instituto de ética de la Facultad de Medicina de la UNMSM. Principales medidas de resultados: Las variables cualitativas fueron resumidas con frecuencias absolutas y relativas; las cuantitativas con la mediana y cuartiles 1 y 3. Para las asociaciones bivariadas se usó la prueba chi cuadrado o la prueba exacta de Fisher. Para el análisis multivariado se usó la regresión logística multinomial. Se tomó como significativo un valor de p menor a 0.05. Para el análisis de datos se utilizó la versión de prueba del programa SPSS v20. Resultados: Se analizaron los resultados de 339 encuestas. El 74% fueron varones y la mediana de la edad fue 39 años (Q1: 32 y Q3: 48). Se halló un estigma alto en 25% y moderado en 48% Las personas sin adherencia al tratamiento tienen 4 veces el riesgo de presentar estigma alto en comparación del mínimo (OR: 4.02 IC95%: 1.34 – 12.14), así como aquellas que han tenido relaciones sexuales con personas de su mismo sexo (OR: 38.4 IC95%: 3.2 – 461.41). Conclusiones: Los pacientes dentro del programa TARGA del Hospital Nacional Dos de Mayo presentan alta prevalencia de estigma que se asocia a falta de adherencia al tratamiento y se correlaciona de forma inversa con el tiempo en el programa y el tiempo con el diagnóstico de VIH/SIDA. Palabras clave: VIH, SIDA, estigma social, factores asociados

En un mundo fantástico, en una época medieval, los tres reinos Norte, Sur y Central defienden sus tierras de entre ellos, las cuales junto con el Gran Bosque, Las Montañas Rojas y el Mar Saliente, conforman la tierra de Thassandria. En este mundo, algunos caballeros, monstruos, demonios y seres antropomórficos poseen poderes mágicos inmensurables y son temidos por muchos o venerados por otros. Asimismo, existen diversas leyendas ancestrales y mitos ocurrentes que divagan entre los temores de los pueblerinos y la imaginación de los embriagados. Uno de los cuales es la existencia de un peligroso ermitaño que habita el bosque llamado la Arboleda Aullante, un hechicero de gran poder que deambula por la espesura del boscaje en busca de algo que nadie entiende ni tiene conocimiento. Visto de vez en cuando en los pueblos aledaños, siempre pregunta por artefactos insólitos que ninguno logra descifrar, por lo cual se lo empezó a considerar un lunático. Otros dicen que lo han visto enfrentarse tanto a peligrosos seres entre demonios negros o monstruos perversos, como a leales caballeros de los reinos, única y llanamente por aburrimiento y deseo de sentirse vivo. Desde entonces, la gente bautizó la historia como el mito del Mago Errante de la Arboleda Aullante.

Ants belonging to the Formica rufa group (wood ants) and their mounds have a large impact on forest ecosystems. This makes them considered keystone species. Several species of wood ants are threatened globally according to the IUCN red list. In this degree project mound densities and mound volumes were evaluated and compared between Norway spruce monocultures and high part Norway spruce woodland key habitats (WKHs) in southern Sweden. There were no significant differences in neihter mound densities nor mound volumes between the two stand types. However, mounds were distributed differently within the stand types and tree density correlated negatively to mound density in both stand types. Wood ant mounds were absent in the interior of monoculture stands, except in light gaps, while several mounds where located in the interior of WKHs. My results suggest that there is not enough light in the interior of monocultures in southern Sweden for wood ants to be able to colonize. Large monoculture areas may lack wood ants if gaps are missing. Therefore, gaps inside monocultures should be made more common in Swedish forests in order to benefit wood ants in production forests. Small clearcuts seem to benefit wood ant dispersal in monocultural stands. Therefore, smaller clearcuts should be preferred over the large areas presently clearcutted due to the negative effects of large clearcuts on wood ants.

No description available.