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Background Mental health disorders account for a significant portion of the burden of disease in South Africa and places a substantial strain on the national mental health care system. Mental health care policy and service trends advocate for client-centred practices, whereby the needs and perspectives of the population being served are taken into account in the design and delivery of interventions. Mental health disorders affect people’s performance of and participation in the occupations of daily life. The profession of occupational therapy (OT) values clientcentred practice and seeks to offer interventions that are closely aligned with the occupational and related recovery concerns of mental health care users (MHCUs). The Interactive Groupwork Model (IGM) is an unpublished, South African OT model that is used to guide groupwork interventions in mental health care settings. It serves as the basis for a position statement on the role and scope of the profession in groupwork issued by the Occupational Therapy Association of South Africa (OTASA, 2014). Research Problem To date there is little literature documenting service users’ perspectives on groupwork in occupational therapy within the South African context. In particular, there is no published South African research in occupational therapy regarding mental health service users’ (MHCU) perspectives on the contribution of groups run according to the IGM to their recovery. Research Purpose This study contributes to the refinement of the Interactive Groupwork Model as one of a number of approaches to groupwork used by occupational therapists in South Africa. The information gained from the research will assist in creating relevant group based programmes for mental health care users who get admitted to mental health services where occupational therapy groups based on the IGM are offered. Research Question How do mental health care users perceive the contribution of the IGM to their recovery? Research Aim To describe the perspectives of users of mental health services about the contribution of IGM used in occupational therapy, to their recovery within a specialised psychiatric unit. Research Objectives Describe the perspectives of MHCU’s on the benefits of IGM for their recovery Describe the perspectives of MHCU’s on the limitations of IGM for their recovery Describe the recommendations of MHCU’s on the refinement of the IGM iv Research Design & Methodology A descriptive qualitative design positioned in a social constructivist paradigm guided the study methodology. Purposive maximum variation sampling was used. Data was collected using semi structured interviews with seven mental health care users during an eight or twelve-week admission period, at different stages of their recovery and community re-entry. Data was audio recorded and transcribed. Thematic analysis enabled the opinions of informants to be subcategorised and categorised. Ethical principles of beneficence, non-maleficence, autonomy and justice were upheld throughout the research process. Findings Participants’ perspectives on the contribution of occupational therapy groups using the IGM to their recovery was reflected in a single theme: “helping me to navigate life while living with my illness”. The theme was supported by two categories: “learning though the group space” and “learning that the journey is never over”. The learning that occurred in each category was supported by five sub-categories, each reflecting a dimension of how IGM based occupational therapy groups helped participants towards recovery: “engaging in the activity”, “participating in the group process”, “experiencing the group structure”, “recognising personal shifts” and “acknowledging stuckness”. Conclusion The research provided practice based evidence of service user perspectives on occupational therapy groupwork using the IGM. The IGM is beneficial as a change modality as it assists MHCUs with self-learning and addresses the interpersonal aspect of recovery during the acute intervention phase. With refinements considering the occupational human, and embracing the recovery philosophy, the IGM may offer greater value to MHCUs by addressing broader occupational engagement concerns that extend post discharge. The relevance of the IGM to the post discharge recovery of MHCU warrants attention if occupational therapy is to play a role in supporting MHCUs to live meaningful and productive lives through occupation. Recovery from serious mental illness is a complex lifelong process that is facilitated when health care professionals collaborate with MHCUs. Revisions to the OTASA position statement are suggested in an attempt to ensure that the OTASA position statement on groupwork represents a broader understanding of groupwork in the profession and specifically in mental health.

No description available.

