Background  Maximum voluntary bite force (BF) and hand grip strength (HS) serve as muscle strength markers from the jaw motor system and hand motor system.   Aim  To investigate i) differences in maximum BF and HS between dominant and non-dominant sides, ii) differences between repeated tests in the same session and iii) correlation between BF and HS.     Methods Fifteen resistance trained adults (n=6 women, mean age 24 (SD 1.04) years and n=9 men, mean age 27 (SD 4.06) years) were tested with electronic BF and HS devices, with three repeated tests per side. Paired sample T-test was used to detect differences in BF and HS between sides and whether there was a difference between repeated tests. Pearson test was used to determine correlation between BF and HS. P-value <0.05 was considered statistically significant.    Results HS showed differences between dominant and non-dominant sides in three tests (T1 P=<0.0001, T2 P=0.0002 and T3 P=0.0011). BF showed differences between repeated tests in the same session for T1-T2 (P=0.007), T1-T3 (P<0.0001) and T2-T3 (P=0.028) on dominant side and between T1-T2 (P=0.014), T1-T3 (P=0.010) on non-dominant side. Correlation between BF and HS showed r=0.41 for merged data (dominant + non-dominant side) (P=0.02).   Conclusions  In the context of resistance trained adults, the findings showed that BF did not alter between sides while HS did, with higher force production for the dominant hand. Repeated tests showed differences between tests for BF, but not for HS. A weak to moderate correlation could be observed when comparing BF to HS.

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Work-related repetitive strain injury (RSI), one of the work-related musculoskeletal disorders, is the most commonly reported occupational illness, yet the pathophysiological mechanisms are not yet clear. Using our unique RSI animal model, pathophysiological tissue responses can be examined simultaneously with behavioral responses that serve as indicators of sensorimotor function. Studies in humans and with this animal model have shown that prolonged performance of repetitive tasks leads to declines in grip strength and increased of serum pro-inflammatory cytokines, both valuable biomarkers of underlying tissue injuries. Identification of biomarkers would help to elucidate the time course of the inflammatory stage of these disorders and disease progression. Sickness responses/behaviors, normal responses and behaviors occurring as a consequence of infection or illness, are responsible for re-organizing perceptions and actions to enable individuals to respond appropriately to the infection, injury and other illnesses. These behaviors can include malaise, fatigue, increased irritability and social withdrawal, behaviors that can be beneficial when ill for avoiding others and enhancing wellness. However, sickness behaviors can also include depression, sleep disorders and an enhanced perception of illness. Although recent studies have shown that circulating pro-inflammatory cytokines in serum may trigger sickness behaviors, only a few studies have examined if there is an association between work-related musculoskeletal disorders and subsets of sickness behavior; no one to date has elucidated any plausible biological cause of this association. Also, the combined effects of both aging and performance of repetitive tasks needs more evaluation since several epidemiological studies have shown a relationship between advancing age and susceptibility to musculoskeletal disorders. Therefore, using female Sprague-Dawley rats, the aims of this dissertation project are to: 1) To determine if a systemic inflammatory response is maintained long-term in rats exposed to a moderate demand lever-pulling task with high repetition, low force (HRLF) requirements; if aging enhances this systemic inflammatory response and if this response correlates with functional motor declines; 2) To determine if performance of repetitive upper extremity tasks leads to the development of sickness behaviors (weight loss, decreased social interaction and increased aggression); 3) To determine if a relationship between repetitive upper extremity tasks lead to the development of dose- and age-dependent sickness behaviors, and, to determine if increased serum or brain inflammatory cytokines are plausible mechanisms for the induction of sickness behaviors in this model; and, lastly, 4) To determine if prophylactic or secondary systemic treatments with anti-inflammatory drugs (anti--tumor necrosis factor alpha or ibuprofen) reduces sickness behaviors in rats performing a high demand high repetition high force (HRHF) reaching and handle pulling task. This finding would be in further support of an underlying task-induced inflammatory mechanism contributing to these sickness behaviors. In the first study, the relationship