Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-12T15:53:43Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 arquivo5238_1.pdf: 459864 bytes, checksum: df7c790bb8a9e7b224fd9cb0a10b359d (MD5) license.txt: 1748 bytes, checksum: 8a4605be74aa9ea9d79846c1fba20a33 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006 / Realizou-se um estudo sobre as espécies de Myxomycetes que ocorrem em Elaeis guineensis Jacq. (dendezeiro), visando contribuir para o conhecimento sobre os representantes deste grupo que estão associados com palmeiras no Brasil. A incidência, abundância, diversidade taxonômica (espécie/gênero) dos esporocarpos em estipes, folhas, brácteas, inflorescências e frutos (vivos ou mortos) de dendezeiros foi analisada em 20 indivíduos presentes em três fragmentos de Floresta Atlântica da Reserva Ecológica do Gurjaú, Cabo de Santo Agostinho, Pernambuco (08º10 00 e 08º15 00 S; 35º02 30 e 35º05 00 WGr.). Calculou-se a abundância relacionando-se o número de espécimes do táxon e o total de espécimes obtidos, e enquadrou-se cada espécie como rara (0,5-1%), ocasional (2-4%), comum (5-7%) ou abundante (superior a 7%). Exsicatas foram depositadas no Herbário UFP. As espécies foram listadas em ordem alfabética por subclasse. Apresenta-se a distribuição conhecida para o Brasil para cada espécie e os registros para palmeiras neste país. O dendezeiro mostrou ser um excelente substrato para o desenvolvimento de mixomicetos. Todas as subclasses, cinco das seis ordens e 50% das famílias reconhecidas para este grupo foram registradas. Com este estudo, 22 espécies foram acrescentadas à lista de mixomicetos associados com dendezeiro no Brasil; destas, Ceratiomyxa sphaerosperma, Didymium anellus e Physarum gyrosum não haviam sido referidas como ocorrendo em palmeiras neste país. Nos ambientes estudados, as Physaraceae são as mais freqüentes, seguidas pelas Trichiaceae. Hemitrichia serpula, Arcyria cinerea e Physarum compressum são espécies comumente encontradas em E. guineensis, confirmando sua preferência em se associar com palmeiras. Conclui-se que a mixobiota do dendezeiro é diversificada, ocorrendo à esporulação preferencialmente em órgãos mortos

Made available in DSpace on 2015-03-26T12:43:36Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 texto completo.pdf: 2286182 bytes, checksum: 07252744b8ec020f06d0a67c3c49bc67 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-11-13 / Fundação de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado de Minas Gerais / The study aimed to establish an efficient protocol for somatic embryogenesis of the oil palm, especially all of cultivars explored in Brazil, as well as to acomplish the anatomical caracterization of the embryogenic process. For induction of somatic embryogenesis we used two explants types, leaves segments and female inflorescences, resulting in two experiments. In the first experiment, sections of the 5 mm in immature leaves from two oil palm genotypes (G1001 e G2301) of 1,5 years of age were inoculated in culture medium Y3 (Eeuwens, 1978) supplemented with 0.3% activated charcoal and 2,4-D at four concentrations (800, 1000, 1200 and 1400 µM). Higher percentage of callus induction was obtained in G2301 leaf explants submitted to the concentration 800 µM of 2,4-D. The obtaining of pro-embryogenic masses starting of the calli occurred in medium supplemented with 9 µM 2,4-D added to 1000 µM putrescine or 100 µM spermine. A higher percentage of regeneration of somatic embryos occurred from pro-embryogenic masses that were pre-conditioned and inoculated on regeneration medium supplemented with 0.045 µM 2,4-D and 1000 µM putrescine. The somatic embryos regenerated exhibited characteristic protoderm, procambium strands and shoot meristem and germinated in culture medium Y3 added 0.54 µM ANA and 1000 µM putrescine. The seedlings showed simultaneous development of shoot and root and 70.4% of plants could be successfully acclimatized. In the second experiment, rachillas taken from immature female inflorescences in two developmental stages were inoculated in different culture media (MS and Y3), the supplemented with 475 µM of different auxins (Picloram and 2,4-D) and 0.3% activated charcoal . The development of flowers occurred after 120 days of inoculation in vitro, depending on the developmental stage of the inflorescence and the growing medium. The flowers formed in Y3 culture medium were detached from rachillas and inoculated in the same culture medium with reduced auxin concentrations for 9 µM being combined or not with 1000 µM of putrescine. After 60 days, greater callus formation occurred in flowers grown in medium supplemented with 9 µM Picloram combined with 1000 µM of putrescine. The regeneration of somatic embryos occurred after reduction at 100 times the concentration of auxin in the culture medium, maintaining the same concentration of putrescine. Embryos showed protoderm well defined, delimiting a homogeneous mass of cells corresponding to the ground meristem, interspersed with well-defined procambium strands. By means of histological analysis it was found that the formation occurred from the perivascular regions in the gynoecium and embryo formation occurred from the regions of meristematic callus, following the multicellular pattern. / O trabalho teve como objetivos estabelecer um protocolo eficiente para embriogênese somática do dendezeiro, sobretudo de cultivares exploradas no Brasil, bem como realizar a caracterização anatômica do processo embriogênico. Para a indução da embriogênese somática utilizou-se dois tipos de explantes, segmentos foliares e inflorescências femininas, resultando em dois experimentos. No primeiro experimento, secções de 5 mm de folhas imaturas retiradas de dois genótipos (G1001 e G2301) de dendê de 1,5 ano de idade foram inoculadas em meio de cultura Y3 (Eeuwens, 1978), adicionado de 0,3% de carvão ativado e quatro concentrações de 2,4-D (800, 1000, 1200 e 1400 µM). Maior porcentagem de indução de calos foi obtida em explantes foliares do G2301 submetidos à concentração 800 µM de 2,4-D. A obtenção de massas pró-embriogênicas a partir dos calos ocorreu em meio suplementado com 9 µM de 2,4-D adicionado de 1000 µM putrescina ou 100 µM espermina. Maior porcentagem de regeneração de embriões somáticos ocorreu a partir de massas pró-embriogênicas que passaram pelo pré- condicionamento e foram inoculadas em meio de regeneração adicionado de 0,045 µM 2,4-D e 1000 µM putrescina. Os embriões somáticos regenerados exibiram protoderme característica, cordões de procâmbio e meristema apical e germinaram em meio de cultura Y3 adicionado de 0,54 µM ANA e 1000 µM putrescina. As plântulas obtidas apresentaram desenvolvimento simultâneo de parte aérea e radícula, e puderam ser aclimatizadas, sendo de 70,4% a porcentagem de plantas obtidas. No segundo experimento, ráquilas retiradas de inflorescências femininas imaturas, em dois estágios de desenvolvimento foram inoculadas em diferentes meios de cultivo (MS e Y3), adicionado de 475 µM de diferentes auxinas (Picloram e 2,4-D) e 0,3% de carvão ativado. O desenvolvimento das flores ocorreu após 120 dias da inoculação in vitro, em função do estágio de desenvolvimento da inflorescência e do meio de cultivo utilizado. As flores formadas em meio de cultivo Y3 foram destacadas das ráquilas e inoculadas em mesmo meio de cultivo com redução da concentração das auxinas para 9 µM sendo combinadas ou não com 1000 µM de putrescina. Após 60 dias, maior formação de calos ocorreu em flores cultivadas em meio adicionado de 9 µM Picloram combinado com 1000 µM de putrescina. A regeneração dos embriões somáticos ocorreu após a redução em 100 vezes na concentração de auxina no meio de cultivo, sendo mantida a mesma concentração de putrescina. Os embriões apresentaram protoderme bem definida, delimitando uma massa homogênea de células correspondentes ao meristema fundamental, entremeada por cordões procambiais bem definidos. Por meio da análise histológica verificou-se que a formação de calos ocorreu a partir das regiões perivasculares no gineceu e a formação dos embriões ocorreu a partir das regiões meristemáticas destes calos, seguindo o padrão multicelular.

