M. Tech. Marketing / The focus of this study is on the determinants of positive green-product purchase behaviour of Tshwane youth. Environmental knowledge, environmental concern, social pressure and green-product purchase intentions were identified as determinants of positive green-product purchase behaviour and investigated among a sample of Tshwane youth alongside their green-product purchase behaviour. The differences between the various demographic groups with regard to their positive green-product purchase behaviour were also investigated.

The aim of this study was to determine a Green approach towards systems development methodologies and to investigate influences that affect the adoption of Green Information Technologies and Green Information Systems in South Africa. A literature review was done in order to determine which empirical is required to achieve the research objectives. The positivistic paradigm was found to be the most suited paradigm for this study. A survey was used as the research method and conducted in South Africa. The data was collected using a questionnaire, after determining that it was the most suited data collection method. The questionnaire was validated using structural equation modelling in order to determine if the data that was collected is valid. The valid data was then evaluated using different statistical methods, such as correlations, t-test, ANOVA tests and Cross-Tabs. The study revealed that the different characteristics of organisations can influence different aspects, such factors that inhibit or motivate the adoption of Green IT and Green IS. Interestingly, characteristics of individuals had no impact. It was also revealed that organisational culture and national culture had an impact on factors that motivate the adoption of Green IT initiatives. / MSc (Computer Science), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2014

There is a growing need to better understand environmental decision making in the context of climate change and limited renewable resources. This dissertation deepens our understanding of such decision making by focusing on strategic green decisions, which can be defined as the individual and collaborative green decisions within or between organizations that help organizations improve their operating position, adapt to changes in their external institutional environments, and simultaneously generate environmental benefits. The particular focus is on decisions related to energy in the North American context. The research draws on and contributes to organizational theory with the aim of better understanding those factors that motivate and/or facilitate green decisions by organizations, especially social economy organizations—an area of only limited research to date. Two complementary empirical studies address the overarching research goal. The first study focuses on understanding the nature and extent of the association between organizational attributes and those factors that motivate and/or facilitate a green energy decision. Insights are based on a bi-national survey of 212 organizations that voluntarily began to purchase green electricity between 1999 and 2008. Findings indicate that important influences are similar across organizational types. Survey results highlight the importance of organizational culture and internal champions—both individually and in combination—in making the initial decision to purchase green electricity, despite its relatively higher price. These two factors, as well as strategic benefits, emerge as the dominant explanations for why organizations expand their green energy purchases. The relative importance and particular roles of these factors vary across organizational and decision types. The second empirical study extends our understanding of how organizations adapt to external changes while maintaining the capacity to innovate in order to address their core objectives. The focus is on the residential energy services market, and is based on 12 interviews with the executive directors of non-profit environmental service organizations (ESOs) that are part of a national network called Green Communities Canada. These organizations survived a funding shock by creating new services and diversifying funding sources with actions that collectively can be referred to as ‘green collaborative entrepreneurship’; collaborative because it was facilitated by strategic partnerships with businesses and local governments, as well as the cross-national social capital network connecting the ESOs. The important motivating factors of green collaborative entrepreneurship were the green values and objectives that drive these organizations. The facilitating factors of green collaborative entrepreneurship included human capital, social capital and strategic partnerships, which acted as dynamic capabilities because of their flexibility to help increase the level of entrepreneurship when necessary for organizational survival, and yet, scale-up and deliver core programs during stable funding periods. The dissertation provides important insights into broad questions related to green decisions, especially for organizations that are affected by political policy cycles. The findings highlight that organizations are able to be more environmentally sustainable while also improving their own strategic performance by making green decisions that either provide the capacity to adapt to exogenous change for survival, or to create endogenous change for competitive advantage. The research contributes to our understanding of societal transitions to sustainable development by highlighting two green decisions that are occurring in the social economy. The dissertation contributes to organizational theory and in particular the traditional corporate literature by including multiple organizational types. Sustainability researchers should focus on green decisions that both enhance organizational stability and ecological sustainability if they wish to better understand creative green solutions from organizations.

Askew and unsystematic urbanization that occurred after rapid increase and migration in 1950&rsquo / s in T&uuml / rkiye, caused destruction of green spaces. In this way, green spaces in urban pattern that are insufficient now are going to decrease day by day. As a result, human beings that are living in cities have to survive their life in a condition of less green and much building. Urban populace has physical and psychological problems caused by noise, pollution, stress together with not meeting their strolling, resting and being comfortable. For this reason, importance of green spaces is increasing day by day. Being under a disaster of earthquake doubles this importance in istanbul. In this research, in which green spaces in Kartal and Sariyer are taken into consideration, one-by-one fixing and photographing technique is used. Results are evaluated in terms of ownership, opening year, classification, size, activity and distribution of green spaces. Research is consisting of eight chapters. Aim and extension of research is taken into consideration in first chapter. In second chapter, urban open and green spaces are examined in terms of definition, classifications, hierarchy and design criteria. Third chapter include urbanization and green pace relation. In this chapter, historical development of urban open spaces, importance of urban open and green spaces and need of green space issues are mentioned. Green space concept in development plans are taken into consideration in fourth chapter. Firstly, green space concept in development plans / then, procuring methods of green spaces and at last, problems of application decisions of green spaces are examined. Fifth chapter includes green space norms in T&uuml / rkiye and in other countries and comparison of these norms. In sixth chapter, green space situation of istanbul, Kartal and Sariyer are given. In this chapter, firstly, urbanization and green space problem / then, existing situation of Kartal and Sariyer are researched. In case study, which is observed in seventh chapter, green space situation of Kartal and Sariyer is investigated. At last chapter, results of these researches are attained by comparison of green space situations of these two districts in a heading of conclusion.

