Grazing and no-till management in organic systems have been recently proposed tools to improve nutrient cycling and sustainability. From 2008 to 2012 a series of field experiments were established to identify green manure species and green manure management options to maximize N benefit to following cash crops and explore the opportunities to reduce tillage during the green manure phase of an organic rotation. A total of four green manure systems (double-cropped green manures, relay-cropped green manures, full season green manures, and catch crops after grazed full season green manures), three green manure management options (soil incorporation, grazing and no-till), and 10 green manure species, as well as, three green manure mixtures were tested. Double-cropped pea (Pisum sativum cv. 40-10) and relay-cropped red clover (Trifolium pratense) produced around 900 kg ha-1 and 2000 kg ha-1 of biomass respectively. The greatest biomass producing full season green manures were hairy vetch (Vicia villosa L.), pea/oat (Avena sativa cv. Leggett/Pisum sativum cv. 40-10) and sweet clover (Mellilotus officinalis cv. Norgold). Pea/oat and hairy vetch were the most weed competitive species and on average contained less than 15% weed biomass. Among all the systems and managements tested, nitrogen availability was greatest when full season green manures were grazed. On average grazing increased soil NO3-N by 25% compared to soil incorporation using tillage. Among grazed species, pea/oat mix and hairy vetch green manures resulted in the greatest amount of soil available NO3-N. Catch crops after grazing green manures, regardless of the species, significantly reduced N leaching risk compared to no catch crop treatment, but also reduced wheat productivity the following year. Catch crop biomass productivity and N uptake, soil NO3-N, and wheat productivity were similar in direct seeded and conventionally seeded plots. Grazing may be an effective tool in reducing tillage in organic agriculture because of its ability to accelerate the N mineralization from catch crop biomass. This study was the first study to use grazing as a management tool for green manures in organic systems. Results provide strong evidence that green manures, especially when grazed, can be effective nitrogen suppliers in organic grain based rotations.

The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of using the blade roller for no-till/reduced tillage in organic green manure management. The study was conducted in Carman, Manitoba and Oxbow, Saskatchewan. In the spring, a pea/oat intercrop was seeded as a green manure. The green manure was terminated by rolling, tilling, or a combination of the two. The following spring, spring wheat was seeded. In the year of the green manure, measurements taken included: biomass, soil nitrogen, and ammonia emissions. In the year of the wheat, measurements taken included: soil cover, soil moisture, weed competition, soil nitrate-N, and wheat biomass. Results showed increased soil cover, minimal effect on soil moisture, delayed wheat development, an effect on weed communities, reduced rate of nitrogen release, and reduced wheat yield. No-till green manure management can therefore provide benefits of soil conservation and nitrogen conservation but may result in decreased wheat yield.

The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of using the blade roller for no-till/reduced tillage in organic green manure management. The study was conducted in Carman, Manitoba and Oxbow, Saskatchewan. In the spring, a pea/oat intercrop was seeded as a green manure. The green manure was terminated by rolling, tilling, or a combination of the two. The following spring, spring wheat was seeded. In the year of the green manure, measurements taken included: biomass, soil nitrogen, and ammonia emissions. In the year of the wheat, measurements taken included: soil cover, soil moisture, weed competition, soil nitrate-N, and wheat biomass. Results showed increased soil cover, minimal effect on soil moisture, delayed wheat development, an effect on weed communities, reduced rate of nitrogen release, and reduced wheat yield. No-till green manure management can therefore provide benefits of soil conservation and nitrogen conservation but may result in decreased wheat yield.