Oil palm can accumulate up to 90% oil in its mesocarp, the highest level observed in the plant kingdom. In contrast, the closely related date palm accumulates almost exclusively sugars. To gain insight into the mechanisms that lead to such an extreme difference in carbon partitioning, the transcriptome and metabolite content of oil palm and date palm were compared during mesocarp development. Compared with date palm, the high oil content in oil palm was associated with much higher transcript levels for all fatty acid synthesis enzymes, specific plastid transporters, and key enzymes of plastidial carbon metabolism, including phosphofructokinase, pyruvate kinase, and pyruvate dehydrogenase. Transcripts representing an ortholog of the WRI1 transcription factor were 57-fold higher in oil palm relative to date palm and displayed a temporal pattern similar to its target genes. Unexpectedly, despite more than a 100-fold difference in flux to lipids, most enzymes of triacylglycerol assembly were expressed at similar levels in oil palm and date palm. Similarly, transcript levels for all but one cytosolic enzyme of glycolysis were comparable in both species. Together, these data point to synthesis of fatty acids and supply of pyruvate in the plastid, rather than acyl assembly into triacylglycerol, as a major control over the storage of oil in the mesocarp of oil palm. In addition to greatly increasing molecular resources devoted to oil palm and date palm, the combination of temporal and comparative studies illustrates how deep sequencing can provide insights into gene expression patterns of two species that lack genome sequence information.

La plupart des études sur l’hybride naturel entre Schistosoma haematobium (S.) et S. guineensis sont réalisées sur les vers adultes et contrairement aux études expérimentales sur l’hybridation, on ne retrouve pas de vers adultes hybrides après analyse de leur ADN. Avec cette étude, nous souhaitons mettre en évidence la présence d’hybride naturel entre ces deux espèces au Gabon à partir du premier élément suspect : l’œuf. Nous avons suivi l’œuf de son observation morphologique, à sa coloration par la technique de Ziehl-Neelsen jusqu’à l’amplification par PCR de son ADN et on a pu montrer qu’un œuf de morphologie suspecte observé dans les urines est capable d’amplifier à la fois une région spécifique de S. haematobium et de S. guineensis. / Most studies on the natural hybrid between Schistosoma haematobium (S.) and S.guineensis are performed on adult worms and contrary to experimental studies of hybridization, we do not find an adult hybrid worm after analysis of their DNA. With this study, we wish to highlight the presence of a natural hybrid between these two species in Gabon from the first suspect element: the egg. We followed the egg from its morphological observation to its staining using Ziehl-Neelsen technique until PCR amplification of its DNA and it has been shown that a suspected egg morphology seen in the urine is able to amplify both a specific region of S. haematobium and S. guineensis.

