Le vieillissement est caractérisé par une diminution de la masse et la force musculaire entraînant une détérioration des performances physiques, appelée sarcopénie. L'atrophie musculaire peut être expliquée par un turnover protéique négatif, une détérioration des dynamiques mitochondriales, une diminution de la capacité de régénération du muscle ainsi que par l'apoptose des noyaux musculaires. La diminution de la sécrétion d'hormones anabolisantes et un stress oxydant (OS) chronique conduisant à des dommages oxydatifs excessifs, seraient impliqués dans ces modifications. L’Exercice physique et les thérapies de remplacement hormonales sont efficaces pour lutter contre la sarcopénie. Une restauration de l’homéostasie redox pourrait avoir un rôle central dans la lutte contre la sarcopénie et impliquerait une activation de la glucose-6-phosphate déshydrogénase.Les principaux objectifs de cette thèse étaient de déterminer in vivo, si un SO chronique dans le muscle âgé altère les voies de signalisation impliquées dans la sarcopénie, et de chercher si le retour à un fonctionnement normal de ces voies nécessite une restauration de l'homéostasie redox. Certains paramètres et leurs mécanismes pouvant intervenir sur le maintien ou la restauration du SO ont été recherchés.Dans une première, nous avons confirmé que la sarcopénie est associée au OS chez le rat. Puis nous avons constaté qu’un traitement à l'hormone de croissance chez le rat peut prévenir la sarcopénie via un effet antioxydant et myogénique, associé à une activation de la G6DPH.Une seconde étude a monté des souris transgéniques surexprimant G6PDH présentaient une amélioration de la composition corporelle et des performances physiques.Une dernière étude a montré que la surexpression de G6DPH diminuait les dommages oxydatifs de l'ADN au repos. De façon surprenante, la surexpression de la G6PDH n’a pas d’effet protecteur vis à vis du SO induit par les divers stimuli pro-oxydants. / Aging is characterized by a decrease in muscle mass and strength causing a deterioration of physical performance, called sarcopenia. Muscle atrophy can be explained by a negative protein turnover, impaired mitochondrial dynamics, a decreased muscle regeneration capacity and myonuclei apoptosis. A decreased production of anabolic hormones and a chronic oxidative stress (OS) which leads to excessive oxidative damage would be involved in these alterations. Physical exercise and hormone replacement therapies are effective to combat sarcopenia. The restoration of a redox homeostasis may play a central role in their beneficial effects and would involve an up-regulation of the glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase enzyme.The main objectives of this thesis were to determine in vivo to what extent a pro-oxidant redox status in aged muscle may modulate signaling pathways involved in sarcopenia, and to investigate whether return to their normal functioning requires a restoration of the redox homeostasis. The third objective was to identify actors and their possible cellular mechanisms in the maintenance and/or the restoration of the redox status.In a first study in old rats, we first confirmed that sarcopenia is associated with OS. In a second time, we found that a growth hormone replacement therapy in olds rats prevents sarcopenia by acting as a double-edged sword, antioxidant as well as myogenic, associated with an up-regulation of G6DPH.

O objetivo deste estudo foi identificar SNPs na região promotora e no intron I do gene GH (região alvo) e verificar sua possível associação com o crescimento de O. niloticus, o que foi executado em duas etapas: (1) prospecção de SNPs; (2) associação de SNPs com crescimento das variedades Red-Stirling e Chitralada. As análises de associação foram realizadas por meio de metodologia estatística baseada em análise univariada de modelo linear misto considerando-se efeitos fixos e aleatórios. Nove SNPs foram identificados no promotor (GHP1 a GHP9) e um na região 5 UTR (GHP10), os quais formaram 10 blocos genotípicos (A a J). Na população de associação seis novos blocos foram identificados (K a P). Os blocos B, P, K, L e M foram associados aos melhores pesos e os SNPs GHP6 a GHP10 demonstraram associação significativa (P < 0,05) como o crescimento. Portanto, foi possível estimar um conjunto de genótipos com maior efeito genético aditivo sobre o crescimento, o qual poderia ser utilizado em futuros programas de melhoramento genético assistidos por marcadores moleculares. / The present study aimed to identify SNPs in the proximal promoter region and in the first intron of GH gene and to evaluate if there is association of SNPs variation with the O. niloticus growth rate. Firstly, SNP searching in the two targeted regions was carried out in four strains. Then, two strains, Red-Stirling and Chitralada were used in grow-out testing in cages. Association between SNPs and growth rate were statistically estimated by univariate linear mixed model taking into account fixed and random effects. Nine SNPs were found in the proximal promoter region and one in the 5 UTR region, which formed 10 genotype blocks (A to J). Five of these genotype blocks (F to J) were not found in the grow-out individuals. However, six new genotype blocks (K to P) were identified. Genotype blocks B, P, K, L and M were statistically associated to the best weights, and the SNPs GHP6 to GHP10 individually showed significant association (P < 0,05) with growth. These findings found herein may potentially be used as Marked-Assisted Selection in tilapia breeding programs.