Orientador: Francisco Luiz Araujo Câmara / Banca: Roberto Lyra Villas Bôas / Banca: Antonio Ismael Inácio Cardoso / Banca: Edmilson José Ambrosano / Banca: Anastácia Fontanetti / Resumo: O presente trabalho objetivou estudar o efeito das plantas de cobertura crotalária (Crotalaria juncea), feijão-guandu (Cajanus cajan), feijão-de-porco (Canavalia ensiformes), milho (Zea mays), milheto (Pennisetum glaucum) e mucuna-preta (Mucuna aterrimum), em cultivo exclusivo e consorciado, e vegetação espontânea, no desempenho agronômico de alface (Lactuca sativa) e cenoura (Daucus carota) cultivadas em sistema orgânico. Para tanto, foram conduzidos três experimentos, sendo um referente à seleção das espécies utilizadas como adubo verde. O primeiro e segundo, determinaram as quantidades de palhada para a formação de cobertura morta, além da decomposição e liberação de nutrientes das palhadas. O terceiro, o efeito do pré-cultivo de leguminosas e gramíneas no rendimento de alface e cenoura cultivadas em sistema orgânico. O delineamento utilizado nos dois primeiros experimentos foi o de blocos casualizados com quatro repetições, e o terceiro experimento em esquema de parcelas divididas (alface e cenoura). Nos estudos da decomposição e liberação de nutrientes das palhadas foi utilizado o método da "litter bags". Conclui-se que o feijão-deporco em cultivo exclusivo apresentou maior produtividade de massa fresca, que os demais adubos verdes, e juntamente com o coquetel completo, maior produtividade de massa seca e acúmulo de nutrientes para a cenoura e alface. O uso de adubos verdes em pré-cultivo das oleráceas manteve a produtividade da cenoura semelhante à testemunha.Dentre as espécies utilizadas, o feijão-de-porco em cultivo exclusivo proporcionou melhor rendimento comercial da alface. Pelos resultados dos experimentos, detectou-se que a adubação verde é uma prática promissora para a produção orgânica de alface e cenoura. / Abstract: The present work objectived to study the effect of cover crops with Crotalaria juncea, Cajanus cajan, Canavalia ensiformes, Zea may, Pennisetum glaucum, and Mucuna aterrimum, in single and associated cultivation and spontaneous vegetation, in the agronomic performance of lettuce (Lactuca sativa) and carrot (Daucus carota) under organic system. Three experiments were conducted, the first one referring to the selection of the species used as green manure. First and second experiments determined the amounts of straw production of phytomass, besides the decomposition and nutrient release of the straws. The third one, the effect of the legumes and grasses pre-cultivation in the lettuce and carrot yields under organic system. The experimental design was a randomized block with four repetitions in the two first tests and the third test a split-splot (lettuce and carrot). In the studies about decomposition and nutrient release of the straws it was used the method of litter bags. It was concluded that Canavalia ensiformes in single cultivation shows higher productivity of fresh mass than other green manure and in complex with the complete cocktail, higher productivity of dry mass and nutrient accumulated for carrot and lettuce. The use of the green manure in pre-cultivation of the vegetables maintained the carrot productivity similar to the no-treated. Among the species of green manure Canavalia ensiformes in single cultivation promoted the best commercial yields of lettuce. By the results, it was detected that the green manure is a promising practice to the organic production of lettuce and carrot.Key words: green manures, legumes, Lactuca sativa, Daucus carota. / Doutor

Submitted by Erika Demachki (erikademachki@gmail.com) on 2016-03-17T19:55:19Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Guilherme Felisberto - 2015.pdf: 1617552 bytes, checksum: 2e18b5759b2febfc144f25537d22ab9a (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Erika Demachki (erikademachki@gmail.com) on 2016-03-17T19:56:38Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Guilherme Felisberto - 2015.pdf: 1617552 bytes, checksum: 2e18b5759b2febfc144f25537d22ab9a (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-03-17T19:56:38Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Guilherme Felisberto - 2015.pdf: 1617552 bytes, checksum: 2e18b5759b2febfc144f25537d22ab9a (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-07-29 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / There is the possibility of reduction of nitrogen fertilization in maize under no-tillage system following cover crops. In order to generate information about the subject, this work was carried out to evaluate the nitrogen fertilization in maize following cover crops in southwestern Goiás. The experiment was developed at the Universidade Federal de Goiás, Regional Jataí, under a randomized block design with four replications in split plot. Treatments allocated on plots were ten cover crops (Cajanus cajan, Canavalia ensiformis, Crambe abyssinica, Crotalaria juncea, Crotalaria ochroleuca, Crotalaria spectabilis, Mucuna aterrima, Pennisetum glaucum, Raphanus sativus and Urochloa ruziziensis), grown before maize. Treatments allocated in the subplots were four nitrogen rates (0, 50, 100 and 150 kg ha-1 of N) topdressed in the V5 growth stage of the crop, totaling 40 treatments. The water deficit limited the maize crop response to nitrogen topdressing, grown in succession to cover crops. The maize grown after Urochloa ruziziensis with simulated grazing and Crambe abyssinica showed lower yield. / Há a possibilidade de redução da adubação nitrogenada na cultura do milho sob sistema de plantio direto em sucessão a plantas de cobertura. Visando gerar informações sobre o tema objetivou-se com o presente trabalho avaliar a adubação nitrogenada na cultura do milho em sucessão a plantas de cobertura no sudoeste goiano. O experimento foi conduzido na Universidade Federal de Goiás, Regional Jataí, sob o delineamento de blocos casualizados com quatro repetições, em esquema de parcelas subdivididas. Os tratamentos alocados nas parcelas foram dez plantas de cobertura (Cajanus cajan, Canavalia ensiformis, Crambe abyssinica, Crotalaria juncea, Crotalaria ochroleuca, Crotalaria spectabilis, Mucuna aterrima, Pennisetum glaucum, Raphanus sativus e Urochloa ruziziensis), cultivadas em antecessão à cultura do milho. Os tratamentos alocados nas subparcelas foram quatro doses de nitrogênio (0, 50, 100 e 150 kg ha-1 de N) aplicadas no estádio de desenvolvimento V5 da cultura do milho, totalizando 40 tratamentos. O déficit hídrico limitou as respostas da cultura do milho a adubação nitrogenada em cobertura, cultivada em sucessão a plantas de cobertura. O milho cultivado em sucessão a Urochloa ruziziensis com pastejo simulado e ao Crambe abyssinica apresentou menor produtividade de grãos.