Submitted by JÚLIO HEBER SILVA (julioheber@yahoo.com.br) on 2017-04-06T17:53:33Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Jorge Candido Rodrigues Neto - 2017.pdf: 4621226 bytes, checksum: 93409e3a28aced62d8c3f5dab02c58a7 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2017-04-07T11:07:20Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Jorge Candido Rodrigues Neto - 2017.pdf: 4621226 bytes, checksum: 93409e3a28aced62d8c3f5dab02c58a7 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-04-07T11:07:20Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Jorge Candido Rodrigues Neto - 2017.pdf: 4621226 bytes, checksum: 93409e3a28aced62d8c3f5dab02c58a7 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-03-03 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / Oil palm (Elaeis guineensis) is the world’s major source of vegetable oil and it has been able to adapt to the Brazilian subtropical area. Its growth, largely done in Para, is affected by Fatal Yellowing (FY), a condition that can cause plant’s death and has unknown cause. The aim for this master’s project was to prospect and identify, using a metabolomics approach, possible biomarkers of FY. To accomplish this study, for the first time different transport and extraction methods were evaluated in order to verify the metabolic profile stability in this species. Significant differences were noted and described using a metabolic fingerprinting approach, with ultra high precision liquid chromatography – mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS) as the chemical analysis and ANOVA simultaneous component analysis (ASCA) as the multivariate statistic tool. After this study, leaves with and without FY symptoms were transported using the previously optimizes protocol, analyzed and five potential biomarkers were identified and related to their metabolic pathways, using PCA as the chemometric tool. Finally, for the first time, the use of advanced analytical techniques as MALDI imaging, which has been highlighted as a powerful tool for identification of chemical compounds present on tissue surface with spatial localization, has been applied to oil palm leaves in order to perform a metabolic screening and search for the previously identified biomarkers. An analytical protocol was established for analysis with and without matrix application, for a wide range mass coverage and one of the possible biomarkers was detected using the matrix-free approach. / O dendê, fruto do dendezeiro (Elaeis guineensis) é a maior fonte de óleo vegetal do mundo e teve boa adaptação ao clima subtropical brasileiro. Seu cultivo no Brasil, que tem maior extensão no Pará, é afetado pelo Amarelecimento Fatal (AF), uma condição que pode provocar a morte da planta e tem causa desconhecida. O objetivo deste projeto de mestrado foi prospectar e identificar marcadores químicos relacionados ao AF utilizando uma abordagem metabolômica. Para que o estudo dessa causa fosse realizado, pela primeira vez foram avaliados diferentes métodos de transporte e extração de folhas para verificar a estabilidade do perfil metabólico desta espécie. Diferenças significativas foram observadas utilizando a estratégia de metabolic fingerprinting, com análise dos metabólitos por cromatografia de ultra alta eficiência – espectrometria de massas (UHPLC-MS) e análise quimiométrica dos dados por análise de componente simultâneo e análise de variância (ASCA). Após este estudo, folhas com e sem sintomas de AF foram transportadas utilizando protocolo otimizado anteriormente, analisadas e cinco potenciais biomarcadores foram identificados e relacionados as suas respectivas vias metabólicas, utilizando a análise de componentes principais (PCA) como ferramenta quimiométrica. Por fim, fez-se uso da recente e avançada técnica de imagem química em espectrometria de massas, com ionização por dessorção a laser assistida por matriz (MALDI-MS Imaging), que vem se destacando como uma poderosa ferramenta para a identificação de compostos químicos presentes na superfície de um tecido com localização espacial e foi utilizada pela primeira vez em um screening de metabólitos em folhas de dendê na busca dos marcadores previamente identificados. Um protocolo analítico foi desenvolvido para análise com aplicação de matriz e sem aplicação de matriz, com o intuito de abranger uma maior faixa de massas e um dos possíveis marcadores foi detectado utilizando a técnica de imagem sem matriz.