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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
111

Tratamento com hormônio de crescimento (GH) em crianças com deficiência de GH: importância das dosagens de IGF-I e IGFBP3 na individualização da dose de GH / Growth hormone (GH) treatment of children with GH deficiency: importance of IGF-I and IGFBP3 measurements on recombinant GH dose individualization

Frederico Guimarães Marchisotti 14 December 2007 (has links)
Atualmente, a maioria dos endocrinologistas pediátricos usa uma dose fixa de GH, calculada por quilo de peso ou área de superfície corporal, para todos os pacientes. Algumas crianças com DGH, tratadas com as doses atuais, não atingem uma estatura normal e outras não atingem a estatura-alvo geneticamente prevista pela altura dos pais. Além disso, algumas crianças com DGH desenvolvem características acromegalóides após o uso por longo prazo da medicação. A existência de um marcador preciso e eficiente seria útil para a individualização da dose de rGH. Esse marcador deveria ser mensurado em um período de tempo menor que a velocidade de crescimento (VC). Neste estudo usamos as concentrações de IGF-I como esse marcador. Durante 12 meses, acompanhamos trinta crianças portadoras de DGH grave, em tratamento prévio por cerca de quatro anos, divididas em dois grupos de 15, para comparar o tratamento com a dose de rGH baseada no peso versus o tratamento com a dose de rGH ajustada pelas concentrações de IGF-I para mantê-las em uma faixa alvo (entre 0 a +2 DP). Foi possível manter concentrações de IGF-I dentro de valores predeterminados pelo ajuste da dose de rGH em 13 dos 15 pacientes, mas a VC não foi diferente entre os grupos (6,8±2,6 vs. 6,9±2,7 cm/ano; p=NS); porém, quando considerados apenas os pacientes prépúberes que mantiveram concentrações de IGF-I entre 0 e +2DP em pelo menos 75% das dosagens, sua velocidade de crescimento foi maior em comparação com as crianças que mantiveram concentrações de IGF-I abaixo de 0DP em 50% ou mais das dosagens (8,8±1,8 vs. 6,3±2,9 cm/ano; p<0,05). Em paralelo, comparamos as concentrações de IGF-I de diferentes genótipos do exon 3 do receptor de GH (GHR), nessas trinta crianças, durante o tratamento. Duas das mais comuns isoformas em seres humanos são geradas pela retenção (full length GHR - GHRfl) e exclusão do exon 3 (exon 3 deleted GHR - GHRd3). A influência desse polimorfismo na resposta ao tratamento com rGH em pacientes com DGH tem sido alvo de controvérsia. No presente estudo, apesar de receberem a mesma dose de rGH (41±10 vs. 41±8 ug/kg d; p=NS), pacientes carreando ao menos um alelo-d3 GHR, como grupo, tiveram maiores níveis de IGF-I que aqueles homozigotos para o alelo GHR full-length (0,9±0,9 vs. -0,3±1,2 DP; p<0,05) , indicando uma melhor sensibilidade ao GH para o primeiro genótipo. A VC não foi diferente entre os grupos GHRd3 vs. GHRfl (7,3±1,9 vs. 6,4±3,1cm/ano; p=NS). / Currently, most pediatric endocrinologists use a fixed rGH dose calculated according to the weight or body surface area for all patients. Some children with GHD, treated with the present doses, do not achieve normal height, and some, even reaching normal height, do not achieve the genetic target height determined by their parents\' heights. At the same time, some children with GHD develop acromegalic characteristics after long-term treatment with rGH. The existence of a specific and effective marker to individualize rGH dose would be useful to control therapy of children with GHD. This marker ideally should be obtained in a shorter time interval than the growth velocity (GV). In the present study, we measured insulin-like growth factor (IGF-I) as this marker. During one year, we followed 30 children with severe GHD, treated previously with rGH for an average of 4yrs, divided in two groups of 15, to compare weight-based versus IGF-I-based rGH dosing to reach IGF-I levels between a target range (0 and +2 SDS). It was feasible to maintain IGF-I levels in this predetermined range by adjusting the rGH dose in 13 of 15 patients, but growth velocity was not different in groups with weight-based or IGF-I based rGH dose (6.8±2.6 vs. 6.9±2.7cm/y; p=NS); however, in prepubertal children who reached predetermined target IGF-I levels in 75% of the measurements GV was higher than in those who did not (8.8±1.8 vs. 6.3±2.9 cm/y; p<0.05). In parallel, we compared IGF-I levels of different GH receptor (GHR) exon 3 genotypes in these 30 children during treatment. Two of the more common GHR isoforms in humans are generated by retention (full length GHR - GHRfl) and by exclusion of exon 3 (exon 3 deleted GHR - GHRd3). The influence of this polymorphism on the response to rGH treatment in patients with GH deficiency has been controversial. In the present study, despite receiving similar rGH doses (41±10 vs. 41±8 ug/kg d; p=NS), patients carrying at least one GHR d3-allele, as a group, had higher IGF-I levels than those homozygous for the GHR full-length allele (0.9±0.9 vs. -0.3±1.2 SDS; p<0.05), indicating a greater GH sensitivity with the former genotype. GV was not different between groups GHRd3 vs. GHRfl (7.3±1.9 vs. 6.4±3.1cm/y; p=NS).
112

Αρνητική ρύθμιση της μεταβίβασης του σήματος της αυξητικής ορμόνης σε παιδιά με ανεπάρκεια αύξησης