Diss. (sammanfattning). Uppsala : Sveriges lantbruksuniv., 2003. / Härtill 4 uppsatser.

Diss. (sammanfattning) Uppsala : Sveriges lantbruksuniv., 2003. / Härtill 4 uppsatser.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:32:26Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2009-05-29Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:22:05Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 almeida_k_dr_botfca.pdf: 947058 bytes, checksum: 95e2f811c6edc422916d6f1245c2c2a1 (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / O presente trabalho objetivou estudar o efeito das plantas de cobertura crotalária (Crotalaria juncea), feijão-guandu (Cajanus cajan), feijão-de-porco (Canavalia ensiformes), milho (Zea mays), milheto (Pennisetum glaucum) e mucuna-preta (Mucuna aterrimum), em cultivo exclusivo e consorciado, e vegetação espontânea, no desempenho agronômico de alface (Lactuca sativa) e cenoura (Daucus carota) cultivadas em sistema orgânico. Para tanto, foram conduzidos três experimentos, sendo um referente à seleção das espécies utilizadas como adubo verde. O primeiro e segundo, determinaram as quantidades de palhada para a formação de cobertura morta, além da decomposição e liberação de nutrientes das palhadas. O terceiro, o efeito do pré-cultivo de leguminosas e gramíneas no rendimento de alface e cenoura cultivadas em sistema orgânico. O delineamento utilizado nos dois primeiros experimentos foi o de blocos casualizados com quatro repetições, e o terceiro experimento em esquema de parcelas divididas (alface e cenoura). Nos estudos da decomposição e liberação de nutrientes das palhadas foi utilizado o método da “litter bags”. Conclui-se que o feijão-deporco em cultivo exclusivo apresentou maior produtividade de massa fresca, que os demais adubos verdes, e juntamente com o coquetel completo, maior produtividade de massa seca e acúmulo de nutrientes para a cenoura e alface. O uso de adubos verdes em pré-cultivo das oleráceas manteve a produtividade da cenoura semelhante à testemunha.Dentre as espécies utilizadas, o feijão-de-porco em cultivo exclusivo proporcionou melhor rendimento comercial da alface. Pelos resultados dos experimentos, detectou-se que a adubação verde é uma prática promissora para a produção orgânica de alface e cenoura. / The present work objectived to study the effect of cover crops with Crotalaria juncea, Cajanus cajan, Canavalia ensiformes, Zea may, Pennisetum glaucum, and Mucuna aterrimum, in single and associated cultivation and spontaneous vegetation, in the agronomic performance of lettuce (Lactuca sativa) and carrot (Daucus carota) under organic system. Three experiments were conducted, the first one referring to the selection of the species used as green manure. First and second experiments determined the amounts of straw production of phytomass, besides the decomposition and nutrient release of the straws. The third one, the effect of the legumes and grasses pre-cultivation in the lettuce and carrot yields under organic system. The experimental design was a randomized block with four repetitions in the two first tests and the third test a split-splot (lettuce and carrot). In the studies about decomposition and nutrient release of the straws it was used the method of litter bags. It was concluded that Canavalia ensiformes in single cultivation shows higher productivity of fresh mass than other green manure and in complex with the complete cocktail, higher productivity of dry mass and nutrient accumulated for carrot and lettuce. The use of the green manure in pre-cultivation of the vegetables maintained the carrot productivity similar to the no-treated. Among the species of green manure Canavalia ensiformes in single cultivation promoted the best commercial yields of lettuce. By the results, it was detected that the green manure is a promising practice to the organic production of lettuce and carrot.Key words: green manures, legumes, Lactuca sativa, Daucus carota.