between serum and grip strength was examined in aged and young adult rats performing a HRLF task. Serum levels of interleukin 1-alpha (IL-1α), interferon-gamma (IFNγ) and IL-6 were higher in aged rats in general, compared to young adult rats. Each increased more in aged trained-only and 12-week HRLF rats than in young adult trained-only and 12-week HRLF rats. Serum IL-6 showed the greatest increases, with the highest levels observed in aged 12-week HRLF rats. Grip strength declined with task performance in both age groups; however, this decline correlated negatively and only moderately with serum IL-6 levels in aged rats. Thus, aging enhanced a serum cytokine response in general, a response that was even greater with repetitive task performance. Grip strength was adversely affected by task performance in both age groups, but was apparently influenced by factors other than serum cytokine levels in young rats. In the second study, the relationship between sickness behaviors (weight loss, duration of social interaction and aggression towards novel juvenile rats), serum cytokines and brain cytokines were examined in aged and young adult rats that trained to one of two task levels before performing a HRLF task. Decreased duration of social interaction and increased aggression was greater in both young adult and aged rats that trained for 10 min/day for 4-5 weeks to learn a high force (TRHF) task, compared to young adult and aged rats that learned a low force (TRLF) task. TRHF and TRLF rats of both age groups then performed a HRLF task for 6 to 24 weeks, rats termed TRHF-HRLF and TRLF-HRLF, respectively. Declines in social interaction resolved by week 3 in young adult TRHF-HRLF rats, but were still evident in 6-week aged TRHF-HRLF rats (the final endpoint for TRHF-HRLF rats). Significant increases in aggression were observed only in TRHF-HRLF rats, in both age groups. Declines in social interaction were also observed in aged rats performing a TRLF-HRLF task through week 9, but not in young adult TRLF-HRLF rats, even those performing the HRLF task for 24 weeks. These behaviors correlated moderately with increased serum IL-6 observed in the aged task rats (both TRHF-HRLF and TRLF-HRLF) and young adult TRHF-HRLF rats, although serum TNFalpha and IL-1beta also increased with task performance. Increased IL-6 and IL-6 receptor was detected immunohistochemically in brains of aged TRHF-HRLF rats, specifically in ependymal and endothelial cells, as well as glial cells and neurons of the anterior cingulate cortex and paraventricular nucleus. Thus, training to high force, even for a short time period, induced increased sickness behaviors. Aging contributed to increased sickness behaviors in repetitive task rats, and to increased expression of IL6 and IL-6 receptor in several brain regions. In the third study, the relationships between sickness behaviors (duration of social interaction and aggression towards novel juvenile rats), serum cytokines and brain cytokines were examined in young adult rats performing a high repetition high force (HRHF) task with or without anti-inflammatory medications. Rats that trained to high force (TRHF) had decreased duration of social interaction and increased aggression; these behaviors were prevented by prophylactic anti-TNFalpha or ibuprofen treatment. Untreated TRHF rats that went on to perform a HRHF task showed decreased social interaction and increased aggression through week 12; these behaviors were attenuated by secondary anti-TNFalpha and ibuprofen treatments. Untreated HRHF rats had increased serum GroKC, IFN-gamma, IL-1beta, MIP2, MIP3a and TNFalpha. These increases were attenuated after two weeks of anti-TNFalpha treatment in HRHF weeks 5-6, and after 8 weeks of ibuprofen (in HRHF weeks 5-12). The sickness behaviors correlated moderately with increased serum Gro-KC, MIP2 and TNFalpha, and were concomitant with increased IL-1beta immunoexpression in ependymal and endothelial cells in brains of untreated TRHF and HRHF rats. Both treatments reduced the increased brain IL-1beta expression. Thus, sickness behaviors induced by overuse are attenuated by anti-inflammatory interventions that reduce task-induced increases in systemic and brain inflammatory cytokines. In conclusion, both aging and task performance increased serum inflammatory cytokine responses, the latter in an exposure-dependent manner, with a greater serum cytokine response with performance of high force tasks than low force tasks. While grip strength was adversely affected by task performance in both young and aged rats, it was influenced by factors other than serum cytokine levels. In contrast, decreased duration of social interaction and increased incidence of aggression were influenced by task-induced increases in serum and brain inflammatory cytokines, responses attenuated to baseline levels with systemic anti-inflammatory treatments. Sickness behaviors were also dose- and age-dependent, with higher incidence with performance of high force tasks than with low force tasks, and higher incidence in aged rats. We postulate that the higher incidence in aged rats is due to aged-induced brain "inflamm-aging", as they also had increased immunoexpression of IL6 and IL6 receptor in blood brain barrier cells and in glial and neurons of the hypothalamic pituitary axis. / Physical Therapy