Κωστοπούλου, Ειρήνη 11 October 2013 (has links)
Η Αυξητική ορμόνη παίζει σημαντικό ρόλο στη μεταγεννητική κατά μήκος αύξηση, στη σκελετική ανάπτυξη, στο μεταβολισμό των πρωτεϊνών, των λιπών και των υδατανθράκων, στην οστική ανακύκλωση και την ανοσιακή λειτουργία. Διαταραχή στην έκκριση ή στη δράση της ορμόνης στα παιδιά προκαλεί, μεταξύ άλλων, ανεπάρκεια αύξησης. Έχουν περιγραφεί αρκετές κλινικές οντότητες ανεπάρκειας αύξησης, που οφείλονται κυρίως σε διαταραχές στην υποφυσιακή έκκριση GH, στην 24ωρη αυθόρμητη έκκριση της GH, στον αριθμό ή τη λειτουργία των υποδοχέων GHR, στη μετά τον υποδοχέα μεταβίβαση του σήματος της GH και στη σύνθεση ή δράση του IGF-I. Η παρούσα μελέτη εξέτασε έναν ασθενή με Διαταραχή στη Μεταγωγή του Σήματος της GH (Growth Hormone Transduction Defect/GHTD). Η οντότητα αυτή χαρακτηρίζεται από σοβαρό κοντό ανάστημα με φυσιολογικές δοκιμασίες φαρμακολογικής πρόκλησης, φυσιολογικές τιμές 24ωρης έκκρισης GH, χαμηλά επίπεδα IGF-I, διαταραχή στη φωσφορυλίωση του μεταγραφικού παράγοντα STAT3 και υπερέκφραση του αναστολέα του κυτταρικού κύκλου p21. Επιπλέον, οι ασθενείς με GHTD παρουσιάζουν σημαντικά αυξημένα επίπεδα IGF-I μετά από επαγωγή με hGH κατά τo IGF-I generation test και σημαντική αναπλήρωση αύξησης μετά από θεραπεία με hGH. Επίσης, χαρακτηρίζονται από απουσία μεταλλάξεων στην πρωτεΐνη STAT3, στον υποδοχέα GHR και στο γονίδιο GH1. Χρησιμοποιήθηκαν πρωτογενείς καλλιέργειες ινοβλαστών από ούλα του προς μελέτη ασθενή κι ενός μάρτυρα. Μελετήθηκαν σηματοδοτικά μόρια του μεταγωγικού μονοπατιού της GH και του μονοπατιού αρνητικής ρύθμισης, και διερευνήθηκε ο ρόλος της πρωτεΐνης CIS στην παθολογική μεταβίβαση του σήματος της GH στον ασθενή, καθώς και η επίδραση της καταστολής του γονιδίου CIS στη σηματοδότηση της GH. Επίσης, διερευνήθηκε η πιθανή διασυνομιλία ανάμεσα στα σηματοδοτικά μονοπάτια της GH και του EGF, καθώς και ο ρόλος της διασυνομιλίας αυτής στην αποκατάσταση της φυσιολογικής σηματοδότησης της GH και, κατ’επέκταση, στην κλινική ανταπόκριση μετά από θεραπεία με εξωγενώς χορηγούμενη ανθρώπινη βιοσυνθετική ορμόνη, παιδιών με GHTD. Η πρωτεϊνική έκφραση των μελετηθέντων πρωτεϊνών μελετήθηκε με ανοσοαποτύπωση κατά Western, η κυτταρική εντόπισή τους με ανοσοφθορισμό και η διαντίδραση ορισμένων από τις πρωτεΐνες με ανοσοσυγκατακρήμνιση. Τα ευρήματα της εργασίας στοιχειοθετούν την αρχική υπόθεση ότι η διαταραγμένη μεταβίβαση του σήματος της GH στα παιδιά με GHTD διαμεσολαβείται μέσω της υπερέκφρασης της ουβικουιτινυλιωμένης μορφής της πρωτεΐνης CIS, η οποίθα προκαλεί ραγδαία και εκσεσημασμένη μεταφορά του GHR στο πρωτεάσωμα για αποδόμηση. Τα αποτελέσματα επίσης έδειξαν ότι η αποκατάσταση της φυσιολογικής σηματοδότησης της GH μετά τη σίγαση του γονιδίου CIS περιλαμβάνει την επαναφορά του GHR στην κυτταροπλασματική μεμβράνη για φυσιολογική ενεργοποίηση από την GH, καθώς και την ενεργοποίηση του σηματοδοτικού μονοπατιού του EGFR. Επιπροσθέτως, υπάρχει έντονη διασυνομιλία μεταξύ των σηματοδοτικών μονοπατιών της GH και του EGF κατά τη χορήγηση εξωγενούς hGH στα παιδιά με GHTD, με αποτέλεσμα την επιτάχυνση της αύξησης που παρατηρείται στα παιδιά αυτά μετά από θεραπεία με hGH. / Growth Hormone (GH) plays an important role in postnatal linear growth, skeletal development, protein, lipid and carbohydrate metabolism, bone turnover and immune function. Defects in the GH secretion and function in children can cause growth retardation. Several clinical entities of growth retardation have been described, including defects in pituitary GH secretion, spontaneous 24h GH secretion, GH receptor number or function, post-receptor signaling and IGF-I synthesis or function. In this study, one patient with Growth Hormone Transduction Defect (GHTD) was studied. GHTD is characterized by severe short stature with normal provoked and spontaneous GH secretion, low IGF-I concentrations, impaired phosphorylation of the transcriptional factor STAT3 and overexpression of the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor, p21. Furthermore, GHTD patients have significantly increased IGF-I concentrations after induction with hGH during the IGF-I generation test, and significant ‘catch-up’ growth after hGH therapy. No mutations were found in STAT3, GHR and GH1 gene in the GHTD patients. Primary fibroblast cultures were established from gingival biopsies obtained from the GHTD patient and one control. The GH signaling molecules and the negative regulators of GH were studied, as well as the role of protein CIS in the impaired GH signaling and the effect of CIS silencing on GH signaling. Furthermore, the possible crosstalk between the GH and EGF signaling cascades was examined, as well as its role in the restoration of the impaired GH signaling and the clinical response after therapy with exogenous hGH. The protein expression of the studied molecules was studied by Western Immunoblotting, their cellular localization by Immunofluoresence and the protein-protein interactions by Co-immunoprecipitation. The results of this study support the hypothesis that impaired GH signaling in GHTD children is mediated by the overexpression of ubiquitinated CIS, which causes rapid and excessive translocation of the GHR to the proteasomes for degradation. The results also showed that the restoration of physiological GH signaling after the silencing of CIS involves the restoration of the GHR to the plasma membrane for normal activation by GH, as well as the activation of the EGFR pathway. In addition, there is vigorous crosstalking between the GH and EGF signaling pathways during exogenous hGH treatment in the GHTD children, resulting in the accelerated growth seen in these children after hGH therapy.
113

