This study investigates pedagogical challenges posed by interdisciplinary courses using a mixed methods case study. Current engineering education literature describes many multidisciplinary and interdisciplinary efforts—curriculum, programs, courses, and projects—but lacks concrete pedagogical strategies appropriate to such efforts. In interdisciplinary courses, students represent a range of majors and often different academic levels. Consequently, they bring different disciplinary prior knowledge as well as different levels of understanding. This lack of common prior knowledge due to horizontal (disciplinary) and vertical (levels) integration creates unique challenges for faculty associated with both course content and instruction method. To address these challenges, this study adopted a mixed methods approach to collect quantitative and qualitative data in an interdisciplinary Green Engineering Life Cycle Analysis course. Data included surveys, observations, and interviews. The surveys addressed students' motivation for enrollment, prior knowledge of Green Engineering, perception of the course, reflections on course content, satisfaction, and content gains. Observations of classroom and team meeting behaviors, along with interviews of students and faculty provide complementary qualitative data. Quantitative analysis of the content knowledge data demonstrates significant gains for eight of ten concepts. Qualitative analysis shows that students also gained awareness of different perspectives from other disciplines. Qualitative analysis also identified key challenges for faculty in interdisciplinary settings: 1) structural issues related with organizing students from different disciplines with conflicting schedules and 2) disciplinary egocentrism of students through their education and training from in-major courses. The data also suggests teaching practices that have the potential to create new interdisciplinary pedagogies. / Master of Science

How to understand the concept of GREEN in an architectural perspective is the aim of my thesis. Aside from the basic concepts of sustainable building design, such as climate responsive layout, natural systems from daylight to fresh air providing a superior environment for the occupants as well as a better long-term contribution to the surrounding urban environment, more emphasis has been put on the understanding of GREEN from the historical and cultural perspective. Based on the inspirations from an in-depth typological research of the town house and its development in the history and its respondence to the nature environment and urban contexture, a set of comprehensive GREEN design strategies have been developed in this thesis work. / Master of Architecture

Purpose and research question: The purpose of this study is to provide and attain a deeper understanding of how the business philosophy of green marketing affects recreational adventure tourism. Further, the study intends to identify and analyze green marketing in relation to service development, green marketing strategies, branding, segmentation and positioning in the dive tourism sector. This has formulated our research question: How does green marketing affect adventure tourism? Methodology: A qualitative research method offers a deeper understanding of the effects of green marketing in the context of recreational dive tourism sector which is currently one of the fastest growing categories of adventure tourism. The study has followed an abductive research approach with an inductive initial departure and thereafter a simultaneously assemble of a theoretical framework during the sequence of conducting ten in-depth interviews. Conclusion: During this study we have identified tendencies deriving from the empirical findings and the literature review. The theoretical implications of this thesis involve filling the research gap of green marketing in a context of dive and adventure tourism. Furthermore, the practical implications involve that an implementation of green marketing can imply competitive advantages and exert a strong differentiation effect on brands. Thus, the integration of green performances and the communication sustainability could facilitate the dive tourism sector’s development towards increased environmental awareness. We further argue that the effects of green marketing in the dive tourism could be applicable in other categories of adventure tourism due to its dependency on nature and the current increasing trend of environmental awareness.