Children with unilateral spastic cerebral palsy (USCP) have impairments affecting upper limb function, particularly in grasping abilities. Specifically, children with USCP may display precision grip impairments, which can lead to activity limitations. The interplay between feedforward and feedback control is essential for successful grasping, requiring somatosensory information to be integrated with the motor output. This integration occurs through the transmission of somatosensory information through the dorsal column medial lemniscus (DCML) pathway, while independent finger movement to grasp an object is controlled by the motor cortex via the corticospinal tract (CST). While previous studies demonstrated the CST relates to anticipatory control of grasping, this may not explain all the variance of grasp impairments in children with USCP. Although studies have highlighted the importance of sensory information in grasping in typically developing (TD) adults, there are no studies examining the relationship between brain structure and function in terms of precision grip impairments in children with USCP. Additionally, sensorimotor integration plays an important role in precision grip. In some children with USCP, the lesion that occurs in the brain can cause the CST to reorganize to the contralesional hemisphere. This results in the sensory and motor tracts in different hemispheres, impacting motor impairments. When this sensory-motor dissociation occurs or when there are successive lifts of an object with each hand, it is thought that the information is transferred through the corpus callosum (CC). However, damage to the CC can restrict somatosensory processing, which can further impair grasping abilities. Previous studies have only looked at precision grip impairments in relation to the CST. Therefore, an integrative approach is necessary to fully understand the mechanisms of precision grip impairments in children with USCP. In this study our aim was to examine the neural basis of precision grip in children with USCP. Twenty-seven children participated in an MRI assessment. This included the acquisition of structural and diffusion-weighted images (DWI) to extract diffusion metrics of the CST, DCML pathway, and CC. Children also participated in clinical sensory measures, including the stereognosis test, grating orientation task, and the two-point discrimination task. Additionally, children performed precision grip lifts using a custom-made object. All children were asked to grasp an object with interchangeable surfaces (i.e., sandpaper and rayon) to measure adaptation of grip force (GF) to object texture. They were also asked to grasp the same object, hold it in the air and slowly release their grip so that the object gradually slips from their fingertips. Twenty-seven children performed these tasks with their less affected hand, and 16 with their more affected hand. Additionally, 17 participants grasped an object with various weights with each lifting sequence consisting of lifting an object in succession with the same hand and then one lift with the contralateral hand. The results demonstrate the greater reduction of integrity (more damage) of the DCML pathway, the poorer the grasp task performance, as indicated through the safety margin (the difference between the minimum amount of force needed to prevent slipping and the applied grip force). Regression analyses and cluster analyses display that CST integrity and organization may also contribute to safety margin. This suggests that diffusion metrics of multiple pathways and CST organization when considered together contribute to grasping impairments in children with USCP. To assess this further, we examined the relative difference in the peak rate of force between objects with various weights during successive lifts with each hand. Children with USCP did demonstrate anticipatory control within hands and a generalization of anticipatory control between hands. However, a loss of the transfer information was shown when first grasping the object with their less affected hand and then their more affected hand, in children with an absent contralateral CST. Therefore, the results suggest precision grip impairments may not exclusively be due to sensory impairments, but instead how the sensory information is integrated with the motor output of the same hand.