Avaliação do crescimento craniofacial e das extremidades de pacientes com deficiência de hormônio de crescimento ou síndrome de Turner em tratamento prolongado com hormônio de crescimento / Craniofacial and extremities growth evaluation of patients with GH deficiency or Turner syndrome during long-term growth hormone treatment

Faria, Maria Estela Justamante de 17 August 2007 (has links)
INTRODUÇÃO: Pacientes com deficiência de GH e síndrome de Turner, associados a baixa estatura, são beneficiados com o tratamento com GH. Há controvérsias sobre a atuação deletéria do GH no crescimento craniofacial, porém a maioria dos trabalhos é retrospectiva. Nosso objetivo foi realizar estudo prospectivo para avaliar o crescimento craniofacial de pacientes em tratamento com GH e o possível desenvolvimento de traços acromegálicos. CASUÍSTICA: 30 pacientes com idade cronológica de 4,6 a 23 anos e idade óssea de 1,5 a 13 anos divididos em 3 grupos baseados no diagnóstico e uso de GH: grupo 1- pacientes virgem de tratamento com GH portadores de hipopituitarismo e deficiência isolada (n=6); grupo 2: pacientes já em tratamento com GH: portadores de hipopituitarismo e deficiência isolada (n=16); grupo 3: pacientes com síndrome de Turner em tratamento com GH (n=8). A dose do GH utilizada foi de 0.1 a 0.15 U/kg/dia, via subcutânea, à noite, por 2 a 11 anos. MÉTODOS: medidas antropométricas (altura, pés e mãos), radiografia panorâmica, telerradiografia seguida pela análise cefalométrica de Ricketts e medidas lineares da base do crânio, altura facial, terço inferior da face, mandíbula e maxila, e fotografia facial de frente e perfil anualmente, por no mínimo 3 anos. As medidas lineares citadas foram comparadas com a média da população brasileira e entre si para avaliar o desenvolvimento craniofacial individual. As medidas de mãos e pés foram comparadas com atlas de morfometria e consideradas alteradas quando >P97. Os níveis de IGF1 e IGFBP3 foram mensurados a cada 6 meses para adequação da dose de GH. Os resultados foram analisados estatisticamente tomando-se como significantes valores de p<0,05. RESULTADOS: grupos 1 e 2 (deficiência isolada de GH ou hipopituitarismo): 3 pacientes com perfil desarmonioso obtiveram harmonia, 2 pacientes devido ao crescimento mandibular e um paciente devido ao crescimento maxilar, nenhum paciente desenvolveu desarmonia facial; observamos aumento significante da base posterior do crânio, mandíbula e terço inferior da face (p<0,05). Grupo 3 (síndrome de Turner): 2 pacientes com face desarmoniosa obtiveram harmonia, devido ao crescimento mandibular e nenhuma paciente desenvolveu desarmonia facial. Todos os pacientes, quando comparadas a análise cefalométrica de Ricketts inicial e final, mantiveram o mesmo padrão de crescimento facial. Observamos aumento das mãos em 2 pacientes (1 do sexo masculino com deficiência de GH e outra com síndrome de Turner), enquanto que o aumento dos pés foi observado em 50% das pacientes com síndrome de Turner e em 32% dos pacientes com deficiência de GH. CONCLUSÕES: A comparação das medidas cefalométricas do grupo de pacientes com deficiência de GH, virgem de tratamento, demonstrou maior atuação do GH no crescimento da base posterior do crânio e mandíbula; todos os pacientes mantiveram o mesmo padrão de crescimento craniofacial durante o acompanhamento; não houve correlação estatisticamente significante entre as medidas cefalométricas e a harmonia da face, portanto a associação dos métodos de cefalometria e análise facial por fotografia é necessária para avaliar a atuação do GH no crescimento craniofacial, houve melhora da harmonia facial em 28% dos pacientes retrognatas, devido ao crescimento mandibular, portanto pacientes retrognatas podem ser beneficiados com o tratamento com GH; não observamos desenvolvimento de desproporções faciais e nenhum paciente desenvolveu desarmonia facial no decorrer do tratamento com doses padronizadas de GH. Observamos, no entanto, aumento das extremidades, principalmente dos pés. / INTRODUCTION: Patients with GH deficiency and Turner syndrome, associated to short stature can benefit from GH treatment. There are controversies on the deleterious effect of GH on craniofacial growth; however, most of the studies are retrospective. Our objective was to carry out a prospective study to evaluate the craniofacial growth of patients in treatment with GH and the possible development of acromegalic features. PATIENTS: 30 patients with chronological age of 4.6 to 23 years and bone age of 1.5 to 13 years divided in 3 groups based on the diagnosis and GH use: group 1- patients with hypopituitarism and isolated GH deficiency naïve to GH treatment (n=6); group 2: patients with hypopituitarism and isolated GH deficiency (n=16) and group 3: patients with Turner syndrome, both already on GH treatment (n=8). GH treatment (0.1 to 0.15 U/kg/day, subcutaneously) was carried out at the night for 2 to 11 years. METHODS: Anthropometrical (height, hands and feet) measurements, panoramic x-ray, teleradiography followed by cephalometric analysis according to Ricketts and linear measurements of the skull base, facial height, lower third of the face, lower jaw and maxilla, and frontal and profile analysis of face by photography were made annually, for at least 3 years. The mentioned linear measurements were compared with the average Brazilian population and among themselves to evaluate the individual craniofacial development. The hand and foot size measurements were compared with a morphometric atlas and were considered increased when >P97. The levels of IGF1 and IGFBP3 were measured each 6 months for GH dose adequacy. The results were analyzed statistically and p values < 0.05 were considered statistically significant. RESULTS: Group 1 and 2 with isolated GH deficiency or hypopituitarism: 3 patients with disharmonious profile attained harmony, 2 due to the mandibular growth and 1 patient due to maxillary growth; no patient developed facial disharmony; we observed a significant increase of the posterior skull base, inferior jaw and lower third of the face (P<0.05). Group 3 with Turner syndrome: 2 patients with facial disharmony obtained harmony due to the mandibular growth and no patient developed facial disharmony. All of the patients maintained the same pattern of facial growth when the initial and final cephalometric analyses according to Ricketts were compared. Hand size increase was observed in 2 patients (1 with GH deficiency and another with Turner syndrome); foot size increase was observed in 50% of the patients with Turner syndrome and in 32% of the patients with GH deficiency. CONCLUSIONS: The comparison of the cephalometric measurements of the group with GH deficiency naïve to GH treatment, demonstrated a greater GH effect on the growth of the posterior skull base and jaw; all of the patients had kept the same craniofacial growth pattern during the follow-up; there was no statistically significant correlation between the cephalometric measurements and facial harmony; therefore, the association of the methods of cephalometric and facial analysis through photography is mandatory to evaluate the effect of GH on craniofacial growth. There was an improvement in the facial harmony in 28% of the retrognathic patients due to mandibular growth; therefore, patients with mandibular retrognathism can benefit from GH treatment. None of the patients treated with standardized doses of GH developed facial disharmony during treatment. We observed however, an increase of the extremities, mainly of the feet.
114