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The objective with this research was to establish the correlation between problem solving and the teaching and learning of mathematics in grade 4. The results of the Third International Mathematics and Science Study (TIMSS) showed that South Africa is behind other countries in terms of the teaching and learning of mathematics, especially with regard to problem solving. Because problem solving is an integral part of the teaching and learning of mathematics, a literature study was conducted (1) to investigate the learning of school mathematics and (2) to describe the manner in which problem solving can take place in the classroom. The learning of school mathematics was studied by focusing on different approaches to the learning of mathematics. The constructionist approach to learning was identified as the appropriate approach towards learning, which correlates with outcomes-based education (OBE) and with the approach currently taught in South African schools. Factors which contribute towards the meaningful learning of school mathematics, namely mathematical knowledge and skills, meta-cognition, learning strategies and tasks and assignments in mathematics, have been discussed. The role of problem solving in the learning of mathematics was studied by means of a possible problem-solving model which may be developed together with the learners. The teaching of problem solving was investigated by referring to the planning of a problem-based lesson and attention was paid to the learning content of the lesson and the planning of the teaching-learning activities. Together with the learners a problem-solving model was developed for the teaching of problem solving. The implementation of the teaching of problem solving was described with reference to the use of big-group presentations as well as problem solving in small groups. Attention was also paid to problem solving, and the use of different assessment techniques was discussed. The empirical investigation was done by means of a case study, and the focus was firstly on the influence of problem solving on the learning of mathematics, and secondly on the manner in which problem solving may be taught. Information was collected during the qualitative investigation by using a questionnaire which was completed by the learners, as well as an interview and observation schedule. The class work, homework and group work books of the learners were studied and transcribed. Video recordings were made of the learners' participation in the big group, small groups and written work, and the transcribed information was used to make deductions about the teaching of problem solving to the learners. From the empirical investigation it became clear that there is a correlation between problem solving and the teaching and learning of mathematics. Problem solving may be taught to learners by means of a problem-solving model, although this does not necessarily result in successful problem solving by all learners. While learners are solving problems, they are also learning mathematical concepts and acquiring and applying mathematical skills. / Thesis (M.Ed.)--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2005.

The objective with this research was to establish the correlation between problem solving and the teaching and learning of mathematics in grade 4. The results of the Third International Mathematics and Science Study (TIMSS) showed that South Africa is behind other countries in terms of the teaching and learning of mathematics, especially with regard to problem solving. Because problem solving is an integral part of the teaching and learning of mathematics, a literature study was conducted (1) to investigate the learning of school mathematics and (2) to describe the manner in which problem solving can take place in the classroom. The learning of school mathematics was studied by focusing on different approaches to the learning of mathematics. The constructionist approach to learning was identified as the appropriate approach towards learning, which correlates with outcomes-based education (OBE) and with the approach currently taught in South African schools. Factors which contribute towards the meaningful learning of school mathematics, namely mathematical knowledge and skills, meta-cognition, learning strategies and tasks and assignments in mathematics, have been discussed. The role of problem solving in the learning of mathematics was studied by means of a possible problem-solving model which may be developed together with the learners. The teaching of problem solving was investigated by referring to the planning of a problem-based lesson and attention was paid to the learning content of the lesson and the planning of the teaching-learning activities. Together with the learners a problem-solving model was developed for the teaching of problem solving. The implementation of the teaching of problem solving was described with reference to the use of big-group presentations as well as problem solving in small groups. Attention was also paid to problem solving, and the use of different assessment techniques was discussed. The empirical investigation was done by means of a case study, and the focus was firstly on the influence of problem solving on the learning of mathematics, and secondly on the manner in which problem solving may be taught. Information was collected during the qualitative investigation by using a questionnaire which was completed by the learners, as well as an interview and observation schedule. The class work, homework and group work books of the learners were studied and transcribed. Video recordings were made of the learners' participation in the big group, small groups and written work, and the transcribed information was used to make deductions about the teaching of problem solving to the learners. From the empirical investigation it became clear that there is a correlation between problem solving and the teaching and learning of mathematics. Problem solving may be taught to learners by means of a problem-solving model, although this does not necessarily result in successful problem solving by all learners. While learners are solving problems, they are also learning mathematical concepts and acquiring and applying mathematical skills. / Thesis (M.Ed.)--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2005.