This investigation was conducted to explore the between trial variability of the measures of the isometric peak force, time to peak force, area to peak force, area under the curve, slope (20%-80%), and the average slope of subjects assigned to perform a series of four isometric grip strength contractions and to develop a discriminant function equation that would predict group membership. Forty-nine college students were instructed to perform either a series of four maximal voluntary contractions (sincere) or a series of four submaximal (deceptive) contractions. The subjects were retested 24-48 hours after the initial test session. Data from both test sessions were recorded, displayed, and analyzed using segmental curve analysis. The coefficients of variation were computed for each test variable. The grand mean coefficient of variation for the sincere condition was .31 ± .02 compared to the grand mean coefficient of variation for the deceptive condition which was .77 ± .11 (p < .01). Coefficients of variation were used to predict group membership. The prediction equation accurately classified 92% of the sincere condition and 64% of the deceptive condition. / Master of Science

Humans use their hands on a daily basis, and they are a fundamental part of our lives both in terms of our work and our everyday activities. One of the key things that our hands allow us to do is grab onto objects. Unfortunately however, sometimes this ability to grab onto things becomes weakened, for example due to old age or diseases such as arthritis. This project was aimed to see if mechatronic engineering could be implemented to remedy this problem, while maintaining good accessibility and design. The resulting solution was a glove with pressure sensors and an integrated pulley system, which would provide a pulling force on the fingers and allow the user to get a reinforced grip on objects. A key factor in this design was to provide adequate function, without compromising form, i.e making the glove easy to wear and not clunky. The resulting glove provided substantial support to the test subjects grip strength, and presented a valid way to counteract their weekend state. However, the form was still considered too clunky and not efficient enough to warrant daily use. For future work, alternative pulley systems might be a valid option to slim down the glove and make it more accessible. Collaborating with people from the mechatronics industry, specifically those geared towards human augmentation, may also be beneficial to those with lacking experience or connections in the subject area. Conducting research specifically about what is considered “easy to use” may also be necessary to further solidify any changes in design. / Människor använder sina händer vardagligen, och de är en fundamental del av våra liv vad gäller både vardagssysslor och arbete. En av de viktigaste funktionerna våra händer utgör är att de tillåter oss att greppa tag i saker. Tyvärr händer det dock att denna förmåga försvagas exempelvis på grund av ålder eller sjukdomar såsom artros. Detta projekt var ämnat att se om en mekatronisk lösning kunde användas för att åtgärda detta problem, utan att göra uppoffringar vad gäller enkel design och tydlig form. Resultatet var en handske med trycksensorer och en integrerad motor som erbjöd en dragande kraft i fingrarna och ett förstärkt grepp. Den resulterande handsken erbjöd tillfredsställande support till testpersonerna greppstyrka och visade sig vara en rimlig lösning på de problem som individens artros ställt till med. Dessvärre ansågs formen fortfarande lite för otymplig och svårhanterad för att tillfredsställa önskemålen i den aspekten. För fortsatt arbete kan en annorlunda integration av motorn vara ett rimligt alternativ för att slimma ner handsken. Samarbete med företag inom robotik och mänskliga proteser kan också vara gynnsamt, speciellt för de med liten erfarenhet eller med fåtal kontakter inom testområdet. Tydligare efterforskning på vad som är “enkelt att använda” kan också leda designen i en bättre riktning.