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-03-26T13:30:22Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 texto completo.pdf: 395539 bytes, checksum: 0d80cd8d534a9f3ceead9580a4dcefcb (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-07-14 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Metamasius hemipterus L. and Rhynchophorus palmarum L. (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) stand out among the species of insect pests most important to the cultivation of peach palm (Bactris gasipaes Kunth) and oil palm (Elaeis guineensis Jacq), respectively. In addition to the direct damages, these pests can act spreading fungus and bacteria. This study aimed to evaluate the efficiency of the attractive collection of mass M. hemipterus and R. palmarum in agroecosystem of peach palm and oil palm. Three experiments were conducted: the first, two formulations of pheromone, combolure and rhynchophorol, were tested in trapping bucket-type open in peach palm plantation, and traps of the type tank in oil palm plantation. The second, tested the efficiency of traps type bucket with funnel in peach palm plantation, using three different types of baits (combolure+ sugarcane; rhynchophorol+cane and sugar cane only). And in the third experiment, focuses on two types of baits feed usually associated with the pheromone traps. In peach palm plantation, you can see that the formulation is more efficient combolure that rhynchophorol the attraction of M. hemipterus. For R. palmarum, there was not a significant difference in attractiveness between the formulations. In oil palm plantation, the formulation combolure was more efficient than rhynchophorol both for M. hemipterus as to R. palmarum. Traps type Bucket with funnel shown to be efficient in the collection of M. hemipterus and R. palmarum, but there was no significant difference between the baits used. Lure the basis of sugar cane were more efficient than pejibaye meristem of the attractiveness of M. hemipterus and R. palmarum. It may be noted, however, that both in pejibaye how much in oil palm, traps containing the formulation combolure collected a greater number of M. hemipterus and R. palmarum. The use of bucket-type traps baited with pheromone tank and more sugar cane, sprayed with insecticide, when opened in the upper region are recommended when you want to collect large numbers of individuals. But in small area, it is recommended the use of traps type bucket with funnel, because it is not necessary to use insecticide and because of that does not eliminate potential predators, which could possibly fall into the traps. / Metamasius hemipterus L. e Rhynchophorus palmarum L. (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) destacam-se entre as espécies de insetos-praga mais importantes para as culturas de pupunha (Bactris gasipaes Kunth) e dendê (Elaeis guineensis Jacq), respectivamente. Além dos danos diretos, estas pragas podem atuar disseminando fungos e bactérias. Este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar a eficiência de atraentes na coleta massal de M. hemipterus e R. palmarum em agroecossistema de pupunha e dendê. Foram realizados três experimentos: no primeiro, duas formulações de feromônio, combolure e rincoforol, foram testadas em armadilhas do tipo balde aberto, em plantio de pupunha, e em armadilhas do tipo tanque, em plantio de dendê. O segundo, testou a eficiência de armadilhas do tipo balde com funil, em plantio de pupunha, utilizando três diferentes tipos de iscas (combolure+cana; rincoforol+cana e somente cana). E no terceiro experimento, avaliou-se dois tipos de iscas alimentares, geralmente, associadas a armadilhas com feromônio. Em plantio de pupunha, pode-se observar que a formulação combolure é mais eficiente que o rincoforol na atração de M. hemipterus. Para R. palmarum, não houve uma diferença significativa na atratividade entre as formulações. Em plantio de dendê, a formulação combolure foi mais eficiente que o rincoforol tanto para M. hemipterus quanto para R. palmarum. Armadilhas do tipo balde com funil mostraram-se eficiente na coleta de M. hemipterus e R. palmarum, mas não houve diferença significativa entre as iscas utilizadas. Iscas a base de cana- de-açúcar foram mais eficientes que meristema de pupunha na atratividade de M. hemipterus e R. palmarum. Pode se constatar, contudo, que tanto em pupunha quanto em dendê, as armadilhas que continham a formulação combolure coletou um número maior de M. hemipterus e R. palmarum. O uso de armadilhas do tipo balde e tanque iscadas com feromônio mais cana, pulverizadas com inseticida, quando abertas na região superior são recomendadas quando se deseja coletar grandes quantidades de indivíduos. Mas em área pequenas, recomenda-se o uso de armadilhas do tipo balde com funil, pois não é necessária a utilização inseticida e devido a isso não eliminar possíveis predadores, que por ventura possam cair nas armadilhas.