Yes / This paper addresses groupwork processes with a group of prisoners advising a research project in a maximum-security prison in England. The research project (Appreciative Inquiry into the Diversity Strategy of HMP Wakefield. RES-000-22-3441) was funded by the Economic and Social Research Council (ESRC) and lasted 9 months. The research explored the experiences of prisoners in diverse minority groupings and the strategies of the prison to accommodate the complex needs of these groups. The Prisoner Advisory Group (PAG) was made up of representatives from Black and Minority Ethnic (BME) prisoners; older prisoners (over 60s); Disabled prisoners (with physical disabilities, learning difficulties; and mental health problems); Gay, Bi-sexual and Transgender prisoners; and prisoners affiliated to Faith groups. It met regularly during the research. The paper considers the forming norming and performing aspects of establishing an effective participant voice in a prison-based project. It considers the contribution of the PAG to developing a research strategy that engaged prisoners in the research. It reflects on the nature of ‘participative research’ in general and whether such research is possible within a high-security prison environment.

Η συνεργασία με στόχο τη μάθηση αποτελεί μια ερευνητική περιοχή και ταυτόχρονα μια πρακτική με μακρά ιστορία. Μελέτες πάνω στη συνεργασία αναφέρονται από το 1924 (Webb & Palincsar, 1996; Alport, 1924). Με την εξέλιξη της τεχνολογίας η συνεργασία με στόχο τη μάθηση (όπως παράλληλα και στο χώρο της εργασίας) υποστηρίχθηκε από υπολογιστικά συστήματα. Αναπτύχθηκε η ερευνητική περιοχή της Συνεργατικής μάθησης που υποστηρίζεται ή διαμεσολαβείται από υπολογιστή, γνωστή ως CSCL (Computer Supported Collaborative Learning), αναπτύχθηκαν θεωρίες, υιοθετήθηκαν μέθοδοι έρευνας και δημιουργήθηκαν σχετικά εργαλεία (Stahl et al, 2006) με στόχο την μελέτη της συνεργασίας ομάδων και την επίδραση που η συνεργασία έχει στη μάθηση. Η εστίαση ήταν στην μελέτη της ομάδας, των αλληλεπιδράσεων, των εργαλείων που διαμεσολαβούν τη συνεργασία, και στην αποτελεσματικότητά τους. Αρχικά μελετήθηκαν συστηματικά οι μαθητές ώστε να συναχθούν συμπεράσματα σχετικά με την αποτελεσματικότητα των προσεγγίσεων και εργαλείων. Σε δεύτερη φάση, πιο πρόσφατα, διαπιστώθηκε η ανάγκη, ως συνέπεια της ωρίμανσης της περιοχής, η μελέτη να περιλάβει τους διδάσκοντες σε περιβάλλοντα συνεργατικής μάθησης, οι οποίοι αποτελούν προϋπόθεση για την ένταξη τέτοιων προσεγγίσεων σε αυθεντικές συνθήκες διδασκαλίας και μάθησης. Ο ρόλος του καθηγητή θα πρέπει να μελετηθεί στις συνθήκες αυτές, καθώς αυτός λαμβάνει τα χαρακτηριστικά του διαμεσολαβητή και υποστηρικτή της συνεργασίας, δεδομένου ότι οι μαθητές αναλαμβάνουν πιο ενεργό ρόλο από ότι σε πιο παραδοσιακές συνθήκες μάθησης (Dimitracopoulou, 2005). Τα ερωτήματα που αφορούν το νέο ρόλο του καθηγητή, καθώς και η υποστήριξή του από τεχνολογίες και εργαλεία, επισημάνθηκαν ως ένας από τους πέντε άξονες προτεραιότητας στην ερευνητική αυτή περιοχή (Dillenbourg, 2009). Η παρούσα διατριβή μελέτησε το ρόλο του καθηγητή που επιβλέπει ομαδοσυνεργατικές δραστηριότητες, που διαμεσολαβούνται από υπολογιστές, όταν οι δραστηριότητες αυτές λαμβάνουν χώρα σε περιβάλλον σχολικής τάξης,. Αφετηρία της έρευνας υπήρξε η μελέτη παρόμοιων συνεργατικών δραστηριοτήτων και υπολογιστικών συστημάτων, όπως αναφέρονται στη βιβλιογραφία, στα οποία εντοπίστηκαν κοινές απόψεις όσον αφορά το ρόλο και την υποστήριξη του καθηγητή με κατάλληλα εργαλεία. Η ανάγκη της παρακολούθησης των διαφορετικών κοινωνικών επιπέδων