Young et al.(2009) report a gap in customers’ buying habits which is referred to a value action gap. This value action gap is typically where customers are concerned about environmental issues but have a hard time interpreting it when making a purchase. In the same way, Peattie and Crane (2005) report that there has been a slight growth on green purchasing since 1990, they also identified a significant gap between concerns and actual purchasing among customers. Datta (2011) states, it is important to increase people’s environmental awareness and consciousness, because as customers, they can impact the environment through their positive purchasing decisions. Datta (2011) further argues that the growing number of customers and consumers who prefer and are willing to buy Eco-friendly products are creating opportunities for businesses that are using “Eco-friendly” or “environmentally friendly” as a component of their value proposition . Considering the fact that printers produce carbon foot prints (Lubick, 2007), the authors have decided to conduct their research on the consumers’ purchasing gap towards Eco printers in Swedish market. Thus, the purpose of this study is to identify and analyze the factors which can influence consumers’ green purchasing intention. More specifically, it aims to find and analyze the factors that can influence consumers’ green purchasing intention towards buying an Eco printer in the Swedish market.  Therefore, the following research question has been formulated: What factors can influence the consumers’ green purchasing intention towards buying environmentally friendly printer? In this thesis both primary and secondary data have been used to establish its findings. A questionnaire of 201 respondents was analyzed to answer the research question. In conclusion the authors h found that there are several determinants which can influence the green purchasing intentions. Among these determinants, green knowledge and Eco literacy, attitude and green belief, environmental laws and guidelines and willingness to pay are indentified as strong influencing factors while demographics found as less stronger factor. However, subjective norms and social influence found as a weak one.

In 2016, it is no longer possible to deny the existence of global warming and its harmful effects on our planet and the environment. Not only experts, but also consumers, have become increasingly concerned about the environment. This increased awareness and concern has increased consumers’ interest in purchasing environmentally friendly food products, and has caused companies to focus on programs intent on reducing their environmental impact and helping the environment. Companies have introduced more environmentally friendly food products, accessible on a large scale, and have changed their communication to focus more on green products and green product attributes. Scandinavian countries have some of the largest numbers of organic food consumers in Europe and the world, with the Swedish organic food industry measuring the highest growth rate in organic food sales in 2015. Therefore, this study focuses on the Swedish green food industry. A major way for companies to make consumers aware of their available environmentally friendly food products is through green advertising. An increasingly frequent problem, however, is that consumers tend to distrust these green ads. They have knowledge of green washing practices and misleading information in green advertising. In this thesis, the relationships between green consumerism, green washing and green advertising skepticism were investigated. The potential relationship between demographic factors such as gender, age, income and level and area of study, and green advertising skepticism were tested as well. A research model with three main hypotheses was used in this thesis. The results showed a significant relationship between green consumerism and green advertising skepticism when green washing was a moderator. There was also a significant negative relationship between attitude towards green products and green advertising skepticism and a positive relationship between environmental concern and green advertising skepticism. There existed no significant relationship between the tested demographic factors and green advertising skepticism in the Swedish green food industry.

Calculamos as funções de Green térmicas de um e dois grávitons em um \"loop\" no \"gauge\" temporal. Para tratar os polos extras que surgem neste \"gauge\" utilizamos uma técnica livre de ambiguidades no formalismo de tempo imaginário. Foram calculadas, para temperaturas altas comparadas com o momento externo e menores que a escala de Plank, as contribuições dominantes T4 e sub-dominantes T2 e log(T) para a auto-energia do gráviton. Mostramos que as contribuições dos polos extras não modificam o comportamento das contribuições dominantes e sub-dominantes em altas temperaturas. Verificamos que os termos dominantes T4 não dependem do parâmetro de \"gauge\". Verificamos também que as identidades de \' t Hooft são satisfeitas pelos termos T2 e mostramos que o termos log(T) tem a mesma estrutura que o resíduo do polo ultravioleta da auto-energia a temperatura zero. Calculamos as relações de dispersão no plasma de grávitons até a ordem GT2 e discutimos a dependência de \"gauge\" induzida pelos termos T 2 da auto-energia. Calculamos também a função de um gráviton em dois \"loops\" em duas classes distintas de \"gauge\". / We have computed the thermal one-graviton function and the self-energy in oneloop using a temporal gauge. In order to deal with the extra poles which are present in the temporal gauge, we employ an ambiguity-free technique in the imaginary-time formalismo We obtain, for temperatures T high compared with the externaI momentum and well below the Plank scale, the leading T4 as well as the sub-Ieading T2 and log(T) contributions to the graviton self-energy. We show that the extra pole contributions do not change the behaviour of the leading and sub-Ieading contributions from hard thermal loop region. We verify that the leading contributions are gauge independent. We also verify the t Hooft identities for the sub-Ieading T 2 terms and show that the logarithmic part has the same structure as the residue of ultraviolet pole of zero temperature graviton self-energy. We compute the dispersion relations up to GT2 order and we discuss the gauge dependence induced by sub-Ieading contributions T 2. We also compute the thermal one-graviton Green\'s function in the two-Ioop approximation for two distinct gauge classes.