The primary, descriptive aim of this dissertation was to describe the nighttime sleep quality of previously mechanically ventilated older adult patients within 24-48 hours of transfer out of the intensive care unit (ICU) to a medical-surgical floor. The secondary, exploratory aim was to examine the relationships between post-ICU sleep efficiency (SE) and wake after sleep onset (WASO) with grip strength in previously mechanically ventilated older adult patients within 24-48 hours of transfer out of the ICU. The study included 30 adults ages 65 and older (11 women, 19 men; age 71.37 ± 5.35, range 65-86 years), who were functionally independent at home prior to hospitalization, mechanically ventilated during their ICU stay, and were within 24-48 hours of transfer out of ICU to a medical-surgical floor at Tampa General Hospital, a level 1 trauma center. Subjects wore an actigraph monitor on the dominant wrist (Actiwatch Spectrum) to monitor sleep over two consecutive nights. Parameters of post-ICU sleep quality included total sleep time (TST), sleep efficiency (SE), wake after sleep onset (WASO), sleep latency (SL), and number of awakenings (NA). The outcome measure of motor function was dominant hand grip strength, assessed by the National Institutes of Health Toolbox Motor Battery Grip Strength Test. Sleep data collected between nighttime hours (9:00 PM to 9:00 AM) on both nights were analyzed. For the descriptive aim, means for each sleep parameter and clinical characteristics were reported. For the exploratory aims, multiple regression analyses examined the individual associations between mean sleep parameters (SE and WASO) and grip strength. Study subjects had a mean SE of 63.24 ± 3.88% and spent 135.39 ± 9.94 minutes awake after sleep onset. The mean TST among subjects was 7.55 ± 2.52 hours, ranging from 2.02 to 10.84 hours of sleep, out of the 12 hours of total time in bed. A total of 6 (20%) subjects slept less than 5 hours each night, and a total of 6 (20%) subjects slept greater than 10 hours each night. The mean SL among study subjects was 42.57 minutes, and ranged from 0.0 to 237.75 minutes. Overall, subjects’ average NA was 78.28 ± 26.39, ranging from 35 to 136 awakenings. In multiple regression analysis, SE was significantly and negatively associated with grip strength, after adjusting for potential confounding factors. The model predictors explained 80.8% of the variance in grip strength, [R2 = .808, F(10, 15) = 6.324, p = .001]. Higher SE independently predicted worse grip strength (β = -0.326, p = .036). Further, among the tertiles of subjects with moderate or high TST (sleep duration ≥ 6 hours, n = 23), there remained a significant, negative association between SE and grip strength. The predictors explained 73.7% of the variance in grip strength, [R2 = .737, F(5, 15) = 8.416, p = .001]. Higher SE independently predicted worse grip strength among the subset of subjects with moderate or high sleep duration (β = -0.296, p = .046). Among the two quartiles of subjects with moderate-high or high WASO (≥ 120 minutes spent awake after sleep onset, n = 16), there was a significant, negative association between WASO and grip strength, after adjusting for covariates. The model indicated that the predictors explained 91.4% of the variance in grip strength [R2 = .914, F(6, 8) = 14.134, p = .001]. Greater WASO independently predicted worse grip strength (β = -0.276, p = .04). Finally, the effects of sex and preexisting obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) on grip strength were individually examined. Higher SE independently predicted worse grip strength among male subjects (β = -0.353, p = .039), as did preexisting OSA (β = -0.493, p = .033). In summary, objectively measured sleep quality was disturbed among previously mechanically ventilated, hospitalized older adults, even after transfer out of ICU to a medical-surgical floor. Longer TST and greater SE predicted worse grip strength among these frail patients who were previously independent, community dwelling older adults. Among the subjects with more severely fragmented sleep, WASO also independently predicted weaker grip strength. As poor grip strength is an indicator of ICU-acquired weakness, optimal sleep duration and less sleep disturbances may be crucial in prevention of worse functional outcomes and new institutionalization. Additional research is needed to discern the temporality of associations between sleep quality and motor function among older adult survivors of critical illness.