Auxiologische Untersuchung bei Kindern mit Wachstumshormonmangel vor und unter der Substitutionstherapie mit Wachstumshormon

Weiten, Jannie 13 July 2004 (has links)
Einleitung: Wachstumsprozesse beim gesunden Menschen sind weitgehend untersucht und bekannt. Über die Auswirkungen von stark erniedrigtem bzw. fehlendem Wachstumshormon auf das Längen- und Breitenwachstum einzelner auxiologischer Parameter und die Folgen einer Wachstumshormonsubstitutionstherapie auf die Körperproportionen im Einzelnen weiß man außer den Kenntnissen über die Körperhöhenveränderungen wenig. Fragestellung: Ziel dieser Arbeit war die auxiologische Untersuchung von Kindern mit Wachstumshormonmangel vor und unter einer Substitutionstherapie mit Wachstumshormon. im Vordergrund stand die Erkennung bestimmter auxiologischer Muster vor und die Frage nach Veränderungen der Körperproportionen unter der Therapie. Methode: Grundlage der Daten sind 62 Kinder mit idiopathischem und 20 Kindern mit organischem Wachtumshormonmangel, bei denen über einen maximalen Zeitraum von fünf Jahren halbjährlich 22 verschiedene Parameter vermessen und drei weitere berechnet worden sind. Ergebnisse: Die phänotypischen Merkmale des hypophysären Kleinwuchses vor Substitutionsbeginn (Puppengesicht, Akromikrie, pyknomorpher Körperbau) sind Ausdruck bestimmter auxiologischer Konstellationen, die Längenparameter weichen signifikant stärker als die Breitenparameter vom Altersnormwert ab. In Abhängigkeit von der Therapiedauer kommt es durch unterschiedlich stark ausgeprägte Größenzuwachsraten im Verhältnis zum Längenwachstum insbesondere bei der Unterarmlänge, den Breiten- und Tiefenmaßen des Thorax und den Kopfmaßen zu Veränderungen der Körperproportionen. In der Regel verbessern sich die Ausgangsproportionen. Der relative Körperfettgehalt, sowie die Umfänge (Brust-, Taillen- und Hüftumfang) nehmen unter der Therapie in Relation zur Körperhöhe ab. Schlussfolgerung: Anhand der vorliegenden Daten wird gezeigt, dass die Substitutionstherapie mit Wachstumshormon beim hypophysären Kleinwuchs Auswirkungen auf das Längen- und Breitenwachstum einzelner auxiologischer Parameter hat und sich von physiologischem Wachstum unterscheidet. Für die Bestätigung unserer Beobachtungen sind weitere prospektive Untersuchungen in größeren Kollektiven notwendig. / Introduction: Processes of growth in healthy children are well established. However, little is known about the effects of strongly degraded or missing growth hormone on the lengths and breadths growth of single axiological parameters. In particular, changes of body proportions under hormone replacement therapy are not known. Objective: The aim of the study was to estimate the influence of growth hormone deficiency of single axiological parameters and changes in body proportions during replacement therapy with growth hormone. Patients/Material and Methods: Subjects studied include 62 children with idiopathic growth hormone deficiency and 20 children with organic reason of growth hormone deficiency. 22 anthropometric measurements per person were taken by the same trained examiner prior to the start of GH-treatment and then every six months over a maximal period of 5 years. Results: Results give a distinct anthropometric picture before start of therapy. All linear parameters were significantly below average, while width measurements differed less. During treatment changes of the body proportions occur due to different growth rates of measured distances compared to height growth. The most positive changes were seen in the upper arm, hand and feet growth under GH-therapy. A comparable low growth was seen in forearm length, chest width and depth and head measures. The growth dynamics of the other parameters correspond to that of height itself. Conclusion: It is shown that the replacement therapy with growth hormone has different effects on the length and width growth of different bones. The growth is different from physiological growth processes in patient with growth hormone deficiency. Further prospective examinations are necessary to confirm our observations in larger collectives.
115

Bone Metabolism in Men

Gillberg, Peter January 2001 (has links)