της τάξης, δηλαδή του μεμονωμένου εκπαιδευόμενου, της ομάδας και της τάξης (Dillenbourg & Jermann, 2010), αναδείχθηκε πρώτη. Εντοπίστηκαν επίσης τάσεις που περιλάμβαναν την υποστήριξη της επίβλεψης της ομαδοσυνεργατικής δραστηριότητας σε διάφορες φάσεις της και με διαφορετικό βαθμό εστίασης, την καταγραφή της δράσης των μαθητών και την εξαγωγή ποσοτικών και ποιοτικών δεικτών που αντιπροσωπεύουν την κατάσταση των ομάδων και της τάξης, τη χρήση συνοπτικών και συμβολικών αναπαραστάσεων για την αποτύπωση της κατάστασης αυτής, καθώς και την ανάπτυξη και πειραματική χρήση «ευφυών» υποστηρικτών των διδασκόντων. Με βάση την αρχική αυτή μελέτη διατυπώθηκαν ερευνητικά ερωτήματα, που αφορούσαν τον τρόπο με τον οποίο ο καθηγητής κατά την επίβλεψη ομαδοσυνεργατικών δραστηριοτήτων μέσα στην τάξη, δημιουργεί και συντηρεί την αντίληψή του για τα φαινόμενα που εξελίσσονται. Τα ερωτήματα εξετάσθηκαν σε μια σειρά από μελέτες μέσα σε τάξεις οι οποίες ενέπλεξαν μαθητές και διδάσκοντες. Στο σχεδιασμό των μελετών μας όπου υπεισέρχονταν νέες πρακτικές και τεχνουργήματα λάβαμε υπόψη ότι τα τεχνουργήματα μετατρέπονται σε εργαλεία από τους χρήστες βάση του αρχικού τους προσανατολισμού και σχεδιασμού αλλά και του νοήματος που αποκτούν κατά τη χρήση (Stahl et al.,2006). Για το λόγο αυτό οι τεχνολογίες στην περιοχή της συνεργατικής μάθησης θα πρέπει να συνδυάζονται με μελέτες, που να παρατηρούν και να αναδεικνύουν τους τρόπους που τελικά αξιοποιήθηκαν τα εργαλεία, οι οποίες είτε γίνονται με πειραματικές διαδικασίες (πχ μέσα σε ένα εργαστήριο) , είτε ακολουθούν την εθνομεθοδολογική παράδοση μέσα στην τάξη (Jeong & Hmelo-Silver, 2010). Η μεθοδολογία μας ήταν αυτή της έρευνας σχεδιασμού (Collins, 1992) και η συλλογή δεδομένων κατά τη διάρκεια των μελετών είχε εθνομεθοδολογικά χαρακτηριστικά (Stahl, 2006). Για τις μελέτες μας δημιουργήθηκε μια μέθοδος που αναπαριστούσε με διαγραμματικό τρόπο τη δραστηριότητα του καθηγητή σε τάξη όπου υφίστανται συγκεκριμένες τεχνολογίες για την υποστήριξη της συνεργασίας. Αυτό συνδυάστηκε με μια προσέγγιση , που βασιζόμενη στα δεδομένα που συλλέχθηκαν κατά τη διάρκεια των μελετών αυτών, αναζήτησε και συνέκρινε πρότυπα της συμπεριφοράς των καθηγητών όταν χρησιμοποιούν εργαλεία τα οποία υποστηρίζουν τις ομάδες της τάξης. Στην πρώτη φάση των μελετών οι καθηγητές δεν χρησιμοποίησαν ειδικά εργαλεία επίβλεψης, ενώ στη δεύτερη φάση νέα εργαλεία αναπτύχθηκαν και χρησιμοποιήθηκαν από τους καθηγητές. Η κύρια διαφορά ανάμεσα στις δύο φάσεις ήταν ότι στη δεύτερη οι καθηγητές είχαν επίγνωση της κατάστασης της κάθε ομάδας που παρεχόταν με ποικίλες αναπαραστάσεις. Αυτό επηρέασε την συμπεριφορά τους. Σε τρίτη φάση τα δεδομένα που παράχθηκαν στις πρώτες φάσεις αξιολογήθηκαν με τη βοήθεια των εργαλείων που αναπτύχθηκαν χωρίς τους χρονικούς περιορισμούς που εισάγει το περιβάλλον της τάξης. Για να μπορέσουν να αποτυπωθούν οι επιδράσεις των εργαλείων και των αναπαραστάσεων που χρησιμοποιήθηκαν σε κάθε φάση και να εντοπιστούν πρότυπα συμπεριφορών, ορίστηκε μια διαδικασία κωδικοποίησης των ενεργειών του καθηγητή κατά τη διάρκεια της παρακολούθησης της συνεργατικής δραστηριότητας, της αξιολόγησής της, με βάση τις αναπαραστάσεις που διατέθηκαν. Ορίστηκαν επίπεδα εστίασης και παρέμβασης του καθηγητή κατά την ομαδοσυνεργατική διδασκαλία και αυτά συσχετίστηκαν με αναπαραστάσεις των δεδομένων, καθώς και με τις ενέργειές του καθηγητή που μπορούν να υποστηριχθούν. Διαπιστώθηκε ότι ο καθηγητής στην τάξη, κινείται στο επίπεδο της ομάδας, εστιάζει στο άτομο, ενώ χρειάζεται διαρκώς να παρακολουθεί το σύνολο των ομάδων της τάξης. Κατά τη