?rea de concentra??o: Aspectos f?sico-funcionais e reabilita??o. / Na Capa da obra consta o t?tulo: "Vibra??o de corpo inteiro na posi??o est?tica com as m?os sobre a plataforma estimula o sistema neuromuscular potencializando a for?a muscular de preens?o manual". / Submitted by Jos? Henrique Henrique (jose.neves@ufvjm.edu.br) on 2018-05-24T01:30:29Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) ana_lucia_cristino_souza.pdf: 1341281 bytes, checksum: 26bbfcfe249430241b08885a752b2dac (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Rodrigo Martins Cruz (rodrigo.cruz@ufvjm.edu.br) on 2018-06-05T14:42:35Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) ana_lucia_cristino_souza.pdf: 1341281 bytes, checksum: 26bbfcfe249430241b08885a752b2dac (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-06-05T14:42:35Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) ana_lucia_cristino_souza.pdf: 1341281 bytes, checksum: 26bbfcfe249430241b08885a752b2dac (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017 / A vibra??o do corpo inteiro (VCI) pode ser uma modalidade ergog?nica capaz de melhorar o desempenho muscular. Uma vez que a transmissibilidade deste est?mulo ? reduzida quando aplicado sob os p?s, permanece uma lacuna no que tange a potencializa??o da for?a de preens?o manual (FPM) na posi??o est?tica, com as m?os sobre a plataforma, em indiv?duos saud?veis. O objetivo deste estudo foi investigar o efeito dose-resposta da exposi??o ? vibra??o na posi??o est?tica, com as m?os sobre a plataforma na FPM e nos registros eletromiogr?ficos (EMG) do m?sculo flexor superficial dos dedos. Vinte e oito mulheres saud?veis (idade: 27 + 8 anos, IMC: 23,2 + 4,5 kg.m-2) foram familiarizadas e submetidas de forma randomizada e aleatorizada a quatro situa??es experimentais: A). Sentado - m?os supinadas, apoiadas nas pernas, sem est?mulo vibrat?rio; B) Placebo ? m?os posicionadas sobre a plataforma desligada e est?mulo sonoro mimetizando o est?mulo de vibra??o; C). 25Hz / 2mm e D). 45Hz / 2mm - semelhante ? posi??o placebo com est?mulo vibrat?rio vertical sinusoidal em diferentes freq??ncias, com aplica??o da amplitude de 2mm. O per?odo de interven??o foi de 5 minutos em todas as situa??es experimentais. Antes e imediatamente ap?s as interven??es, o desempenho muscular da m?o dominante foi avaliado usando o dinam?metro de for?a manual (Jamar, EUA). Os registros EMG (Miotec, Brasil) ocorreram durante as situa??es experimentais. A raz?o neuronal representou a rela??o entre registros EMG e for?a de preens?o. A an?lise estat?stica foi realizada por ANOVA bifatorial, com post hoc (Tukey), sendo considerado p <0,05 significativo. Como resultado, a exposi??o ? vibra??o de 45Hz / 2mm resultou em um aumento de varia??o (p?s-antes) na FPM em m?dia de 84,6%, 93,7%, 62,6% para controle, placebo e 25Hz / 2mm, respectivamente. Este aumento foi acompanhado por uma menor rela??o neuronal. Os registros EMG durante o per?odo de interven??o demonstraram que apenas a exposi??o ao VCI (45Hz / 2mm) aumentou os registros EMG em uma m?dia de 94,8 % e 50,2% em rela??o ao controle e placebo, respectivamente. Esses achados mostram que a exposi??o ? vibra??o na posi??o push-up modificada est?tica potencializou a resposta miog?nica da m?o de forma dose dependente. O mecanismo parece estar relacionado com a estimula??o do sistema neuromuscular e a subsequente potencia??o p?s-ativa??o que defende o aprimoramento neural. / Disserta??o (Mestrado Profissional) ? Programa de P?s-Gradua??o em Reabilita??o e Desempenho Funcional, Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, 2017. / Because the transmissibility of vibration is lower when applied under the feet, an uncertainty remains as to whether this stimulus could potentiate handgrip strength (HS) in the static modified push-up position. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of vibration in the push-up position on HS and electromyography (EMG) of the superficial flexor muscle of the fingers. 28 healthy women (age: 27 + 8 years, BMI: 23.2 + 4.5 kg.m-2) were familiarized and submitted, to four experimental situations in a balanced, and randomized order: A). Seated supine with hands supported on the legs; B) Placebo ? hands on the platform off; C). 25 Hz/2 mm/49.30 m.s-2 and, D). 45 Hz/2 mm/159.73 m.s-2 similar to the placebo position with vibration turned on. The intervention was 5-minutes in all experimental situations. Muscle performance was evaluated using the HS dynamometer (Jamar, USA). The EMG (Miotec, Brazil) was registered throughout experimental situations. The neuronal ratio represented the ratio between EMG and HS. The 45 Hz exposure resulted in an increase in variation of the HS by 84.6%, 93.7%, 62.6% relative to the control, placebo and 25 Hz, respectively. This augment was accompanied by a lower neuronal ratio. The EMG during the intervention demonstrated that only 45 Hz increased the EMG by an average of 94.8%, and 50.2% compared to the control and placebo, respectively. In conclusion, the vibration in the push-up position potentiated the HS. The mechanism seems to be related to the stimulation of the neuromuscular system and subsequent post-activation potentiation advocating neural enhancement.

