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Orientador: Antonio Misson Godoy / Banca: Antonio Carlos Artur / Banca: Tamar Milca Bortolozzo Galembeck / Banca: Antenor Braga Paraguassu / Banca: Cláudia Lopes de Moura / Resumo: Os estudos da qualificação como material ornamental e para revestimento foram realizados em rochas graníticas porfiróides dos maciços São Francisco, São Roque, lbiúna, Piedade e Caucaia, tendo sido analisados os principais litotipos que apresentam exeqüibilidade de lavra. Objetivaram ampliar a oferta das rochas ornamentais no mercado nacional, com padronização das características tecnológicas de novas variedades e sua adequada identificação e tipificação quanto aos aspectos mineralógicos, geológicos, geoquímicos, tecnológicos (físicos-mecânicos) e de susceptibilidade ao ataque químico, possibilitando a prevenção de problemas arquitetônicos. Estas rochas apresentam características estéticas com ampla gama de variedades e são muito bem aceitas pelo mercado consumidor. Atualmente, sem os estudos técnicos específicos, ocorrem problemas tecnológicos de resistência no dimensionamento das placas decorrendo em maiores custos para o empresariado do setor. Aliados aos fatores estéticos que favorecem a sua utilização para fins ornamentais e de revestimento, encontram-se a distribuição geológica e geográfica nas proximidades aos maiores pólos consumidores, à cidade de São Paulo e aos portos exportadores. Os resultados obtidos nos ensaios tecnológicos das variedades mostram que os parâmetros analisados situam-se dentro dos limites padrões estabelecidos pelas normas para granitos utilizados como rocha ornamental e para revestimento, quer para ambientes interiores, quer para exteriores. / Abstract: Studies for qualificaton as dimension stones and covering materials were carried out in prophiritic granitic rocks from São Francisco, São Roque, Ibiúna, Piedade and Caucaia massifs had been analyzed the major lithotypes with plowing potential of rocks. Objectify to enlarge de offer of those rocks as dimension stones into the Brazilian market with the patterns of technological characteristics of new varieties and their adequate identifying and typifying on mineralogical, geological, geochemical, technological (physical and mechanical) and susceptibility to chemical attack aspects, making possible the prevention of architectural problems. Those rocks present esthetic characteristics with wide range of varieties and are very weill accepted by the consuming market. Actualy, without specific technicai studies, occur technological problems of strength in the sizing of tbe tiles or plates elapsing in more elevate costs for the sector companies. Allied to the esthetic factors that are favorable to the use of those rocks as dimension stones and covering materials are the geological and geographic distribution in the proximities to the greatest consuming poles, to the São Paulo city and to fim exporting harbours. Obtained results in the technological analyses of the varieties show that the parameters as sited into the limit standards established by the regulations for granites used as covering and dimension rocks, both for internal and external environment. / Doutor

Macroscopic analyses of rocks have produced acceptable results for many problems. These problems are simple, involving normal conditions. But a need is arising to study these rocks under extreme conditions, like high temperatures, projectile penetration and extreme pressures. Behavior of rocks under these conditions cannot be predicted using common macroscopic analyses at normal conditions. Nanostructure of the rock governs the behavior of rock under such situations. Hence, there is a need to study these materials using micro molecular mechanics. There is also a theory that failure in a rock mass is governed by the formation and propagation of microscopic cracks. The development of these can be observed and studied using the nanoscale analyses. A new science is emerging which deals with manipulating the nanostructure of materials. It may be possible in near future to improve the properties of materials into more desirable ones, by changing their nanofabric. These prospects make the nanoscopic analyses of rocks very intriguing. This research aims at developing methods to analyze rocks, clays and other geotechnical materials to study their nanolevel properties. Molecular Dynamics simulation is the most commonly used method in molecular mechanics. A software program TINKER was used for developing the simulation. Using this, MD simulation was performed on a (14,1) carbon nanotube for validation purposes. Later on simulations were performed on rock minerals such as quartz, albite and calcite and clays such as kaolinite and palygorskite. The simulated results are compared with published data on mechanical properties of rock and clay minerals. / Master of Science