συνεργασία παράγεται μεγάλος όγκος πληροφορίας και ο καθηγητής πρέπει να τον αξιοποιήσει κατά τον βέλτιστο δυνατό τρόπο, καθώς αναζητά φαινόμενα που τον βοηθούν να αντιληφθεί την κατάσταση της τάξης. Η επίβλεψη της δραστηριότητας, με στόχο την αντίληψη της κατάστασης, απαιτεί συνεπώς από τον επιβλέποντα την μετακίνηση μεταξύ διαφορετικών επιπέδων εστίασης, καθώς και την πλοήγησή του στη διάσταση του χρόνου. Με τον τρόπο αυτό αξιοποιεί και συνδυάζει διαφορετικές αναπαραστάσεις, προσπαθώντας να συνθέσει τα κύρια σημεία της δραστηριότητας κάθε ομάδας, τη συλλογιστική της ώστε να εντοπίσει πιθανές αποκλίσεις από το μοντέλο που είχε διαμορφώσει ο ίδιος κατά το σχεδιασμό της δραστηριότητας. Η διαδικασία αυτή απαιτεί τον εντοπισμό και επισημείωση φαινομένων που απαιτούν μελέτη σε ύστερο χρόνο και μπορεί να αποτελέσουν παραδείγματα καλής πρακτικής ή υλικό για διάγνωση και ανατροφοδότηση. Η αξιολόγηση της ομαδοσυνεργατικής δραστηριότητας απαιτεί αφενός εξοικείωση με την τεχνολογία που χρησιμοποιείται, αφετέρου την εφαρμογή κατάλληλων μοντέλων αξιολόγησης, ώστε να λαμβάνεται υπόψη η πορεία των ομαδοσυνεργατικών δραστηριοτήτων, και όχι μόνο το τελικό αποτέλεσμά τους, και να παρέχεται ανατροφοδότηση στις επί μέρους ομάδες, στα μέλη τους, αν παραστεί ανάγκη, αλλά και στην τάξη ως σύνολο. Διαπιστώθηκε από τις μελέτες μας, ότι η έρευνα σε αυτήν την περιοχή, προϋποθέτει καθηγητές και σχολικά περιβάλλοντα με εμπειρίες σε ομαδοσυνεργατική μάθηση μέσω υπολογιστή, κάτι που είναι ιδιαίτερα δύσκολο ακόμη και σήμερα, όπως και κατά την εποχή διεξαγωγής των εμπειρικών μελετών πεδίου που έγιναν στο πλαίσιο της διατριβής. Παρά την εγγενή αυτή δυσκολία, οι διαπιστώσεις της διατριβής συμβάλουν στον καλύτερο προσδιορισμό του ρόλου του καθηγητή σε αυτό το πλαίσιο διδασκαλίας και μάθησης και των εργαλείων που υποστηρίζουν αυτό το ρόλο. Η γενικότερη κατεύθυνση της περιοχής της μάθησης με χρήση υπολογιστή μας κάνει να υποθέσουμε ότι οι πρακτικές που μελετώνται εδώ θα αποκτήσουν ευρεία διάδοση στο εγγύς μέλλον. Τούτο στηρίζεται αφενός στη γενικότερη διαπίστωση της εισαγωγής της τεχνολογίας στη ζωή των μαθητών (Dave, 2010), και μάλιστα αυτής που υποστηρίζει τη συνεργασία, όπως οι τεχνολογίες κοινωνικής δικτύωσης, των δυνατοτήτων αξιοποίησης της τεχνολογίας αυτής μέσα στην τάξη με τη μορφή νέων συσκευών, νέων μέσων συνεργασίας και αλληλεπίδρασης, πολλαπλών μέσων επικοινωνίας, νέων τρόπων πρόσβασης στα δεδομένα, κλπ. Συνεπώς αυτό το σύνθετο τεχνολογικό και κοινωνικό περιβάλλον που περιβάλει ήδη τις σχολικές εμπειρίες και τις επηρεάζει, απαιτεί επαναπροσδιορισμό του ρόλου του καθηγητή, ο οποίος παραμένει μεν ο καθοδηγητής της μαθησιακής διαδικασίας αλλά συνάμα και ενορχηστρωτής μιας σύνθετης δραστηριότητας (Dillenbourg, 2009; Dillenbourg et al. 2011) . / Collaborative learning is an area of research and practice with a long history. Studies on collaborative learning are referred back in 1924 (Webb & Palincsar, 1996; Alport, 1924). With advances in technology in recent years, collaborative learning (as with collaborative work) has been supported by computer systems. So a new research area was introduced, that of computer-supported collaborative learning (CSCL). In this new field theories were developed, research methods adopted and developed related tools (Stahl et al, 2006). The objective has been to study collaboration in groups and the impact of collaboration on learning. The focus was on the study of groups, on interactions, on the tools that mediate collaboration, and their effectiveness. Initially students were studied systematically in