Univ., Diss.--York, 1999.

Thesis (doctoral)--Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 2005. / Thesis documentation sheet inserted. Appendix consists of reproductions of 5 published papers and manuscripts, four co-authored with others. Includes bibliographical references. Issued also electronically via World Wide Web in PDF format; online version lacks appendix of papers; map in online version displays in color.

Title: “Factors affecting consumers green purchase intention towards ecological products: ICA supermarket in Sweden”. Level: Master degree thesis in Business AdministrationAuthor: Khalida Akter Supervisor: Zahra AhmadiExaminer: Maria Fregidou-Malama Aim: The aim of this study is to investigate how consumer trust, eco-branding and green marketing strategy influence consumer purchase intention towards ecological products. Method: The qualitative method and inductive approach have been used for this research. The primary data have been collected through face to face interview and the secondary data have been used through scientific journals and the internet. Findings: The results show the important factors that can promote green marketing towards ecological products are; consumer trust, green trust, eco-label trust, eco-branding, green pricing, green advertising, green design and green promotion have a strong relation with each other. The study also shows that consumer purchase intention can be increased by giving sufficient information regarding ecological products, by increasing awareness, credibility, by reducing the perceived risk of the products, brand uniqueness, by advertising the products through the company magazines, billboards and posters outside of the supermarket, by raising awareness of customer health. Brand loyalty is also an important factor to create a long-term relationship with customers and it can be created by the fair price perception among the customers. The main promotional issues have been found for this study is customer health and climate change. The study also shows that price doesn’t affect on consumer purchase behaviour. Suggestions for future research: This study helps to understand how to promote green marketing for ecological products. For further study, the author suggests to investigate if there is a relationship between green marketing, consumer trust, eco-branding as well as a green marketing strategy. The future study will help to research on green marketing for ecological products. Contribution: This study has identified elements to promote green marketing and factors that can help to increase consumers purchase intention. The author hopes that the findings of this study will help companies to create their consumer purchase intention. The study has contributed to the theory and to the managers by investigating the factors affecting on green marketing. Keywords: Green marketing, Consumer trust, green trust, Eco-branding, Green marketing strategy, consumer purchase intention.

This study aims at exploring a new phenomenon labelled here as green populism. Building on modern theories of populism and green ideology, this case-study is focused on finding which elements of green populism are present, if any, in Greta Thunberg’s discourse. Using a Qualitative Content Analysis methodology and what is known as a coding process, it was possible to determine that all six subcategories of green populism, defined by this study as a) ecological crisis of cosmic proportion, b) victimisation of "the people", c) blame attribution to "the elite", d) green radicalisation, e) trust in science, and finally, f) intergenerational justice, can be identified in Greta Thunberg’s speeches. The analysis leads to the conclusion that Greta Thunberg is a populist actor which combines both populism thin-centred ideology and green ideology into a new phenomenon: green populism. / <p>Contact: ac222sd@student.lnu.se</p>

Polyvinyl Chloride, commonly known as PVC is a common and effective construction material. PVC is also one of the most common types of plastic. In 2008, global production and consumption of PVC was approximately 34.5 million tons. The construction industry is responsible for about 70% of the world's consumption of PVC. The largest construction use of PVC is for pipe and conduit. Modern construction, especially structures built for data services depend heavily upon PVC conduit for underground pathways to distribute electricity and data. PVC is also at the center of a fierce effort by environmental groups who would like to see it eliminated completely. If environmentalists are successful in their efforts to eliminate PVC; builders will be left without a material that is crucial for many applications. Seven alternative conduit materials have been identified as potential replacements for PVC electrical conduit. PVC electrical conduit is commonly used in commercial, industrial, and civil construction. This thesis undertook to study the four major electrical contractors in the state of Utah which employ more than one hundred electricians. Because major electrical contractors use large quantities of PVC conduit, electricians working for these contractors were surveyed to determine their preferences of alternative materials. A questionnaire was distributed and received 112 responses, which represent 6.5% of the total population. This study found that PVC was the most used, most preferred, easiest to install and was perceived as the least expensive conduit material. Polypropylene and High Density Polyethylene were rated next highest, but were also the least commonly used of the alternative materials. The other materials, which include: Nylon, Fiberglass, Fiberglass Reinforced Epoxy, Polyurethane Coated Steel, and Galvanized Steel were also examined. Many of the respondents expressed displeasure by the effort to eliminate PVC and the vast majority felt that green certification for construction did not justify elimination. These responses indicate that more needs to be done to introduce alternative conduit materials to users of PVC and educate them about the value of the alternatives. This study represents an important step in evaluating the value of PVC conduit and its alternatives.