AN ABSTRACT OF THE THESIS OF Richard A. Little, for the Master of Science degree in PLANT, SOIL AND AGRICULTURAL SYSTEMS, presented on 2018, at Southern Illinois University. TITLE: COMPARATIVE FERTILITY EVALUATION FOR PEPPERS AND MELONS ON AN EXTENSIVE GREEN ROOF. MAJOR PROFESSORS: Karen Stoelzle Midden Co- Chair, Dr. S. Alan Walters Co-Chair, Dr. Brian P. Klubek. With the continued expansion of urban centers around the world comes a growing population of urban dwellers who need a reliable supply of produce that is healthy, safe, and locally grown. Urban green roof agriculture provides an alternative growing space to supply healthy and affordable produce to local markets and helps to address food security. However, there have been few studies done on the fertility requirements for fruits and vegetables grown in an extensive green roof environment. The growing media of most extensive green roof systems are composed mainly of light weight clay aggregate and contain a low amount of organic matter. Appropriate fertility treatments are required to optimize the potential for green roof agriculture. This research study evaluated 6 treatments for ‘Sweet Hungarian’ Peppers (Capsicum annuum, L.) and 4 treatments for ‘Savor’ Charentais Melons (Cucumis melo var. Cantalupensis, L.) grown in a three-inch extensive green roof medium located on the Southern Illinois University campus. A randomized complete design was used for both fruit crops. Each treatment for both the melons and peppers were replicated three times. Each pepper and melon plot contained 4 plants. The treatments applied to ‘Sweet Hungarian’ Peppers were: (1) Limited (reduced) fertility (Organic Miracle GrowTM at bi-monthly intervals-200 mls of solution/12 ft2 Plot); 2) Bonemeal at 6 Tbsp/12 ft2 Plot (applied at planting and flowering); 3) Bloodmeal at 6 Tbsp/12 ft2 Plot (applied at planting and flowering); 4) Bonemeal at planting then sidedressed with bloodmeal at flowering (6 Tbsp/12 ft2 Plot); 5) OsmocoteTM applied once at planting and once at flowering (3.8 oz/12 ft2); and 6) Standard granular fertilizer (13-13-13) with a broadcast application of (1.9 oz/12 ft2) complimented with a sidedress of (13% N by volume calcium nitrate at 1.9 oz/12 ft2) at flowering. The Charentais Melon treatments were: (1) Limited (reduced) fertility (Organic Miracle GrowTM at bi-monthly intervals-200 mls of solution/15 ft2 Plot); 2) Standard granular fertilizer (13-13-13) with a broadcast application of (2.4 oz/15 ft2) complimented with a sidedress of (13% N by volume calcium nitrate at 2.4 oz/15 ft2) at flowering; 3) OsmocoteTM applied once at planting and once at flowering (4.75 oz/15 ft2) 4) vermicompost at 25% of medium by total volume of 120L plot complimented by a sidedress of bloodmeal (7.5 Tbsp/15 ft2) at flowering. Watering was applied daily through drip line irrigation as needed. Plant vigor and active chlorophyll content, monthly from June to August, were recorded with a chlorophyll radiospectrometer. At harvest, the weight and yield were recorded for each plot number. In addition, nutrient composition of the green roof medium was analyzed for each treatment at the beginning of each year of replication. The objective of this research was to identify differences between a set of fertility treatments for the optimization of green roof food production and to reduce fertilizer use. The data from the three year study was analyzed using JMP statistical software. Year by treatment interactions were detected (P ≤ 0.05) for Pepper weight and yield parameters. OsmocoteTM and conventional 13-13-13 treatments outperformed the organic treatments. OsmocoteTM had higher yields than any other treatment for all three years. For the melons, environmental factors made the data inconclusive. However, the results suggest that OsmocoteTM and Vermicompost may have shown some positive interactions among the test parameters such as weight and yield.