No description available.

In primary rat hepatocyte cultures, growth hormone was shown to depress tyrosine aminotransferase levels induced with hydrocortisone. Both induction by glucocorticoid and repression by growth hormone could be demonstrated in cultures several days old.

We have examined phylogenetic relationships of suckers of tribe Moxostomatini (Cypriniformes, Catostomidae) using cytochrome-b and Growth Hormone gene intron sequences. Phylogenies were significantly different from recent estimates of relationships based primarily on morphology (Smith, 1992) and cytochrome-b sequences (Harris et al., 2002). Overall, there was little support for many basal nodes in the phylogeny, however it was clear that Scartomyzon and Moxostoma were not monophyletic, despite morphological evidence provided Robins and Raney (1956, 1957), Jenkins (1970), and Smith (1992). Growth Hormone sequences provided good support for a monophyletic Western Scartomyzon lineage and thus suggested a single ancestral invasion of Scartomyzon-like fishes into drainages of Texas and Mexico. Phylogenetic relationships of Western Scartomyzon are structured geographically and do not conform well to current taxonomy.

No description available.

Growth hormone (GH) has growth-stimulating effects on skeletal muscle and liver but a growth-inhibitory effect on adipose tissue. The mechanisms underlying these actions of GH are not fully understood. Two studies were conducted to achieve the following objectives: 1) to determine the cellular mechanism by which GH stimulates liver growth; 2) to determine the effects of GH on the commitment of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) to myogenic and adipogenic lineages. In the first study, the GH-deficient lit/lit male mice were injected (s.c.) daily with rbGH or vehicle for two weeks. GH-injected lit/lit mice tended to have a greater liver/body weight percentage than lit/lit control mice. GH injection did not alter the percentage of proliferating cells in the liver. However, GH-injected lit/lit mice had 18% larger hepatocytes and 16% less DNA per unit liver weight than those of lit/lit control mice. These data together indicate that GH stimulates liver growth in mice by increasing the size, not by increasing the number of hepatocytes. In the second study, we treated the MSC cell line C3H10T1/2 cells with or without 5'-azacytidine and rbGH for 4 days. We assessed the myogenic or adipogenic potential by determining the ability of these cells to differentiate into myotubes or adipocytes, respectively. C3H10T1/2 cells treated with 5'-azacytidine and GH formed more myotubes, myoblasts, and fewer adipocytes compared to cells treated with 5'-azacytidine alone. Taken together, these results suggest that GH enhances 5'-azacytidine-induced myogenic commitment but inhibits 5'-azacytidine-induced adipogenic commitment in C3H10T1/2 cells. / Master of Science

Ghrelin is a hormone produced mainly by the cells lining the gastric mucosa. Ghrelin was first extracted from human and rat stomachs, and identified as an endogenous stimulator of growth hormone release. Ghrelin is synthesized and produced in several tissues, but the gastric mucosa remains the major source of circulating ghrelin. Besides growth hormone release, ghrelin stimulates appetite and plays some major roles in different organs. In several studies, ghrelin was described as a hormone with multiple functions and diverse biological actions. Ghrelin exists in two major forms, active ghrelin and inactive ghrelin, and only the active from binds to the receptor. The majority of total circulating ghrelin is inactive ghrelin with no identified function. The aims of the present study were to measure active and total ghrelin in dairy cow’s milk and plasma during early lactation, and to observe changes in the ghrelin concentrations over time. We are interested in this period of time since the milk during early lactation contains a variety of biologically active hormones that are vital for newborn calves. In this study, fifteen Holstein dairy cows were selected randomly from different lactations. Milk and blood samples were taken daily from cows at early lactation for 10 days, and from some cows in mid-lactation. A laboratory test was used to measure active and total ghrelin in milk and plasma samples. Supplementary measurements such as milk fat, lactose, protein, and milk yield were recorded. Active and total milk ghrelin concentrations were found to be significantly higher in the first day of lactation during colostrum production. Interestingly, the percentage of active to total ghrelin in milk and blood was constant in all days tested, suggesting that this constant percentage can be used to estimate active or total ghrelin, if one of them is know, from the same sample. However, no correlation was observed between the percentage of milk ghrelin and plasma ghrelin or with other milk components. In conclusion, the presence of ghrelin in colostrum and milk in measurable amounts of both active and total form suggests that it is a critical compound for the metabolic activity of newborn calves and functions transiently to regulate the activity of some physiological processes until the endocrine system of the new calves starts to function independently.

No description available.

No description available.