Energy efficient infrastructures or green IT (Information Technology) has recently become a hot button issue for most corporations as they strive to eliminate every inefficiency from their enterprise IT systems and save capital and operational costs. Vendors of IT equipment now compete on the power efficiency of their devices, and as a result, many of the new equipment models are indeed more energy efficient. Various studies have estimated the annual electricity consumed by networking devices in the U.S. in the range of 6 - 20 Terra Watt hours. Our research has the potential to make promising solutions solve those overuses of electricity. An energy-efficient data center network architecture which can lower the energy consumption is highly desirable. First of all, we propose a fair bandwidth allocation algorithm which adopts the max-min fairness principle to decrease power consumption on packet switch fabric interconnects. Specifically, we include power aware computing factor as high power dissipation in switches which is fast turning into a key problem, owing to increasing line speeds and decreasing chip sizes. This efficient algorithm could not only reduce the convergence iterations but also lower processing power utilization on switch fabric interconnects. Secondly, we study the deployment strategy of multicast switches in hybrid mode in energy-aware data center network: a case of famous Fat-tree topology. The objective is to find the best location to deploy multicast switch not only to achieve optimal bandwidth utilization but also minimize power consumption. We show that it is possible to easily achieve nearly 50% of energy consumption after applying our proposed algorithm. Finally, although there exists a number of energy optimization solutions for DCNs, they consider only either the hosts or network, but not both. We propose a joint optimization scheme that simultaneously optimizes virtual machine (VM) placement and network flow routing to maximize energy savings. The simulation results fully demonstrate that our design outperforms existing host- or network-only optimization solutions, and well approximates the ideal but NP-complete linear program. To sum up, this study could be crucial for guiding future eco-friendly data center network that deploy our algorithm on four major layers (with reference to OSI seven layers) which are physical, data link, network and application layer to benefit power consumption in green data center.

With rapid growth and pervasive usage of internet and information technology, information assurance and security has become the top most challenging issues for many organizations. Security professionals and experts have been striving hard to protect the computers, information and centralized network system. These security risks increase more when information is held outside the internal computing environment. Additionally, IT industries are recently pushed by environment regulation to reduce the CO2 footprint of information technology system, production and processes lines. According to recent statistics IT industry is responsible of generating 3% of carbon footprint (Frangiskatos, Ghassemian and Diane, 2010) through their massive consumption of energy. One of the solutions to reduce the energy consumption by Information Communication Technology (ICT) is introduction of Green IT solutions such as Virtualization, thin client, cloud computing, paper reduction, on-line communication system, travel reduction and computer recycling. These Green IT efforts have many green benefits and leading a change in IT processes and system for the protection of environment. But the efforts to reduce, energy consumption, efficient utilization of resources and electronic waste (e-waste) and change in IT may put the system and information on risk if “Green IT” initiatives and solutions are not reviewed from an Information Assurance perspective. As a result it can impact the continuity of business and its assets. This thesis provides a literature review on Green IT from information assurance and security perspective. The purpose of thesis is to assess how Green IT could be threat to security. Its key areas of focus on information assurance and security threats and risks in Green IT solutions which are being promoted for environmental protection. Thesis also highlights the vulnerabilities in Green IT solutions. Thesis presents security challenges of Green IT, need to focus, towards the goal of secure Green IT. While thesis does not discuss any specific defense mechanism, it provides a path for future research in this domain. I believe that thesis work points towards an interesting and important area in Green IT security. / <p>Validerat; 20121129 (global_studentproject_submitter)</p>