Diss. (sammanfattning). Umeå : Sveriges lantbruksuniv. / Härtill 5 uppsatser.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-01-26T18:56:23Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao.pdf: 6107798 bytes, checksum: fec9a1a918cf2eb38f551e043081b9e2 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-02-15 / In the northwestern region of Paraná most crop rotations used basically consists of soybeans / out-of-season corn or corn on normal season/ out-of-season maize, being found insufficient for the production of straw to the sustainability of tillage system. Intercropping corn with cover crops in two environmental conditions in autumn-winter (second season) and spring-summer (season), may be an option to increase quantity and quality mulch keeping the soil covered with living plants or killed after the corn harvest, enabling the system direct sowing in regions with limited persistence of straw. This work aimed at the achievement of three experiments, with the aim of testing different species of green manure intercropped with maize environments in autumn-winter (off-season - experiment I) and spring-summer (harvest - experiment II) for dry matter production and soil cover, and to evaluate the persistence of the straw of the major species in the consortia and succession of crops grown in the region of the Phoenix (PR) (experiment III). The experiments were conducted in rural areas and the city of Phoenix (PR) in a soil classified as Eutroferric Red Nitosol clayey, from March 2009 to February 2010. The first experiment was conducted in three areas with different historical succession of crops occurs in the region, with 10 species of cover crops. In experiment II was evaluated nine cover crops that were sown intercropped with maize at two sowing dates, or is, simultaneously planted or when it stood at the V4 stage of culture. As for experiment III, we tested the persistence of residues of 11 plant species using bags of decomposition, also known as "litter bags." Crop rotation practiced in the region for soybean and corn in rotation with summer corn (crop) despite increasing straw in the No-Tillage System reduces the productivity of winter maize. The corn and cover crops option is to increase the supply of straw in the tillage without compromising the yield. In autumn-winter period has the option black oat, vetch and white oat. As for the spring will see the consortium with the simultaneously planted between species of corn and cover crops are better options: labe-labe, Crotalaria spectabilis, Brachiaria brizantha, B. ruziziensis, pigeon peas, jack-beans that is independent of sowing time. But the velvet bean simultaneously planted with maize reduced the grain yield. As ground cover that show greater persistence of straw were the species of wheat, corn and Brachiaria ruziziensis. / Na região noroeste do Paraná a maioria das rotações de culturas utilizadas consiste basicamente da sucessão soja/milho safrinha ou milho/milho safrinha, sendo constatada insuficiência na produção de palhada para dar sustentabilidade ao Sistema Semeadura Direta. O consórcio entre milho e plantas de cobertura em dois ambientes de cultivo, no outono-inverno (safrinha) e primavera-verão (safra), pode ser uma opção de aumento de palhada em quantidade e qualidade mantendo a cobertura do solo com plantas vivas ou mortas após a colheita do milho, viabilizando o Sistema Semeadura Direta em regiões com dificuldade de persistência de palhada. Esse trabalho visou à realização de três experimentos, com o objetivo de avaliar diferentes espécies de adubos verdes em consórcio com milho nos ambientes outono-inverno (safrinha - experimento I) e primavera-verão (safra experimento II) para produção de massa seca e cobertura do solo, além de avaliar a persistência da palhada das principais espécies envolvidas nos consórcios e sucessões de culturas praticadas na região de Fênix (PR) (experimento III). Os experimentos foram instalados e conduzidos em áreas rurais do município de Fênix (PR), em um solo classificado como Nitossolo Vermelho eutroférrico muito argiloso, no período de março de 2009 a fevereiro de 2010. O experimento I foi realizado em três áreas com diferentes históricos de sucessão de cultivos que ocorre na região, com 10 espécies de plantas de cobertura. No experimento II avaliou-se 9 plantas de cobertura que foram semeadas em consórcio com o milho em duas épocas de semeadura, ou seja, em semeadura simultânea ou quando o mesmo se apresentava no estádio V4 da cultura. Quanto ao experimento III, foi testada a persistência de palhada de 11 espécies de plantas utilizando sacolas de decomposição, também conhecidas como litter bags .A rotação de culturas praticada na região para a soja com milho no verão e sucessão com milho (monocultura), apesar de aumentar palhada no SPD reduz a produtividade do milho safrinha. O consórcio de milho com plantas de cobertura é opção de aumento de fornecimento de palha no sistema de semeadura direta sem comprometimento do rendimento de grãos. No período de outono-inverno tem se a opção aveia preta, ervilhaca comum e aveia branca. Já para período de primavera verão o consórcio com a semeadura simultânea entre as espécies de milho e plantas de cobertura são melhores opções: labe-labe, Crotalaria spectabilis, Brachiaria brizantha, B. ruziziensis, guandu e o feijão de porco que independe da época de semeadura. Porém a mucuna preta em semeadura simultânea com o milho reduziu o rendimento do cereal. Quanto a cobertura de solo a que apresentam maiores persistências das palhas foram as das espécies trigo, braquiaria e do milho.