O polimento de rochas ornamentais na indústria brasileira é um processo empírico. Nesse processo, elementos como tempo, velocidade de rotação e carga aplicada na politriz são combinados de diversas maneiras para a obtenção do brilho. O presente trabalho, a partir de ensaios no Simulador de Polimento de Rochas (SPR), obteve informações mais precisas sobre quais combinações envolvendo essas variáveis são as mais eficientes para se atingir o brilho ideal em cada tipo de rocha. Para alcançar os resultados foram executadas e comparadas nove combinações para cada uma das rochas estudadas, considerando as influências das características composicionais, estruturais e texturais. Foram feitas modificações e adaptações nos aparelhos SPR e Glossmeter, uma vez que apresentavam a possibilidade de afetar a veracidade dos resultados. Os resultados e análises feitas mostram que é possível eliminar uma etapa abrasiva no processo de polimento. Cada tipo de rocha responde de maneira distinta em relação às combinações para obtenção do brilho ideal, levando à uma combinação específica para cada rocha. Os aprimoramentos do processo obtidos podem promover a redução custos para os fabricantes em relação a tempo, energia e abrasivos. / The ornamental stones polishing in the industry is considered an empirical process. In this process, variables such as time, rotation speed and intensity of the load applied are combined in different operation conditions to obtain the desired brightness. Using the Polishing Rocks Simulator (SPR), this present research aims to obtain information about which combinations of these variables are the most efficient to achieve the desired brightness in each type of rock. To achieve these objectives nine combinations were compared over three types of rocks in order to analyze the influence of each rock characteristics such as composition, structure and texture. Some modifications and adjustments were made on the Glossmeter and the SPR because they could influence the results accuracy. The obtained results and analysis shows that a step can be eliminated in the abrasive polishing process. Each type of rock responds differently to the employed combinations to reach the desired brightness. These analyses conduct to a specific combination for each rock. The achieved process improvement can reduce the costs for the industry in respect of time, energy and abrasives.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:32:21Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2006-03-03Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:21:57Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 arrais_jcp_dr_rcla.pdf: 3452653 bytes, checksum: c342afd912c53aaaae4df1e6ceb5d2c7 (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Os estudos da qualificação como material ornamental e para revestimento foram realizados em rochas graníticas porfiróides dos maciços São Francisco, São Roque, lbiúna, Piedade e Caucaia, tendo sido analisados os principais litotipos que apresentam exeqüibilidade de lavra. Objetivaram ampliar a oferta das rochas ornamentais no mercado nacional, com padronização das características tecnológicas de novas variedades e sua adequada identificação e tipificação quanto aos aspectos mineralógicos, geológicos, geoquímicos, tecnológicos (físicos-mecânicos) e de susceptibilidade ao ataque químico, possibilitando a prevenção de problemas arquitetônicos. Estas rochas apresentam características estéticas com ampla gama de variedades e são muito bem aceitas pelo mercado consumidor. Atualmente, sem os estudos técnicos específicos, ocorrem problemas tecnológicos de resistência no dimensionamento das placas decorrendo em maiores custos para o empresariado do setor. Aliados aos fatores estéticos que favorecem a sua utilização para fins ornamentais e de revestimento, encontram-se a distribuição geológica e geográfica nas proximidades aos maiores pólos consumidores, à cidade de São Paulo e aos portos exportadores. Os resultados obtidos nos ensaios tecnológicos das variedades mostram que os parâmetros analisados situam-se dentro dos limites padrões estabelecidos pelas normas para granitos utilizados como rocha ornamental e para revestimento, quer para ambientes interiores, quer para exteriores. / Studies for qualificaton as dimension stones and covering materials were carried out in prophiritic granitic rocks from São Francisco, São Roque, Ibiúna, Piedade and Caucaia massifs had been analyzed the major lithotypes with plowing potential of rocks. Objectify to enlarge de offer of those rocks as dimension stones into the Brazilian market with the patterns of technological characteristics of new varieties and their adequate identifying and typifying on mineralogical, geological, geochemical, technological (physical and mechanical) and susceptibility to chemical attack aspects, making possible the prevention of architectural problems. Those rocks present esthetic characteristics with wide range of varieties and are very weill accepted by the consuming market. Actualy, without specific technicai studies, occur technological problems of strength in the sizing of tbe tiles or plates elapsing in more elevate costs for the sector companies. Allied to the esthetic factors that are favorable to the use of those rocks as dimension stones and covering materials are the geological and geographic distribution in the proximities to the greatest consuming poles, to the São Paulo city and to fim exporting harbours. Obtained results in the technological analyses of the varieties show that the parameters as sited into the limit standards established by the regulations for granites used as covering and dimension rocks, both for internal and external environment.