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-03-26T13:30:32Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 texto completo.pdf: 449808 bytes, checksum: a759d20b59c41266f90168c34f9b5399 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-07-22 / Agropalma - Cia. Refinadora da Amazônia / The African palm or oil palm (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.) is a plant of African origin and considered the major industrialized activity in humid areas, similar in Amazon area. The expansion of oil palm, especially in northern region of Brazil, has presented more phytosanitary problems, including the caterpillars defoliating Brassolis sophorae L. Opsiphanes invirae Hübner (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae) and borers-of-strain Eupalamides cyparissias cyparissias (Fabricius) (Lepidoptera: Castniidae), weeds and more frequent in the State of Pará. This study aimed to evaluate the potential Trichospilus diatraeae Cherian & Margabandhu (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) in pupae of O. invirae, B. sophorae and E. cyparissias cyparissias under laboratory conditions. This research was conducted in the laboratory of Plant Complex Agropalma in Thailand city, southeast of Pará State in a room temperature of 25 ± 2 ºC, relative humidity of 70 ± 10% and photophase of 12 hours. The potential of parasitism and progeny production of T. diatraeae in pupae of three species of lepidopteran pests on the cultivation of oil palm, showed that this parasitoid was parasite and progeny produced in pupae of defoliating B. sophorae and O. invirae. The second study was evaluated the reproductive features of T. diatraeae in defoliating species of oil palm (B. sophorae and O. invirae). Results showing that the rate of parasitism and progeny emergence of T. diatraeae pupae was similar in both species. The life cycle of T. diatraeae was lower in pupae of O. invirae (21.50 ± 0.42 days) than in B. sophorae (27.60 ± 1.80 days), but the amount of progeny (669.00 ± 89.62) and dead immature (217.13 ± 58.18) were higher in B. sophorae than in O. invirae (447.83 ± 51.52 and 13.50 ± 5.23), respectively. The sex ratio, longevity of females and males of T. diatraeae were similar in both species were tested. In the third study, the influence of T. diatraeae female age with 12-24, 24- 48, 48-72 and 72 to 96 hours of life was assessed in the reproductive performance of parasitoids in pupae of B. sophorae. Female ages did not affect on parasitism rate of T. diatraeae in B. sophorae pupae, but the emergence of progeny was higher in pupae parasitized by females with 48 to 72 and 72 to 96 hours (70 and 60%) than those parasitized by females between 12 and 24 and 24 to 48 hours old with 20 and 20 %, respectively. The age of T. diatraeae affected on fecundity, the number of dead immature and sex ratio of offspring in pupae of B. sophorae. However, the age of females did not affect on the life cycle of the progeny of T. diatraeae with range from 20.0 ± 1.0 days and 23.0 ± 0.0 days, respectively. Different densities did not affect on parasitism of female T. diatraeae, but the rate of emergence and progeny were higher at 30:1 and 20:1 female/host immature parasitoid and the numbers of deaths were lower in density (1:1, 10:1, 20:1 and 30:1 females/host). The period from egg to adult offspring of T. diatraeae was similar at the different densities of females of this parasitoid. The sex ratio of offspring emerged was the lower density with 10:1 female/host. Females and males of T. diatraeae emerged from the pupae parasitized of B. sophorae were larger (body length) at densities of 20:1 and 30:1 and the head capsules of females were higher at 30:1, 20:1 and 40:1 female/host, with similar values in males. Trichospilus diatraeae was parasite and produced progeny in pupae of B. sophorae and O. invirae, but pupae of B. sophorae were more suitable for producing larger number of offspring of this parasitoid. The best period of reproductive females of T. diatraeae parasitoid in