<p>In this thesis, the importance of the growth hormone (GH)/insulin-like growth factor (IGF) system and sex steroids for male bone metabolism has been investigated, and the effects of continuous low dose GH replacement in GH deficient (GHD) adults. In a population-based sample of men, positive correlations were found between bone mineral density (BMD) and IGF-I, IGF-II, IGF binding protein (IGFBP)-3 and the testosterone/sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG) ratio. Serum IGFBP-3 and testosterone levels and weight accounted for 34% to 48% of the variation in BMD at different sites. Compared to healthy age matched controls, men with idiopathic osteoporosis had lower estradiol/SHBG ratio and higher SHBG levels. There were no differences between the groups in serum levels of IGF-I, IGFBP-3, 24 hour cumulated GH secretion or peak GH secretion. In the patients, there was a positive correlation between the estradiol/SHBG ratio and BMD in femoral neck. Treatment of patients and controls with GH 0.8 mg/day for one week resulted in similar increases in serum markers for bone turnover in both groups. Several positive correlations between indices of GH secretion and markers for bone turnover were found in the patients. Men with idiopathic osteoporosis were treated with GH, continuously (0.4 mg/day) or intermittently (0.8 mg/day for two weeks every third month), for two years followed by one year of follow-up. After two years, the BMD and bone mineral content in lumbar spine and total body and serum osteocalcin levels were increased in both groups. This increase was sustained one year post treatment. Treatment of GHD adults with a low fixed dose of GH (0.17 mg/day) for three months, resulted in increases in serum IGF-I and IGFBP-3 levels and lean body mass, and a reduction in fat mass and total and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels. These beneficial effects were accomplished without serious side effects. These findings indicate that: i) the sex hormone and GH/IGF systems are important in male bone metabolism, ii) a combination of subtle disturbances in these two systems could contribute to the development of male idiopathic osteoporosis, iii) GH treatment could be considered as a treatment option in this condition.</p>
116

Quality of Life in Adult Patients with Growth Hormone Deficiency : Bridging the gap between clinical evaluation and health economic assessment

Kołtowska-Häggström, Maria January 2007 (has links)
<p>The goals of this thesis are to evaluate quality of life (QoL) in adult patients with growth hormone deficiency (GHD) in relation to population normative data, to construct a preference-weighted index (utility) from a disease-specific QoL measure and to assess it in a clinical context.</p><p>The study included samples from the general population and patients with GHD from four European populations: England & Wales, the Netherlands, Spain and Sweden. The country-specific patient cohorts were retrieved from KIMS (Pfizer International Metabolic Database). </p><p>A questionnaire was developed that contained items from existing QoL questionnaires including, among others, Quality of Life Assessment in Growth Hormone Deficiency in Adults (QoL-AGHDA) and the EQ-5D. The QoL-AGHDA is a disease-specific measure for use in adults with GHD. The EQ-5D is a generic instrument which describes health states for which country-specific preference-based weights are available. Thus, it was possible to generate preference-weighted indices (utilities) based on data generated by both instruments. </p><p>This thesis reports QoL-AGHDA normative values for the populations of England & Wales, the Netherlands, Spain and Sweden, and confirms the extent of QoL impairment in patients with GHD in comparison with the general population. Long-term GH replacement resulted in sustained improvements in overall QoL towards normative country-specific values, as well in most of the dimensions that were impaired before treatment. </p><p>For use in health economic evaluations, models for generating utilities (QoL-AGHDA<sub>utility</sub>) from QoL-AGHDA were developed. It is believed that these models may facilitate medical decision making, given that they provide a tool for obtaining utilities in the absence of directly collected preference-weighted indices.</p><p>QoL-AGHDA<sub>utility</sub> effectively monitored treatment effects in patients with GHD. Moreover, this study confirmed a QoL-AGHDA<sub>utility</sub> deficit before treatment and a gain after starting GH replacement. </p><p>The novel aspect of the present approach was to apply preference-weighted indices derived from a disease-specific measure to assess QoL in the clinical context, together with patient demographic and clinical characteristics. The robustness of this analysis is reinforced by the fact that utilities in both general and patient populations were generated using the same methodology. </p>
117