Submitted by Izabel Franco (izabel-franco@ufscar.br) on 2016-09-27T20:00:37Z No. of bitstreams: 1 DissLGPS.pdf: 4152962 bytes, checksum: 26969eebd1edf77d30082f3ae4839500 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Ronildo Prado (ronisp@ufscar.br) on 2016-09-30T20:33:40Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 DissLGPS.pdf: 4152962 bytes, checksum: 26969eebd1edf77d30082f3ae4839500 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Ronildo Prado (ronisp@ufscar.br) on 2016-09-30T20:33:49Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 DissLGPS.pdf: 4152962 bytes, checksum: 26969eebd1edf77d30082f3ae4839500 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-09-30T20:39:34Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 DissLGPS.pdf: 4152962 bytes, checksum: 26969eebd1edf77d30082f3ae4839500 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-02-27 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) / The grasp is recognized as a useful tool to identify the level of development and the degree of disability of an individual on clinical practice; however the data available in the literature about the maximum grip strength in children and adolescents should be periodically extended. In addition, there is no quantitative researches on literature about the pattern of development grasp of typical children. Objective: To characterize the handgrip of typical children aged between 5 and 10 years. Methods: The project was divided into two studies. On study 1, healthy children, aged between 5 and 10 years were divided into six groups according to age. Participants were subjected to a single assessment to obtain the anthropometry data (height and weight) and grip strength data (maximum grip strength). On study 2, a device was developed to characterize, both qualitatively and quantitatively, the standard grip for the task of drinking water. To test the device, they were randomly selected 16 participants from the study 1. Results:(Study 1) Significant increase in maximum grip strength throughout the ages was observed. The boys were stronger than girls. The dominant hand was stronger than the non-dominant hand for both genders. For girls, there was a strong correlation between maximum grip strength with the hand length and body mass. For boys, therewas a strong correlation with the length of the hand and height. (Study 2) The grip pattern data were measured using a device whose shape was made to a similarly transparent glass. Final Considerations: This study provides reference values for maximum grip strength of children aged between 5 and 10 years. The maximum grip strength increases throughout the ages. The boys are stronger than girls, regardless of age and tested hand. In addition, it was developed a prototype device that ultimately could providea detailed evaluation of the strategies used in the handgrip for a functional task. Thus expanding the understanding of the mechanisms related to modulation of grip when handling objects will assist in identifying the pathogenesis of motor disorders in children with developmental disorders without the values are underestimated by the expected for their age. / Embora seja reconhecida a importância clínica da preensão como ferramenta útil para identificar o nível de desenvolvimento e o grau de deficiência de um indivíduo, os dados disponíveis na literatura quanto à força de preensão palmar máxima em crianças e adolescentes devem ser periodicamente ampliados. Além disso, não há na literaturaestudos quantitativos sobre o desenvolvimento do padrão de preensão de crianças típicas em idade escolar. Objetivo: Caracterizar a preensão de crianças típicas com idade entre 5 e 10 anos. Métodos:O projeto foicomposto por dois estudos. No estudo 1, participaram criançassaudáveis, com idade entre 5 e 10 anos, divididas em seis grupos, de acordo com a faixa etária. Os participantes foram submetidosa uma única avaliação, na qual foram obtidosos dados referentes à antropometria (estatura e massa corporal) e dinamometria (força de preensão palmar máxima). No estudo 2, foi desenvolvido um dispositivo que caracterizaqualitativa e quantitativamente, o padrão da preensão durante a tarefa de beber água. Para testar o dispositivo, foram selecionados aleatoriamente (sorteio) 16 participantes do Estudo 1. Resultados: (Estudo 1) Foi observado aumento significativo da força de preensão palmar máxima ao longo das idades. Os meninos foram mais fortes do que as meninas. A mão dominante foi mais forte do que a não dominante para ambos os gêneros. Para as meninas, houve forte correlação da força de preensão palmar máxima com o comprimento da mão e a massa corporal. Para os meninos, houve forte correlação com o comprimento da mão e a estatura. (Estudo 2)Os dados referentes ao padrão de preensão palmar foram aferidos por meio de um dispositivo, cujo formato foi confeccionado similarmente a um copo transparente. Considerações Finais: Este estudo fornece valores de referênciada força de preensão palmar máximade crianças com idade entre 5 e 10 anos. A força de preensão palmar máxima aumenta ao longo das idades. Os meninos são mais fortes do que as meninas, independente da idade e da mão testada. Além disso, foi desenvolvido o protótipo de um dispositivo que futuramente poderá fornecer uma avaliação detalhada das estratégias utilizadas na preensão manual durante uma tarefa funcional.Assim, a ampliação do entendimento dos mecanismos relacionados à modulação da preensão duranteamanipulação deobjetosauxiliará na identificação da patogenia das alterações motoras de crianças com distúrbios do desenvolvimento sem que os valores obtidos sejam subestimados pelo esperado para a sua idade.