pupae of B. sophorae was between 48 to 96 hours of life at a density of 20 or 30 females/host that provides the highest rates of parasitism, emergence and larger individuals of this parasitoid. The parasitoid T. diatraeae has been good potential to control lepidopteran defoliator pests of oil palm. / O dendezeiro ou palma africana (Elaeis guineensis, Jacq.) é uma planta de origem africana e considerada a principal atividade agroindustrial em regiões tropicais úmidas, semelhantes às da Amazônia. A expansão da dendeicultura, em especial na região Norte do Brasil, tem apresentado mais problemas fitossanitários, incluindo as lagartas desfolhadoras Brassolis sophorae L., Opsiphanes invirae Hübner (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae) e a broqueadora-da-estirpe Eupalamides cyparissias cyparissias (Fabricius) (Lepidoptera: Castniidae), mais daninhas e freqüentes no Estado do Pará. Esse estudo teve por objetivo avaliar o potencial de Trichospilus diatraeae Cherian & Margabandhu (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) em pupas de O. invirae, B. sophorae e E. cyparissias cyparissias em laboratório. Esta pesquisa foi realizada no laboratório de Fitossanidade do Complexo Agropalma no município de Tailândia, sudeste do Estado do Pará em sala climatizada à temperatura de 25 ± 2 ºC, umidade relativa de 70 ± 10 % e fotofase de 12 horas. O potencial de parasitismo e produção de descendentes de T. diatraeae em pupas de três espécies de lepidópteros daninhos ao cultivo do dendezeiro, mostrou que esse parasitóide parasita e produz progênie, em pupas das desfolhadoras B. sophorae e O. invirae. O segundo estudo avaliou os aspectos reprodutivos de T. diatraeae nas espécies desfolhadoras do dendê (B. sophorae e O. invirae) mostrando que a taxa de parasitismo e emergência da progênie de T. diatraeae foi semelhante em pupas de ambas as espécies. O ciclo de vida de T. diatraeae foi menor em pupas de O. invirae (21,50 ± 0,42 dias) que nas de B. sophorae (27,60 ± 1,80 dias), mas a quantidade de progênie (669,00 ± 89,62) e imaturos mortos 217,13 ± 58,18 foi maior em B. sophorae que em O. invirae (447,83 ± 51,52 e 13,50 ± 5,23), respectivamente. A razão sexual, longevidade de fêmeas e machos de T. diatraeae emergidos foram semelhantes em ambas as espécies dos lepidópteros-praga. No terceiro estudo, a influência da idade de fêmeas de T. diatraeae com 12 a 24, 24 a 48, 48 a 72 e 72 a 96 horas de vida foi avaliada, no desempenho reprodutivo desse parasitóide em pupas de B. sophorae. A idade de fêmeas não afetou a taxa de parasitismo de T. diatraeae em pupas de B. sophorae, porém a emergência da progênie foi maior em pupas parasitadas por fêmeas com 48 a 72 e 72 a 96 horas (70 e 60%) em relação aquelas parasitadas por fêmeas com 12 a 24 e 24 a 48 horas de idade (20 e 20%), respectivamente. A idade de T. diatraeae afetou, também, a fecundidade, o número de imaturos mortos e a razão sexual da progênie em pupas de B. sophorae. No entanto, a idade de fêmeas não afetou o ciclo de vida da progênie de T. diatraeae que variou de 20,0 ± 1,0 dias a 23,0 ± 0,0 dias, respectivamente. As diferentes densidades não afetaram o parasitismo de fêmeas de T. diatraeae, mas a taxa de emergência e a progênie foram maiores nas densidades de 30:1 e 20:1 fêmeas/hospedeiro e a quantidade de imaturos mortos foram menores nas densidades (1:1, 10:1, 20:1 e 30:1 fêmeas/hospedeiro). O período de ovo a adulto da progênie de T. diatraeae foi semelhante nas diferentes densidades de fêmeas desse parasitóide. A razão sexual da progênie emergida foi menor na densidade de 10:1 fêmeas/hospedeiro. Fêmeas e machos de T. diatraeae, emergidos de pupas de B. sophorae parasitadas foram maiores (comprimento do corpo) nas densidades de 20:1 e 30:1 e as cápsulas cefálicas de fêmeas foram maiores nas densidades de 30:1, 20:1 e 40:1 fêmeas/hospedeiro, com valores semelhantes em machos. Portanto, Trichospilus diatraeae parasita e produz progênie em pupas de B. sophorae e O. invirae, mas aquelas pupas de B. sophorae são mais adequadas por produzir maior número de descendentes desse parasitóide. O melhor período reprodutivo de fêmeas de T. diatraeae parasitando pupas de B. sophorae foi entre 48 a 96 horas de vida na com densidade de 20 ou 30 fêmeas/hospedeiro que proporciona maiores taxas de parasitismo, emergência e maior tamanho de indivíduos desse parasitóide. O parasitóide T. diatraeae apresenta potencial para controlar lepidópteros desfolhadores do dendê.