Bone Metabolism in Men

Gillberg, Peter January 2001 (has links)
In this thesis, the importance of the growth hormone (GH)/insulin-like growth factor (IGF) system and sex steroids for male bone metabolism has been investigated, and the effects of continuous low dose GH replacement in GH deficient (GHD) adults. In a population-based sample of men, positive correlations were found between bone mineral density (BMD) and IGF-I, IGF-II, IGF binding protein (IGFBP)-3 and the testosterone/sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG) ratio. Serum IGFBP-3 and testosterone levels and weight accounted for 34% to 48% of the variation in BMD at different sites. Compared to healthy age matched controls, men with idiopathic osteoporosis had lower estradiol/SHBG ratio and higher SHBG levels. There were no differences between the groups in serum levels of IGF-I, IGFBP-3, 24 hour cumulated GH secretion or peak GH secretion. In the patients, there was a positive correlation between the estradiol/SHBG ratio and BMD in femoral neck. Treatment of patients and controls with GH 0.8 mg/day for one week resulted in similar increases in serum markers for bone turnover in both groups. Several positive correlations between indices of GH secretion and markers for bone turnover were found in the patients. Men with idiopathic osteoporosis were treated with GH, continuously (0.4 mg/day) or intermittently (0.8 mg/day for two weeks every third month), for two years followed by one year of follow-up. After two years, the BMD and bone mineral content in lumbar spine and total body and serum osteocalcin levels were increased in both groups. This increase was sustained one year post treatment. Treatment of GHD adults with a low fixed dose of GH (0.17 mg/day) for three months, resulted in increases in serum IGF-I and IGFBP-3 levels and lean body mass, and a reduction in fat mass and total and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels. These beneficial effects were accomplished without serious side effects. These findings indicate that: i) the sex hormone and GH/IGF systems are important in male bone metabolism, ii) a combination of subtle disturbances in these two systems could contribute to the development of male idiopathic osteoporosis, iii) GH treatment could be considered as a treatment option in this condition.
118

Quality of Life in Adult Patients with Growth Hormone Deficiency : Bridging the gap between clinical evaluation and health economic assessment

Kołtowska-Häggström, Maria January 2007 (has links)
The goals of this thesis are to evaluate quality of life (QoL) in adult patients with growth hormone deficiency (GHD) in relation to population normative data, to construct a preference-weighted index (utility) from a disease-specific QoL measure and to assess it in a clinical context. The study included samples from the general population and patients with GHD from four European populations: England &amp; Wales, the Netherlands, Spain and Sweden. The country-specific patient cohorts were retrieved from KIMS (Pfizer International Metabolic Database). A questionnaire was developed that contained items from existing QoL questionnaires including, among others, Quality of Life Assessment in Growth Hormone Deficiency in Adults (QoL-AGHDA) and the EQ-5D. The QoL-AGHDA is a disease-specific measure for use in adults with GHD. The EQ-5D is a generic instrument which describes health states for which country-specific preference-based weights are available. Thus, it was possible to generate preference-weighted indices (utilities) based on data generated by both instruments. This thesis reports QoL-AGHDA normative values for the populations of England &amp; Wales, the Netherlands, Spain and Sweden, and confirms the extent of QoL impairment in patients with GHD in comparison with the general population. Long-term GH replacement resulted in sustained improvements in overall QoL towards normative country-specific values, as well in most of the dimensions that were impaired before treatment. For use in health economic evaluations, models for generating utilities (QoL-AGHDAutility) from QoL-AGHDA were developed. It is believed that these models may facilitate medical decision making, given that they provide a tool for obtaining utilities in the absence of directly collected preference-weighted indices. QoL-AGHDAutility effectively monitored treatment effects in patients with GHD. Moreover, this study confirmed a QoL-AGHDAutility deficit before treatment and a gain after starting GH replacement. The novel aspect of the present approach was to apply preference-weighted indices derived from a disease-specific measure to assess QoL in the clinical context, together with patient demographic and clinical characteristics. The robustness of this analysis is reinforced by the fact that utilities in both general and patient populations were generated using the same methodology.
119

Ο ρόλος του GH1 γονιδίου της αυξητικής ορμόνης και του υποκινητή του σε παιδιά με οικογενή μεμονωμένη ανεπάρκεια της αυξητικής ορμόνης

