Cemeteries are cultural landscapes that reveal key details about their communities. The gravestone-its architecture, epitaph, iconography, and positioning within a cemetery-is a rhetorical device that reflects social and economic values of a particular era within the community. This qualitative study examines the gravestones of two public Appalachian cemeteries: one in a western Pennsylvania township of Northern Appalachia and the other in far southwestern Virginia in Central Appalachia. The data suggest gendered rhetorical patterns in how men and women have been represented in death from the late nineteenth century to present day. These patterns can be linked to sociocultural shifts in Appalachia in the past century and suggest that Appalachian cemeteries also function as sites of rhetorical power for the living.

The thesis describes all the inscriptions that one can see engraved into the gravestones on current cemeteries in Mikulov. We analyze the first and last names engraved into the gravestones but we focus primarily on epitaphs. In particular, we examine common epitaph themes, the number of their occurrences as well as linguistic errors that the inscriptions contain. In addition, we identify the most commonly quoted passages from the Bible, excerpts of poems, quotes of famous people and the time periods when they were most popular. Last but not least, we explore the symbolism and other nonverbal aspects of the gravestones. Powered by TCPDF (www.tcpdf.org)

Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-21T14:43:06Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Maristela Carneiro.pdf: 8124302 bytes, checksum: 56cc35354bdb6a901cb7676c4b500655 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-02-27 / Fundação Araucária de Apoio ao Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico do Paraná / This research proposes to investigate the constitution of alterity representations in funerary constructions in the São José Municipal Cemetery, since its foundation in Ponta Grossa (Paraná/Brazil), in 1881, to the present day, based in selected material and symbolic elements. With the aid of technological tools in georeferencing and chartogram generation, the theoretical and methodological perspective was built in the interdisciplinary angle, allowing views both from a high standpoint and from eye level. It is certain that cemeterial symbology intends the expression or transmission of cultural values, for the establishment and reaffirmation of identities and social relations. The plurality of these values, expressed by the funerary spaces and by the art and history contained in there, is profoundly related to the different ways found to deal with the question of death itself. / Esta pesquisa se propôs a investigar a constituição das representações de alteridade nas construções tumulares presentes no Cemitério Municipal São José, desde a sua instituição em Ponta Grossa (Paraná/Brasil), em 1881, até os dias atuais, a partir dos elementos materiais e simbólicos selecionados. Com o auxilio de ferramentas tecnológicas de geo-referenciamento e geração de cartogramas, a perspectiva teórica e metodológica se construiu no viés interdisciplinar, permitindo olhares do alto e em primeiro plano. É certo que a simbologia cemiterial objetiva a expressão ou transmissão dos valores culturais, para o estabelecimento e reafirmação das identidades e relações sociais. A pluralidade destes valores, expressos pelos espaços funerários e pela arte e história ali contidas, está profundamente relacionada às diferentes maneiras encontradas para se lidar com a própria questão da morte.

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In this thesis we explore the period of renewal that Athens experienced during the second century AD. This century saw Athens at the peak of her cultural prominence in the Roman Empire: the city was the centre of the League of the Panhellenion and hosted a vibrant sophistic scene that attracted orators from across the Greek world, developments which were ideologically fuelled by contemporary conceptions of Classical Athens. While this Athenian 'golden age' is a standard feature of scholarship on Greek culture under Rome, my thesis delves further to explore the renewal of the urban and rural landscapes at this time and the relationship between that process and constructions of Athenian identity. We approach the renewal of second-century Athens through four lenses: past and present in the Ilissos area; the rhetoric of the Panhellenion; elite conflict and competition; and the character of the Attic countryside. My central conclusions are as follows: 1. The renewal of Athens was effected chiefly by Hadrian and the Athenian elite and was modelled on an ideal Athenian past, strategically manipulated to suit present purpose; the attractions of the fifth-century golden age for this programme of renewal meant that politically contentious history of radical democracy and aggressive imperialism had to be safely rewritten. 2. Athens and Attica retained their uniquely integrated character in the second century. Rural Attica was the subject of a powerful sacro-idyllic ideology and played a vital role in concepts of Athenian identity, while simultaneously serving as a functional landscape of production and inhabitation. 3. The true socio-economic importance of the Attic countryside as a settled and productive landscape should be investigated without unduly privileging the limited evidence from survey, and by combining all available sources, both literary and documentary, with attention to their content, cultural context and ideological relevance.