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We compared several group and individual testing strategies in terms of cost and accuracy and then showed which one is more accurate while costing as little as possible for a specified prevalence rate. / Thesis / Master of Science (MSc)

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Aim: Overall aims were to evaluate a stress management intervention with a stepped care approach among women with breast cancer and to explore distress, emotional reactivity and fatigue, both using a theoretical approach and self-reported assessment. Methods: A total of 821 women were approached, 372 women rejected participation, 23 women failed to return the questionnaire and one died, hence, 425 patients (52%) accepted participation. Study I evaluated the cognitive processing model with the aid of an untreated patient group, including 189 women according to the main study protocol. Sixty-six of these women were ineligible for the intervention, as they did not report clinical levels of distress. The remaining 123 women were eligible but they declined participation. Study II explored the validation of the ELSS and emotional reactivity among women with breast cancer. The population comprised of all 425 women (breast cancer sample) and 176 women randomly selected from the PAR register (random women sample). Studies III and IV evaluated the intervention and included all 425 women. Main findings: Study I: avoidance does not mediate the relationship between intrusion and later psychological distress in an early stage breast cancer population. Study II: the ELSS has acceptable validity and reliability. The factor structure of the ELSS was similar in both samples and correlated well with the STAQ (gold standard). Younger age was the only variable associated with emotional reactivity at the start of curative treatment. Studies III and IV: a stepped care approach did not reduce the number of women who require a more extensive treatment at three-months post-diagnosis. Both intervention groups (group/individual) reduced their levels of distress, but there were no significant differences between them. Only about half of the women who were randomised in the second step of the intervention accepted participation. Conclusions: The present thesis provides information regarding distress, emotional reactivity and fatigue among women with breast cancer. A majority of women with early stage breast cancer seem to process the trauma of a cancer diagnosis in a satisfactory way but may experience some emotional reactivity, and younger women may experience more emotional distress. The results also highlight the need for validated measures and carefully planned psychosocial interventions.

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This thesis aims to identify the learning styles and strategies of students, to check whether there are significant differences in the learning style and strategy preferences between male and female learners, and investigate whether there is a relationship between students&amp / #8217 / learning style and strategy preferences. A total of 60 students were asked to complete two questionnaires. One was used to identify students&amp / #8217 / perceptual learning style preferences and the other was used to identify students&amp / #8217 / learning strategies. In addition, think aloud protocols were held to determine the cognitive and metacognitive strategies students used while reading. The data analysis of the first questionnaire revealed that students&amp / #8217 / major learning style preferences were auditory learning and individual learning. Furthermore, significant difference was found in the preference of tactile learning between males and females. The analysis of the second questionnaire revealed that cognitive strategies were favoured the most. No significant difference was found in the preferences of learning strategies between males and females. The analysis with respect to the relationship between learning styles and strategies revealed that &amp / #8226 / visual styles had a significant relation with affective strategies / &amp / #8226 / auditory styles had significant relationships with memory, cognitive, affective, and social strategies / &amp / #8226 / there was a significant relationship between the individual learning style and compensation strategies. &amp / #8226 / none of the learning styles had a significant relationship with metacognitive strategies. The think aloud protocols revealed that students used various cognitive and metacognitive strategies.

L'IRMd est un moyen non invasif permettant d'étudier in vivo la structure des fibres nerveuses du cerveau. Dans cette thèse, nous modélisons des données IRMd à l'aide de tenseurs d'ordre 4 (T4). Les problèmes de comparaison de groupes ou d'individu avec un groupe normal sont abordés, et résolus à l'aide d'analyses statistiques sur les T4s. Les approches utilisent des réductions non linéaires de dimension, et bénéficient des métriques non euclidiennes pour les T4s. Les statistiques sont calculées dans l'espace réduit, et permettent de quantifier la dissimilarité entre le groupe (ou l'individu) d'intérêt et le groupe de référence. Les approches proposées sont appliquées à la neuromyélite optique et aux patients atteints de locked in syndrome. Les conclusions tirées sont cohérentes avec les connaissances médicales actuelles. / DW-MRI is a non-invasive way to study in vivo the structure of nerve fibers in the brain. In this thesis, fourth order tensors (T4) were used to model DW-MRI data. In addition, the problems of group comparison or individual against a normal group were discussed and solved using statistical analysis on T4s. The approaches use nonlinear dimensional reductions, assisted by non-Euclidean metrics for T4s. The statistics are calculated in the reduced space and allow us to quantify the dissimilarity between the group (or the individual) of interest and the reference group. The proposed approaches are applied to neuromyelitis optica and patients with locked in syndrome. The derived conclusions are consistent with the current medical knowledge.