Γιαννακοπούλου, Ιωάννα 10 June 2014 (has links)
Η αυξητική ορμόνη (GH) παίζει ιδιαίτερα σημαντικό ρόλο, καθώς προάγει κυρίως τη μεταγεννητική κατά μήκος αύξηση, και ελέγχει το μεταβολισμό των λιπιδίων και των υδατανθράκων, τη σύνθεση των πρωτεϊνών και τη διέγερση του ανοσοποιητικού συστήματος. Η ανεπάρκεια GH (GHD) διαγιγνώσκεται είτε με παθολογικές συγκεντρώσεις της GH στον ορό μετά από πρόκληση με φαρμακολογικούς παράγοντες που διεγείρουν την έκκριση της (κλασσική GHD), είτε με φυσιολογικές προκλητές δοκιμασίες αλλά παθολογικό 24ωρο εκκριτικό ρυθμό της GH (GH νευροεκκριτική δυσλειτουργία, GHND). Οι GHD και GHND ασθενείς έχουν σοβαρή καθυστέρηση αύξησης και ανταποκρίνονται καλά στην εξωγενή θεραπεία με hGH. Κοντό ανάστημα που σχετίζεται με ανεπάρκεια αυξητικής ορμόνης (GHD) μπορεί να είναι σποραδικού τύπου και ιδιοπαθής, αλλά στο 5-30% των περιπτώσεων υπάρχει προσβεβλημένος πρώτου βαθμού συγγενής, που υποδηλώνει γενετική αιτιολογία. Μεταλλάξεις του γονιδίου της GH (GH1) ευθύνονται για την εκδήλωση οικογενούς μεμονωμένης ανεπάρκειας GH (IGHD). Ο εγγύς υποκινητής του GH1 γονιδίου παρουσιάζει υψηλού βαθμού πολυμορφισμό, με τουλάχιστον 16 αναγνωρισμένους πολυμορφισμούς (SNPs) σε έκταση 535 βάσεων, που εκδηλώνονται σε σύνολο 40 απλότυπων, κάποιοι από τους οποίους επηρεάζουν την έκφραση της GH. Σκοπός της παρούσας εργασίας ήταν η ανεύρεση αλλαγών στην αλληλουχία του GH1 γονιδίου της αυξητικής ορμόνης (GH) και του εγγύς υποκινητή του σε ασθενείς με οικογενή μεμονωμένη ανεπάρκεια GH (IGHD), αλλά και η ανάλυση του τρόπου κληρονομικότητας αυτών των αλλαγών. Μελετήθηκαν 33 IGHD ασθενείς (29 GHD και 4 GHND), τα μέλη των οικογενειών τους (22 οικογένειες) και 31 μάρτυρες. Απομονώθηκε γονιδιωματικό DNA από λεμφοκύτταρα περιφερικού αίματος και πραγματοποιήθηκε πολλαπλασιασμός του GH1 γονιδίου και του υποκινητή του με την αλυσιδωτή αντίδραση πολυμεράσης (PCR). Τα δείγματα αλληλουχήθηκαν και προσδιορίστηκαν αλλαγές της αλληλουχίας με βάση την NCBI, blast- Μ28466.1-βάση δεδομένων. Στους ασθενείς μετρήθηκαν τα επίπεδα IGF-1, τα επίπεδα των άλλων ορμονών του πρόσθιου λοβού του αδένα της υπόφυσης, η μέγιστη τιμή GH μετά από προκλητές δοκιμασίες με κλονιδίνη και L-Dopa, και στους 4 GHND ασθενείς πραγματοποιήθηκε 24ωρη καταγραφή της αυθόρμητης έκκρισης της GH. Οι πολυμορφισμοί (SNPs) που ανιχνεύθηκαν στο GH1 γονίδιο και τον υποκινητή του σε ασθενείς και μάρτυρες, ελέγχθηκαν για τη συχνότητα των γονοτύπων τους, και συσχετίστηκαν με κλινικοεργαστηριακά χαρακτηριστικά, ενώ ο δυνητικός λειτουργικός ρόλος των μεταλλάξεων ελέγχθηκε με λογισμικά προγράμματα. Η αλληλούχιση του GH1 γονιδίου και του υποκινητή του ανέδειξε 18 γνωστούς από τη βιβλιογραφία SNPs στον υπό μελέτη πληθυσμό και τρεις νέες (novel) μεταλλάξεις στις 3 από τις 22 οικογένειες. Ανάλυση με το λογισμικό πρόγραμμα MatΙinspector των 2 ετερόζυγων σημειακών μεταλλάξεων που εντοπίστηκαν στον GH1 υποκινητή, -485G>C and -400G>A, αποκάλυψε θέση πρόσδεσης για τον μεταγραφικό παράγοντα E-twenty six-1 (ETS-1). Ανάλυση της τρίτης ετερόζυγης μετάλλαξης (G>A) στη θέση +300 του εσωνίου 1 του GH1 γονιδίου με τα λογισμικά ESEfinder3 και ASSP αποκάλυψε τη δημιουργία μιας κρυφής θέση ματίσματος και διάσπαση της περιοχής ματίσματος εξωνίου (ESE) ενός ψευδοεξωνίου, μειώνοντας τον αριθμό προσδενόμενων πρωτεϊνών πλούσιων σε σερίνη-αργινίνη (SR). Η στατιστική ανάλυση των συχνοτήτων των γονοτύπων στους πολυμορφισμούς υψηλής συχνότητας, και η συσχέτιση τους με παραμέτρους που σχετίζονται με την αύξηση, την έκκριση της GH, αλλά και την ανταπόκριση στην hGH αγωγή, έδειξε ότι οι GHD ασθενείς πιθανόν να εμφανίζουν διαφορετική μεταγραφική δραστηριότητα στο GH1 γονίδιο λόγω των θέσεων -278, -57 του υποκινητή, -6 της 5΄ UTR περιοχής και της θέσης +1169 του γονιδίου, που έρχεται σύμφωνο και με άλλες μελέτες, αλλά και της θέσης -31, που αναφέρεται για πρώτη φορά. Αυτοί οι πολυμορφισμοί συσχετίστηκαν με μειωμένα επίπεδα IGF-1. Από την άλλη, οι SNPs που αναγνωρίσθηκαν στους GHND ασθενείς, παρόλο που είναι παρόμοιοι με αυτούς των GHD ασθενών, συσχετίστηκαν με παραμέτρους αύξησης και όχι με τα επίπεδα IGF-1. Οι 18 πολυμορφισμοί και οι 3 μεταλλάξεις που εντοπίστηκαν στους GHD και GHND ασθενείς φαίνεται να συμβάλουν μερικώς και μεμονωμένα ή συνεργικά στη μεταγραφή του GH1 γονιδίου και συνεπώς στην έκκριση της GH, ενώ η διαφορετική συμμετοχή των SNPs στους GHD και GHND ασθενείς πιθανόν αντανακλά και τη διαφορετική εκδήλωση της νόσου. Η κατανόηση της φαινοτυπικής ποικιλότητας των ασθενών με IGHD και των γενετικών αιτιών μπορεί να βοηθήσει στη κατανόηση των μηχανισμών που ενέχονται στον έλεγχο της αύξησης, αλλά και στη