Le formaldéhyde est un polluant classé comme « hautement prioritaire » dans l’air intérieur. En raison de ses effets sur la santé, la réglementation française émergente (action 7 du PNSE2) impose de mesurer le formaldéhyde dans les lieux publics (écoles, crèches etc.) à partir de 2017. Or, aucun appareil sur le marché n’est capable de fournir des mesures précises, en temps réel et à faible coût. Cette thèse s’inscrit dans le cadre du projet ANR CAPFEIN (réseau de CAPteurs de FormaldEhyde intelligents pour la surveillance de l'air Intérieur) dont l’objectif est de réaliser un « capteur intelligent » de Formaldéhyde. Le sujet de thèse était de concevoir un système de surveillance en temps réel de l’exposition des personnes au Formaldéhyde, et plus généralement à n’importe quel polluant de l’air intérieur. Les capteurs doivent donc être dotés d’une interface de communication pour pouvoir collecter automatiquement les mesures en différents points de l’environnement à surveiller. Deux systèmes de surveillance ont été développés. Le premier repose sur des composants sur étagère et sur une architecture centralisée en se basant sur le concept de l'Internet des objets (IoT). Le second a été entièrement conçu au CRAN et correspond au développement d'une solution basée sur une approche distribuée. Un badge intelligent a été développé. Il permet de surveiller les taux d’exposition de chaque porteur de badge. Les contraintes majeures de ce travail ont été de pouvoir localiser les personnes dans un milieu intérieur, d’optimiser les algorithmes en termes de place mémoire et de consommation d’énergie. Pour la partie optimisation, des méthodes de moyenne mobile à pondération exponentielle ont été implémentées et évaluées. Les deux prototypes ont été testés dans les bâtiments du CRAN et ont montré leur intérêt. / Formaldehyde is classified as a "high priority" pollutant in the indoor air quality. Because of its health effects, the emerging French regulation (Action 7 of PNSE2) requires the measurement of formaldehyde in public places (schools, kindergartens etc.) from 2017. However, no device on the market is able to provide accurate measurements in real time and at low cost. This thesis forms part of the ANR project CAPFEIN (réseau de CAPteurs de FormaldEhyde intelligents pour la surveillance de l'air Intérieur) whose purpose is to develop a "smart Formaldehyde sensor". The thesis objective is to design a real-time monitoring system of human exposure to formaldehyde, and more generally to indoor air pollutant. The sensors must be equipped with a communication interface to automatically collect measurements at different points of the environment to be monitored. Two monitoring systems have been developed. The first is Designed with commercial off-the-shelf component and a centralized architecture based on the concept of the Internet of Things (IoT). The second was designed from the CRAN and corresponds to the development of a solution based on a distributed approach. A smart badge has been developed. It can monitor exposure levels to each cardholder. The major constraints of this work consist on the ability to locate people in an indoor environment and the ability to optimize the algorithms in terms of memory space and power consumption. For the optimization part, the moving average exponential weighting methods have been implemented and evaluated. Both prototypes were tested in buildings of CRAN and showed interest.

Worldwide concerns over environmental issues and air travel’s continuous expansion have increased in recent years. This is due to rising carbon emissions caused by the aviation industry’s reliance on information technology and systems (IT/IS), which affects the environment. The review of the IT/IS and Green IT/IS investments evaluation literature has highlighted that there is a dearth of research on Green IT/IS evaluation regarding to the aviation industry. Most Green IT/IS evaluation studies focus mainly on benefits; however, cost is reported as one of the most crucial difficulties preventing organizations from adopting Green IT/IS. Generally, the focus is on the direct costs rather than the indirect costs because the latter are intangible and therefore hard to identify and quantify. However, they can have a great impact on the overall cost/budget and possibly on profitability. Although the traditional IS appraisal techniques are being used in the evaluation process, their incapability to capture the impact of intangibles and non-financial issues are apparent, which noticeably affects overall projects’ success. This research aim is to develop a model for Green IT/IS investments evaluation that enhances the understanding and management of the indirect cost associated with Green IT/IS investments within the aviation industry. The novel aspect of the model is its incorporation of the institutional theory, key internal organizational factors, together with human, organizational and environmental indirect cost factors into one model. This model was validated in the aviation industry in Thailand which had adopted and implemented Green IT/IS. The findings from an in-depth case study reveal that despite, Green IT/IS indirect costs not being perceived as costs and hence not being incorporated into the evaluation process, their effects remain, and lead to issues such as costs overruns, under-optimized budgets, and consequently projects failure. In addition, new Green IT/IS indirect cost factors have emerged which were missing from the current normative literature. Therefore, this research provides decision-makers with a useful model, a comprehensive taxonomy, a set of indirect cost factors that can be utilized during the evaluation process, and management strategies to assist in managing and controlling the impact of Green IT/IS indirect costs. Keywords: Green IT/IS Investments Evaluation, Indirect Costs, Costs Management, Costs overrun, Sustainability, Aviation Industry.