O polimento de rochas ornamentais na indústria brasileira é um processo empírico. Nesse processo, elementos como tempo, velocidade de rotação e carga aplicada na politriz são combinados de diversas maneiras para a obtenção do brilho. O presente trabalho, a partir de ensaios no Simulador de Polimento de Rochas (SPR), obteve informações mais precisas sobre quais combinações envolvendo essas variáveis são as mais eficientes para se atingir o brilho ideal em cada tipo de rocha. Para alcançar os resultados foram executadas e comparadas nove combinações para cada uma das rochas estudadas, considerando as influências das características composicionais, estruturais e texturais. Foram feitas modificações e adaptações nos aparelhos SPR e Glossmeter, uma vez que apresentavam a possibilidade de afetar a veracidade dos resultados. Os resultados e análises feitas mostram que é possível eliminar uma etapa abrasiva no processo de polimento. Cada tipo de rocha responde de maneira distinta em relação às combinações para obtenção do brilho ideal, levando à uma combinação específica para cada rocha. Os aprimoramentos do processo obtidos podem promover a redução custos para os fabricantes em relação a tempo, energia e abrasivos. / The ornamental stones polishing in the industry is considered an empirical process. In this process, variables such as time, rotation speed and intensity of the load applied are combined in different operation conditions to obtain the desired brightness. Using the Polishing Rocks Simulator (SPR), this present research aims to obtain information about which combinations of these variables are the most efficient to achieve the desired brightness in each type of rock. To achieve these objectives nine combinations were compared over three types of rocks in order to analyze the influence of each rock characteristics such as composition, structure and texture. Some modifications and adjustments were made on the Glossmeter and the SPR because they could influence the results accuracy. The obtained results and analysis shows that a step can be eliminated in the abrasive polishing process. Each type of rock responds differently to the employed combinations to reach the desired brightness. These analyses conduct to a specific combination for each rock. The achieved process improvement can reduce the costs for the industry in respect of time, energy and abrasives.

The collapse of residual Archaen granitic soils in South Africa is a geotechnical hazard that was identified in the 1950’s. Collapse has led to hazardous building conditions in the rapidly expanding northern parts of Johannesburg, and in areas stretching across the eastern parts of South Africa, encompassing KwaZulu Natal, Mpumalanga and Limpopo Provinces. Since the development of the oedometer test in the 1960’s and the research of Jennings and Knight in the 1970’s very little further research has been done on the topic of collapse, despite the development of a number of new testing procedures that can give insight into the properties of these soils. Due to the large surface area of South Africa prone to collapse, and the lack of knowledge and testing methods to identify and quantify this hazard the author felt, that further insight into the collapse of residual Archaen granitic soils was required. This research serves to evaluate the properties of Archaen residual granitic soils that may be indicative of collapsible soils. The research also compares various test methods and apparatus used to identify and quantify collapse potential, namely the oedometer collapse potential test and the triaxial collapse potential test, and evaluates the effect of soil properties on these methods. / Dissertation (MSc)--University of Pretoria, 2013. / gm2014 / Geology / unrestricted

The geometry and mineralization features of small left-lateral strike-slip faults and associated fractures in Lake Edison Granodiorite of the central Sierra Nevada, California, were examined in order to model the three-dimensional structure of strike-slip faults. These faults, which are reactivated joints, were also examined to determine fault sizes, starting joint size, and evidence for fluid flow. The associated secondary fractures are usually found in the dilational quadrants of fault-tip regions. The longest fault-segment trace is 32.14 m; the longest joint trace is 22 m. The joint population length (l) is represented by a power-law distribution (l-n) and it is l-1.22. The fault-segment distributions are l-0.23~0.79, and the compiled fault-segment distribution is l-1.18. The data on fracture and fault spacing, along with the joint power-law distribution, will aid in the simulation and analysis of fault evolution. The splay-fracture traced in the faults are linear at depth and the average splay-fracture angle is 39° ± 13°. The dihedral angle of the splay plane and fault plane ranges from 20° to 65°. There is a high concentration of splay fractures near the fault. As distance increases perpendicular form the fault, the splay-fracture spacing increases and splay-fracture frequency decreases. The splay tracelength distributions have a high short tracelength concentration with a rapid decrease of long tracelengths. The maximum tracelength of multiple splay-fracture groups is restricted by their distance orthogonal to the fault trace. The three-dimensional relationship between the splay-fracture plane and fault plane can be inferred from these data. When present, mineralized quartz appears largely as lenses and few as single continuous veins along the faults. No consistent pattern exists between fault displacement and the locations and dimensions of quartz cavities. There is no visible damage zone near the fault termination or around the faults. Microstructures in the fault zone consist of cataclasites and patchy gouges, and zones of dynamically recrystallized fault walls. The three-dimensional geometry, along with quartz cavity distribution and thin section analysis, has led to the conclusion that fluid migrates vertically among the faults and fractures.