βελτίωση της παρακολούθησης και της θεραπείας των ασθενών. / Growth hormone (GH) plays a pivotal role in a number of physiological processes by promoting postnatal longitudinal body growth, lipid and carbohydrate metabolism, protein biosynthesis and activation of the immune system. GH deficiency (GHD) is diagnosed either by subnormal levels of serum GH during two hGH stimulation tests by pharmacological agents that physiologically stimulate GH secretion (classic form of GHD), or normal serum GH levels, but subnormal 24hr GH profile (Neurosecretory GH deficiency, GHND). Children with GHD and GHND have severe growth retardation and respond to exogenous human GH (hGH) therapy with significant catch-up growth. Short stature associated with isolated GH deficiency (GHD) is both sporadic and idiopathic, but between 5 and 30% have an affected first degree relative consistent with a genetic etiology. Mutations identified on the GH gene (GH1) associate with the manifestation of familial isolated GH deficiency (IGHD). The proximal promoter region of GH1 exerts a highly polymorphic region, with at least 16 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) identified over a region of 535bp, manifested by a total of 40 haplotypes, some of which affect the GH1 expression. The aim of this study was to identify possible changes in the sequence of the GH1 gene of growth hormone (GH) and its promoter region in patients with familial isolated GH deficiency (IGHD), together with the analysis of the inheritance pattern of such genetic changes. 33 IGHD patients (29 GHD and 4 GHND), their 1st degree relatives (22 families) and 31 controls were investigated. Genomic DNA was extracted from the lymphocytes of the subjects peripheral blood and the GH1 gene was amplified by the Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR). The samples were sequenced and the changes were identified according to the sequence M28466.1 of the NCBI blast database. The levels of IGF-1 and other hormones of the pituitary were measured in the patients and the highest level of GH during the clonidine and L-Dopa hGH stimulation test were recorded, whereas in the 4 GHND patients a spontaneous 24hr GH profile was conducted. The sequencing results were analyzed for the frequencies of the genotypes of the identified SNPs and for any possible correlations with the clinical or biochemical characteristics of the patients and the controls. Additionally, the possible functional role of the found mutations was assessed using specific programs. The sequencing of GH1 and its promoter revealed 18 SNPs in the whole sample and 3 novel mutations in 3 of the 22 investigated families. Analysis with MatInspector of the 2 heterozygous nucleotide mutations located at the promoter regions -485GC and -400GA, respectively, revealed a binding sequence for the transcription factor E-twenty six-1 (ETS-1). Analysis of the third heterozygous mutation (GA) at the +300 region of intron 1 with ESEfinder3 και ASSP revealed a cryptic splicing position and disruption of the exon splicing enhancement (ESE) region by reducing the binding affinity of serine-arginine proteins (SRs). The frequency and correlation analysis showed that the GHD patients possible exert differential transcriptional activity at the GH1 gene via the SNPs at positions -278, -57 of the promoter, -6 of 5΄ UTR region, +1169 of intron 4, which is in accordance to previous studies, and also the newly reported SNP at -31 region. These SNPs associated also with decreased IGF-1 levels. On the other hand, the SNPs identified in the GHND patients, although similar to the GHD patients, correlated with several growth parameters, irrespective to the IGF-1 levels. The 18 SNPs and 3 mutations identified in the sample seem to contribute partially and individually or in synergy to the transcriptional regulation of GH1 in the GHD and GHND patients. The SNPs contribution is differentially exerted in the GHD patients, when compared to the GHND patients and this possibly reflects the different expression of the disease. The investigation of phenotypic variance in IGHD patients and their genetic predisposition can potentially improve our perception of the underlying mechanisms of growth and offer valuable information for the better therapeutic management of IGHD patients.
120

The GH/IGF-1 system during surgery and catabolism : focus on metabolism and heart function /

Wallin, Mats, January 2007 (has links)
Diss. (sammanfattning) Stockholm : Karolinska institutet, 2007. / Härtill 4 uppsatser.

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