Syftet med rapporten är att undersöka och analysera motiv och ekonomiska incitament bakom fastighetssektorns deltagande på den gröna obligationsmarknaden i Sverige. Rapporten diskuterar huruvida en grön premie eller ett Green bond premium, även kallat Greenium, existerar samt hur stort detta är. Greenium är skillnaden mellan räntan på en grön obligation och en traditionell obligation. Vidare analyseras anledningar till att ett Greenium skulle uppstå. En diskussion förs huruvida det är mer ekonomiskt lönsamt att köpa gröna obligationer i jämförelse med traditionella obligationer. År 2007 utfärdade Världsbanken den första gröna obligationen i världen i samarbete med SEB. Sedan gröna obligationens uppkomst har marknaden vuxit till ett globalt värde på över 300 miljarder dollar. Vasakronan utfärdade världens första gröna företagsobligation 2013, efter det fick marknaden i Sverige sitt största uppsving och sedan dess har marknaden vuxit kraftigt. Gröna obligationer har samma ekonomiska egenskaper som traditionella obligationer men skillnaden är att intäkterna från gröna obligationer måste finansiera miljö- eller klimatvänliga projekt. Gröna obligationer medför en del risker för aktiva aktörer. Dessa risker är bland annat anseenderisk, greenwashing och asymmetrisk information. Med tanke på den enorma påverkan företag idag har på miljön är det lämpligt att dessa tar ansvar för sina utsläpp och andra negativa externa effekter. Genom konceptet Corporate Social Responsibility har företag tagit mer ansvar för hur de påverkar samhället ur såväl ett ekonomiskt, miljömässigt samt socialt perspektiv. Genom CSR har gröna obligationer blivit populärt och i synnerhet på fastighetsmarknaden där ambitionen kring hållbarhet vuxit kraftigt de senare åren. Sammanfattningsvis kan det konstateras att ett greenium finns men att det är svåruppskattat. Enligt intervjuade personer inom fastighetsbranschen kan greenium antas vara -4 till -5 baspunkter och enligt vetenskapliga artiklar antas det vara cirka -2 baspunkter. En baspunkt motsvarar en hundradels procent. Att greenium uppstår beror på investerares stora efterfrågan och emittenters låga utbud på gröna obligationer i dagsläget. Fastighetsbranschen är ledande på den gröna obligationsmarknaden i Sverige och detta antas bero på branschens tidiga modifiering av gröna obligationer samt sektorns välutvecklade certifieringssystem av hållbara byggnader. I framtiden kan den gröna obligationsmarknaden antas växa och utvecklas inom såväl andra branscher som andra länder. / This report aim to examine and analyze motives and financial incentives behind the real estate sector's participation on the green bond market in Sweden. The report discusses whether a Green bond premium, also called Greenium, exists and how large it is. Furthermore, the reasons why a Greenium can occur are analyzed. A discussion about whether it is more economically viable to trade in green bonds compared to ordinary corporate bonds is implemented. In 2007, the World Bank issued the first green bond in the world in cooperation with SEB. Since then the market has grown to a global value over $ 300 billion. Vasakronan issued the world’s first green corporate bond in 2013 and since then the green bond market in Sweden has grown strongly. Green bonds have the same economic traits as traditional bonds, but the difference is that revenues from green bonds must finance environment or climatefriendly projects. Green bonds entail some risks for active issuers and investors. These risks include reputation risk, greenwashing and asymmetric information. Given the enormous impact companies have on the environment, it is appropriate for companies to take responsibility for their emissions and other negative external effects. Through the concept Corporate Social Responsibility companies have taken more responsibility for how they affect society from both an economic, environmental and social perspective. Through CSR green bonds have become popular and especially on the real estate market, where the ambition of sustainability has grown strongly in recent years. In conclusion, it can be stated that a greenium exists but that it is difficult to estimate. According to interviewed issuers in the real estate sector, greenium can be assumed to be -4 to -5 basis points and, according to scientific articles, it is assumed to be about -2 basis points. The fact that greenium arises depends on investors’ large demand and issuers' low supply of green bonds at present time. The real estate industry is the leading sector in the green bond market in Sweden and this is assumed to be due to the industry's early modification of green bonds and the sector's well-developed certification system of sustainable buildings. In the future, the green bond market can be assumed to grow and develop in both other industries and other countrie