Climate change has become a widely discussed topic in many regions of the society. Green IT can be seen as part of the solution to this problem and can be defined as practices that work to improve the phases of design, production and usage of IT hardware, software and communication systems to effectively and efficiently use IT as a tool in the business, with minimal effect on the environment and promoting sustainability. The purpose of this thesis is to investigate if the Balanced Scorecard model has to be adapted and can be used to find objectives that can aid the implementation of Green IT. This was done by using an inductive approach to find Green IT practices through secondary data and with semi-structured interviews with four Swedish companies. From the interviews, several Green IT practices and drivers were established. The drivers allowed the authors to determine that the Balanced Scorecard’s perspectives did not have to be adapted to fit a Green IT Strategy. The Green IT practices were transformed into initiatives that formed the basis for several Green IT objectives. Each objective individually fit into the four original perspectives of the Balanced Scorecard. These objectives, including initiatives, were the building blocks for the final Green IT Balanced Scorecard.

As much as going green is a very popular topic of discussion and much emphasis is put on the subject, not all areas, topics and locations are explored. Some continents have effectively, strategically and efficiently addressed the problem while others are still fighting to address it. We undertook this research to find out what it takes to ensure that the e-waste problem is solved in a developing country. The purpose of the study was to investigate what factors contributed at a financial, technological and environmental level to the prosperity of the e-waste project in Kenya. The financial factor attempts to investigate if any economic value is achieved. The technological factor investigates if there is any new technology added to the recycled and the technology used to breakdown the e-waste.The environmental factor deals with how the environment is affected by e-waste. To achieve this, a questionnaire, interviews and reports were used to collect data. The semi-structured approach of the interviews employed allowed us to achieve an in-depth approach of collecting data. This in turn helped us collect many different views of the subject. Various theories where used in addition to the data collected so as to give an interpretation and create scenarios of various outcomes should the models be applied. The translation of this data led to results showing that not all the three factors have to be in place to ensure success. Depending on which theory was applied some factors become more attainable than others. However all three factors are achievable and attainable when dealing with green IT. It became apparent that other factors like sensitization, government involvement and extended producer responsibility apart from the three did also have a direct impact on the result.

The Diploma thesis analyzes the attitude of small and medium Czech enterprises towards the Green IT and sustainability concept. Several practices such as consolidation and virtualization of servers, desktop virtualization, cloud computing, energy management, dematerialization and recycling are discussed with regards to their contribution to global sustainability. The common denominator of most of the Green IT practices is the energy consumption reduction. The increasing information technology's demand for energy is viewed as a major contributor to the global carbon footprint and Green IT practices are assessed in terms of how much energy can be saved by incorporating them in a company policy. Besides energy consumption material aspects are another significant part of Green IT. Both the toxicity of certain materials used in the manufacturing process and the increased need for proper recycling of electronic waste are discussed in respective chapters. Information technology does not only add to the global carbon footprint, but it can also provide means to reduce the emissions of other sectors. Companies can reduce their energy consumption by improving logistics (smart logistics) or buildings (smart buildings) efficiency. Teleworking is another practice which enables millions of people work outside their office and contributes to global sustainability. The analytical part presents a survey of Czech small and medium enterprises and their attitude to Green IT. The main objective of the survey is to find out how many companies have implemented Green IT into their company policy. Company representatives report on which Green IT practices they have adopted and why. Responses are analyzed and findings and conclusions are presented.