order to draw conclusions about the effectiveness of approaches and tools. Subsequently, more recently, there was a need, as a consequence of the advances of the field, the study to include teachers in collaborative learning environments, which are a condition for the integration of such approaches in authentic teaching and learning conditions. The role of the teacher should be studied in this set up as the teacher takes up new roles, that of the facilitator and supporter of collaboration, given that students take a more active role than in more traditional learning situations (Dimitracopoulou, 2005). The question concerning the new role of the teacher, and her support of technologies and tools, has been identified as one of the five research priorities in this area (Dillenbourg, 2009). This PhD Thesis studies the role of the teacher who is involved in supervising collaborative activities mediated by computers, where these activities take place in a typical classroom. The starting point of this research was the study of similar research efforts and collaborative computing systems, as reported in the literature, which identified common views on the role and on possible requirements for supporting the teacher by appropriate tools. The need for monitoring of different social class levels, i.e. the individual student, group and class (Dillenbourg & Jermann, 2010), first emerged. Also trends were identified that include support for monitoring activity of groupwork in different phases with different degree of focus, recording the activities of students and exporting of quantitative and qualitative indicators that represent the state of the groups and the class, the use of symbolic and synoptic representation to fix this situation, and the development and experimental use of "intelligent" assistants of the teachers. Based on this initial study, research questions were formed concerning the way in which the teacher in supervising group activities in the classroom, creates and maintains the perception of the phenomena that evolve. These research questions were examined in a series of studies in classes that involved students and teachers. In the design of our studies involving new practices and artifacts we considered that the artifacts used are transformed into tools by the users, based on their initial orientation and design and the meaning they acquire during use (Stahl et al., 2006). For this reason, the technologies in the area of collaborative learning should be combined with studies that point out and highlight the ways that ultimately utilized tools, which are either made with experimental procedures (eg in a laboratory), or follow the ethnomethodological tradition in classrooms (Jeong & Hmelo-Silver, 2010). Our methodology was that of Research Design (Collins, 1992) while evidence was collected from the study following an ethnomethodological approach (Stahl, 2006). For our studies we created a notation to represent the activity of the teacher in the class where there are certain technologies used to support collaborative student activities. This notation was used in an approach, that involved use of data collected during the studies, that allowed comparison of patterns of teacher behavior when using tools to support group class activities. In the first phase of studies, the teachers did not use specific tools of supervision, while during the second phase the teachers used new tools that were developed in order to support them. The main effect of these new tools was that they allowed the teachers to be