Calculamos as funções de Green térmicas de um e dois grávitons em um \"loop\" no \"gauge\" temporal. Para tratar os polos extras que surgem neste \"gauge\" utilizamos uma técnica livre de ambiguidades no formalismo de tempo imaginário. Foram calculadas, para temperaturas altas comparadas com o momento externo e menores que a escala de Plank, as contribuições dominantes T4 e sub-dominantes T2 e log(T) para a auto-energia do gráviton. Mostramos que as contribuições dos polos extras não modificam o comportamento das contribuições dominantes e sub-dominantes em altas temperaturas. Verificamos que os termos dominantes T4 não dependem do parâmetro de \"gauge\". Verificamos também que as identidades de \' t Hooft são satisfeitas pelos termos T2 e mostramos que o termos log(T) tem a mesma estrutura que o resíduo do polo ultravioleta da auto-energia a temperatura zero. Calculamos as relações de dispersão no plasma de grávitons até a ordem GT2 e discutimos a dependência de \"gauge\" induzida pelos termos T 2 da auto-energia. Calculamos também a função de um gráviton em dois \"loops\" em duas classes distintas de \"gauge\". / We have computed the thermal one-graviton function and the self-energy in oneloop using a temporal gauge. In order to deal with the extra poles which are present in the temporal gauge, we employ an ambiguity-free technique in the imaginary-time formalismo We obtain, for temperatures T high compared with the externaI momentum and well below the Plank scale, the leading T4 as well as the sub-Ieading T2 and log(T) contributions to the graviton self-energy. We show that the extra pole contributions do not change the behaviour of the leading and sub-Ieading contributions from hard thermal loop region. We verify that the leading contributions are gauge independent. We also verify the t Hooft identities for the sub-Ieading T 2 terms and show that the logarithmic part has the same structure as the residue of ultraviolet pole of zero temperature graviton self-energy. We compute the dispersion relations up to GT2 order and we discuss the gauge dependence induced by sub-Ieading contributions T 2. We also compute the thermal one-graviton Green\'s function in the two-Ioop approximation for two distinct gauge classes.

Urban development diminishes the delivery of ecosystem services (ES), defined as benefits from ecological processes and functions critical to human health and well-being. Land-use planners and environmental managers are increasingly familiar with the concept of ES; however, methods for incorporating ES into urban planning are underdeveloped. While previous reports have identified the combination of ES quantification and stakeholder engagement as necessary for increasing the delivery of ES, methods of implementation remain unexplored. To address this disparity, this study combines ES quantification with perspectives from multiple stakeholders to identify specific land cover conversion scenarios that increase the delivery of ES in the Friendly Area Neighborhood of Eugene, Oregon and compares each conversion scenario using an informed weighting system. The result is a method, with potential for use by researchers and public officials, to quantify the delivery of ES, identify stakeholders’ ES priorities, and assess the benefits associated with green infrastructure development. / 2020-01-11

This thesis studies the yield differential between green bonds and conventional bonds, the so called green premium or "greenium". By deriving a theoretical model that includes investors' preferences for green assets, two hypothesis are formulated: There exists a negative green bond premium and The negative premium is larger in absolute terms in countries with high environmental performance. In order to estimate the premium, synthetic conventional bonds are constructed having the same characteristics as the green bonds. Two different matching methods are used to construct the synthetic bonds, one based on maturity and one based on correlation. The findings of this study suggest a significant negative green premium between -0.29 and -0.78 basis points. Also, the green premium is more than twice as large, in terms of absolute value, if the issuer is based in a country which has a high environmental performance.