Sweden is divided into 290 municipalities. The municipalities are responsible for many services that generates significant amount of CO2 emissions. For example; energy, waste management andstreetlights. This emission can potentially be reduced by using Green IT - smart IT solutions that optimise the processes or reduces the energy needed. One good example is adaptive street lighting that utilize sensors to identify when someone is nearby and light needs to be on. The utilization of Green IT differs a lot between the municipalities. Why is this the case? Municipalities are not competing with each other, and it seems like low hanging fruit to just “copypaste” a successful Green IT solution from one municipality to another. The purpose of this study was to investigate the mechanism around diffusion of Green IT innovations related to Swedish municipalities. We applied a mixed method approach based on interviews and a questionnaire. Managers within the municipalities served as the source of empirical data. We found that there are several different types of factors that probably has an impact on the diffusion of Green IT innovation within municipalities and we investigated their relative importance. A high-level explanation of what factors that are considered to enable the diffusion of Green IT innovation is: Firstly, there need to be a willingness to change, for example by applying a policy or target settings. Secondly, superior Green IT solutions need to be identified and here the best forum is networking with other municipalities. Then innovation needs to be transformed to fit the specific municipality, which calls for the organisation’s own innovation capabilities. To finally implement the Green IT solutions there need to be available resources within IT and change management skills to successfully implement them. This study was made with mixed method approach based on a relatively small dataset and without measuring the actual rate of diffusion. The recommendation for future research is to further develop and validate our construct by testing the correlation between the factors identified in this study and the actual rate of diffusion of Green IT innovations within Swedish municipalities.

Depuis 5 à 10 ans, les recherches sont nombreuses sur la réduction de l'énergie en l'informatique (principalement sur la réduction de l'électricité). Plusieurs études ont en effet alerté les intervenants et les organismes environnementaux sur l'urgence du problème de la consommation d'énergie des infrastructures à grande échelle, comme les centres de données, l'informatique en nuage ??ou simplement les sociétés exploitant des serveurs et de nombreux équipements IT. Cette prise de conscience est passée d'un problème peu important à une contrainte majeure sur le fonctionnement de ces infrastructures. Dans certains cas, les coûts d'exploitation surpassent les coûts d'investissement, et de nouvelles méthodologies sont nécessaires pour réduire les coûts et l'impact écologique. De nouveaux matériels sont développés par les fabricants d'équipements pour diminuer ces coûts. Seules quelques techniques de base sont offertes aux niveaux logiciels et intergiciels, par les éditeurs. Mais dans les laboratoires, certaines techniques ont prouvé leur efficacité sur des données synthétiques, des tâches dédiées ou des applications sélectionnées, pour être en mesure d'économiser de l'énergie au cours de la vie d'une infrastructure, dans plusieurs contexte, depuis le Cloud au HPC. Malheureusement, le transfert (ou même la connaissance de l'existence) de ces techniques aux industries est limité à des partenaires de projets, des entreprises innovantes ou de grands centres de recherche privés, capables d'investir du temps (et donc de l'argent) sur ce sujet. Dans ma thèse, je m'intéresse sur les raisons de la faible adoption de plusieurs résultats de la recherche, des plus simples aux plus élaborés et je modélise les liens et les interactions entre les acteurs du transfert technologique. Le champ cible a été limité au Green IT (ou informatique éco-responsable), mais la méthodologie et les modèles développés peuvent être étendus à d'autres domaines. L'idée est d'identifier ce qui manque et comment augmenter la vitesse du transfert des connaissances scientifiques. La méthodologie est basée sur le cheminement suivant: d'abord, identifier les acteurs impliqués dans le processus de transfert technologique, comprendre leurs motivations, leurs moyens d'actions et leurs limites. Après une étude de l'état de l'art dans le domaine de la diffusion de l'innovation et de la gestion de l'innovation, cette phase a consisté à la production et l'analyse d'une enquête dédiée ciblant des chercheurs et des entreprises, de tailles et de chiffre d'affaire différentes, restreinte à ceux qui travaillent dans le Green IT. Identifier chaque acteur ne suffit pas, car ils interagissent, et par conséquent, leurs liens et le potentiel de ces liens pour le transfert technologique