aware of the state of each student group through a variety of representations. This affected teacher behavior. In the third phase, the data produced in the other two phases were evaluated off-line by teachers, using the tools developed without the time constraints of the real time classroom environment. In order to depict the effects of tools and representations used in each phase and identify patterns of behavior, a notation of the teacher's actions during the monitoring of collaborative activity was used, which involved the teacher objectives and the representations that were used. Focus levels were set and types of interventions teacher, associated with representations of data, and the teacher's actions that were supported. It was found that the teacher in the classroom moves from the level of the group on to the individual, while there is a need to constantly monitor all the groups in the class. During collaborative activities a large amount of information was produced, and the teacher had to use it in the best possible way, as she tries to identify occurrence of phenomena that help her improve understanding of the situation of the classroom. The supervision of the activity aimed at understanding the situation, thus requiring the supervisor to move between different levels of focus, and also navigate back and forth in the time dimension. In this way the teacher exploits and combines different representations, trying to synthesize the main points of each group activity, its reasoning to identify possible deviations from the model that was formed about expected problem solving behaviour, originally during the design of the activity. This process requires the identification and annotation of events that require longer term study and can serve as examples of good practice or material for diagnosis and feedback. The evaluation of groupwork activity requires both familiarity with the technology used, while on the other hand the application of appropriate assessment models to take account of the evolution of groupwork activities, and not just inspection of the final result, and provide feedback to individual groups, and group members if necessary, as well as to the whole class. It was found from our studies that research in this area, requires teachers and school environments with experience in computer supported collaborative learning, which is particularly difficult, even today, as it was in the time when the field studies were conducted. Despite this inherent difficulty, the findings of this study help to better define the role of the teacher in this context of teaching and learning and evaluation of the tools that support this role. The general direction of the field of technology enhanced learning makes us assume that the practices studied here will become widespread in the near future. This one is based on general observation of the introduction of technology in the lives of students (Dave, 2010), especially technologies that support social interaction and collaboration, such as social networking technologies, the potential use of this technology in the classroom in the form of new devices, new instruments of collaboration and interaction, multi-media, new ways to access data, etc. Therefore this complex technological and social environment that surrounds and influences the school experiences requires redefinition of the role of the teacher, who still remains as the leader of learning process yet takes up the role of orchestrator of more complex activities (Dillenbourg, 2009; Dillenbourg et al. 2011).