(Asteraceae Martynov do Morro Santana, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil). O Morro Santana localiza-se entre os municípios de Porto Alegre e Viamão, no estado do Rio Grande do Sul. Foi realizado o inventário florístico da família Asteraceae em sua área, de março de 2007 a dezembro de 2008, totalizando 19 excursões ao campo, com todos os tipos fisionômicos de vegetação amostrados. A família Asteraceae é bem representada no Morro Santana, com 154 espécies, 63 gêneros e 12 tribos. As tribos com maior número de espécies são Astereae (32) e Eupatorieae (29). Anthemideae, Barnadesieae e Helenieae possuem apenas três espécies cada. Os gêneros com maior número de espécies são Baccharis L. (18) e Eupatorium L. (17), seguidos por Vernonia Schreb. (9), Mikania Willd. (8), Senecio L. e Pterocaulon Elliott (6). Os gêneros com apenas uma espécie somam 35. As espécies exóticas são nove (Bidens pilosa L., Coleostephus myconis (L.) Rchb.f., Crepis japonica Benth., Emilia fosbergii Nicolson, Hypochaeris radicata L., Senecio madagascariensis Poir., Sonchus asper (L.) Hill, Sonchus oleraceus L. e Taraxacum officinale F.H. Wigg.). Quatro espécies encontradas no morro estão na Lista das Espécies Ameaçadas do Rio Grande do Sul (Gochnatia cordata Less., Mikania pinnatiloba DC., Pamphalea commersonii Cass. e Schlechtendalia luzulaefolia Less.). São apresentadas chaves de identificação para as tribos e espécies de cada tribo, e informações ecológicas e de distribuição geográfica sobre cada espécie. / (Asteraceae Martynov from Morro Santana, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil). Morro Santana is located between Porto Alegre and Viamão cities, in Rio Grande do Sul State. The floristic inventory was carrying out from March 2007 to December 2008, covering 19 field trips, with all vegetation types sampled. Asteraceae is well represented in Morro Santana, with 154 species, 63 genera and 12 tribes. Astereae (32) and Eupatorieae (29) are the tribes with the largest number of species. Anthemideae, Barnadesieae and Helenieae have only three species. The genera with the largest number of species are Baccharis L. (18) and Eupatorium L. (17), followed by Vernonia Schreb. (9), Mikania Willd. (8), and Senecio L. and Pterocaulon Elliott (6). Of the studied genera, 35 have a single species. Nine exotic species were found in the area (Bidens pilosa L., Coleostephus myconis (L.) Rchb.f., Crepis japonica Benth., Emilia fosbergii Nicolson, Hypochaeris radicata L., Senecio madagascariensis Poir., Sonchus asper (L.) Hill, Sonchus oleraceus L. e Taraxacum officinale F.H. Wigg.). Four species are in the Endangered Species List from Rio Grande do Sul State (Gochnatia cordata Less., Mikania pinnatiloba DC., Pamphalea commersonii Cass., and Schlechtendalia luzulaefolia Less.). Identification keys to tribes and species, and ecological and geografical distribution informations to each species are provide.