ont également été étudiés avec soin dans une deuxième phase afin d'identifier les plus importants, avec la même méthodologie que l'identification des acteurs. A partir de ces deux phases, un système multi-agents (SMA) a été conçu. / Over the past 5 to 10 years, research is numerous on energy reduction in IT (mainly electricity reduction). Several studies indeed alerted the stakeholders and environmental agencies on the urgency of the problem of the energy consumption of large scale infrastructures, like data centres, clouds or simply companies running servers and lots of IT equipment. This awareness moved from a non-so-important issue to major constraints on the operation of these infrastructures. In some cases, the operational costs reach the investment costs, urging new methodologies to appear in order to reduce costs and ecological impact. As of today, new hardware are developed by equipment manufacturers to decrease these costs. Only few and basic techniques are offered at the software and middleware levels out-of-the-box: But in laboratories, some techniques have proven on synthetic data, dedicated workflows or selected applications, to be able to save energy during the lifetime of an infrastructure, in several contexts, from Cloud to HPC in particular. Unfortunately, the transfer (or even the knowledge of the existence) of these techniques to industries is limited to project partners, innovative companies or large private research centres, able to invest time (thus money) on this topic. In my thesis, I investigate the reasons restraining the large adoption of several research results, from the simpler ones to more elaborated ones and I model the ties and interactions between the actors of the technological transfer. The target field has been restricted to Green IT but the methodology and the developed models can be extended to other domains as well. The idea is to identify, on the scale of technical maturity for wider adoption, what is missing and how to increase the speed of the transfer of scientific knowledge. The methodology is based on the following path: First, identifying the actors involved in the process of technology transfer, and understanding their motivations, their means of actions and their limitations. After a study of the state of the art in the domain of innovation diffusion and innovation management, this phase involved the production and the analysis of a dedicated survey targeting researchers and companies, from different size and turnover, restricted to those working in the Green IT field. Identifying each actor is not sufficient since they all interact; therefore their links and the potential of these links for technology transfer have also been studied carefully in a second phase so as to identify the most important ones, with the same methodology with the actors' identification. From these two phases, a multi-agent system (MAS) has been designed.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T13:53:22Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 GlauberRBP.pdf: 1695384 bytes, checksum: e564b2a143cf62cdaa5247c23ea94302 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-08-07 / This dissertation aims to describe the practices of Information Technology Green contributing to sustainable development, in computers and textile industries in the state of Rio Grande do Norte. The goal is to understand the importance and contribution of IT Green for sustainable development. The research methodology used involved a survey of the theoretical approach prepared, involving two case studies in industries of Rio Grande do Norte. The analysis was supported by an analysis of content, which allowed the understanding of the phenomenon of the Information Technology Green sustainable development in the case studies. In conclusion, is that the Green Information Technology contributes to sustainable development, even so through incipient aspects that highlight the competitive business with a focus on cost reduction, and efforts in sustainable practices / A presente disserta??o visa descrever as pr?ticas da Tecnologia da Informa??o Verde que contribuem para o desenvolvimento sustent?vel, em ind?strias de computadores e t?xtil no Estado do Rio Grande do Norte. O objetivo ? compreender a import?ncia e a contribui??o da TI Verde para o desenvolvimento sustent?vel. A metodologia da pesquisa utilizada envolveu um levantamento te?rico da abordagem disposta, envolvendo dois estudos de casos em ind?strias do Rio Grande do Norte. A an?lise dos resultados foi amparada por uma an?lise de conte?do, o que viabilizou a compreens?o do fen?meno da Tecnologia da Informa??o Verde para o desenvolvimento sustent?vel nos estudos de casos. Como conclus?o, tem-se que a Tecnologia da Informa??o Verde contribui para o desenvolvimento sustent?vel, ainda que de maneira incipiente atrav?s de aspectos que evidenciam a competitividade empresarial com foco na redu??o de custos, e esfor?os nas pr?ticas sustent?veis