Life skills education and training programmes, which offer skills to help people cope with everyday life, have in recent years become a highly popular method of intervention and prevention in social work. It is a proactive method and supports the developmental approach of social welfare. The research entailed the development, implementation and evaluation of the Personal and Interpersonal Life Skills Programme. The intervention research model was employed as foundation for the design and development of the programme and the ecological perspective as the theoretical framework. The study highlighted the school as an appropriate context within which to improve the life skills of learners. The main goal of the study was to develop and implement a personal and interpersonal life skills programme for Grade 7 learners in the senior phase of a school, and to evaluate whether participation in the life skills programme would lead to personal growth (self-empowerment) and social competence and thus contribute to the optimal social functioning of children in the classroom, school, family and community (capacity building). A descriptive design with a quasi-experiment, the one-group pre-test-post-test experiment, was used in this study. A non-parametric statistical test was utilized because the data was measured on an ordinal scale (Wilcoxon signed-rank test). The Life Skills Programme was implemented over twelve sessions, lasting about one-and-a-half hours, held twice weekly over a period of six weeks. Using experiential learning within the groupwork method, the programme was subsequently implemented with Grade 7 learners at a traditional black primary school in Pretoria and their ages varied from approximately 12 to 16 years. Forty learners constituted the sample in the study and a non-probability sampling procedure was used. In the school context it is expected that the social worker will include all learners in the classroom (classroom intervention). The sample was divided in six smaller groups with 5 to 7 learners in each group. The study found that the Personal and Interpersonal Life Skills Programme had a statistically highly significant effect (all items = p value ¡Ü 0.01) on the personal and interpersonal life skills development of the Grade 7 learners in the senior phase of the General Education and Training Band in the particular primary school. It is recommended that this intervention programme be implemented and facilitated by a social worker who is part of the multidisciplinary education support personnel. Copyright 2002, University of Pretoria. All rights reserved. The copyright in this work vests in the University of Pretoria. No part of this work may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, without the prior written permission of the University of Pretoria. Please cite as follows: Bender, CJG 2002, A life skills programme for learners in the senior phase : a social work perspective, MA dissertation, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, viewed yymmdd < http://upetd.up.ac.za/thesis/available/etd-011222002-110633 / > / Thesis (MA (Social Work))--University of Pretoria, 2004. / Social Work and Criminology / Unrestricted

Text in Afrikaans / In this study Gestalttechniques within a group work-program as intervention was used to bring awaiting-trail youth in detention in contact with themselves and to broaden their awareness. The goal of the research is to determine if the Gestalt groupworkprogram have a influence on the self-image and general satisfaction of the awaiting-trail adolescent. To reach the above goal the researcher used applied research. Standardised measure-instruments as well as observation was used. Gestaltgroupwork can be implemented with great success in residential institutions like secure care facilities for children. / In hierdie studie is Gestalttegnieke binne 'n groepwerkprogram benut as intervensie, om die verhoorafwagtende jeugdige in aanhouding weer in kontak te bring met homself en om sy bewustheidskontinuum te vergroot. Die doel van die navorsing was om te bepaal of die Gestaltgroepwerkprogram 'n invloed sal he op die selfbeeld en algemene tevredenheid van die verhoorafwagtende adolessent. Om bogenoemde te bereik het die navorser toegepaste navorsing onderneem en het van sowel waarneming as gestandaardiseerde meetinstrumente gebruik gemaak. Die teoretiese onderbou van die behandelingsprogram wat gebruik is spruit uit die Gestaltterapie en kan met groot sukses geimplementeer word in residensiele inrigtings soos bewaarsorgsentrums vir kinders. / Social Work / M.Diac. (Spelterapie)