Cette étude propose d’analyser l’influence de l’architecture du palmier à huile sur sa capacité à intercepter la lumière, en se basant sur des reconstructions 3D de palmiers et en établissant un bilan radiatif sur ses structures végétales reconstruites in silico. Le premier objectif de l’étude était de caractériser et modéliser la variabilité génétique de l’architecture du palmier à huile et de son interception lumineuse. Dans un deuxième objectif l’amélioration potentielle de l’interception de la lumière et de l’assimilation carbonée a été évaluée en modifiant les traits morphologiques et géométriques des feuilles et des idéotypes architecturaux de palmiers à huile ont été proposés.Des relations allométriques ont été utilisées pour modéliser les traits architecturaux en fonction de gradients ontogénétique et de topologie des feuilles dans la couronne. La méthode permet de reconstruire des palmiers à huile virtuels à différents âges au cours du développement. De plus, l’approche allométrique a été couplée à des modèles à effets mixtes pour intégrer au travers de paramètres la variabilité entre et au sein des cinq progénies. Le modèle permet ainsi de simuler les spécificités architecturales des cinq progenies en incluant les variabilités entre individus observés. Le modèle architectural, paramétré pour les différentes progénies, a ensuite été implémenté dans AMAPstudio pour générer des maquettes 3D de palmiers et ainsi estimer leur interception lumineuse, de l’individu à la parcelle entière.Les résultats de ces analyses ont révélé des différences significatives entre et au sein des progenies, dans la géométrie des feuilles (longueur du pétiole, densité de folioles sur le rachis, et courbure du rachis) et dans la morphologie des folioles (gradients de longueurs et largeurs le long du rachis). La comparaison virtuelle des différentes progénies ont aussi montré des efficacités distinctes de l’interception lumineuse.Des analyses de sensibilité ont ensuite été réalisées pour identifier les traits architecturaux influençant l’interception lumineuse et l’assimilation potentielle à différents âges de la plante. Les paramètres les plus sensibles au cours du développement furent ceux reliés à la surface totale foliaire (longueur des rachis, nombre de folioles, morphologie des folioles), mais les attributs géométriques plus fins de la feuille ont montré un effet croissant avec la fermeture de la canopée. Sur un couvert adulte, l’optimum en assimilation carbonée est atteint pour des indices de surfaces foliaires (LAI) entre 3,2 et 5,5 m2.m−2, avec des feuilles érigées, de courts pétioles et rachis et un nombre important de folioles sur le rachis. Quatre idéotypes architecturaux pour l’assimilation carbonée ont été proposés et présentent des combinaisons spécifiques de traits géométriques, limitant l’ombrage mutuel des plantes et optimisant la distribution de la lumière dans la couronne.En conclusion, le modèle 3D de palmiers à huile, dans sa conception et son application, a permis de détecter les traits architecturaux génétiquement déterminés et influençant l’interception lumineuse. Ainsi, le nombre limité de traits dégagés par l’analyse de sensibilité ainsi que les combinaisons de traits révélées au travers des idéotypes pourraient être pris en compte dans de futurs programmes de sélection. En perspective, des travaux dédiés à intégrer dans ce modèle d’autres processus physiologiques, tels que la régulation de la conductance stomatique et le partitionnement du carbone dans la plante, sont à envisager. Ce nouvel FSPM pourrait alors être utilisé pour tester différents scénarii, comme par exemple dans un contexte de changement climatique avec de faibles radiations et des périodes de sécheresse fréquentes. De même, ce modèle pourrait être utilisé pour étudier différentes configurations de plantation et des systèmes de cultures intercalaires, et ainsi proposer de nouveaux idéotypes multicritères / In this study we proposed to investigate the influence of oil palm architecture on the capacity of the plant to intercept light, by using 3D reconstructions and model-assisted evaluation of radiation-use efficiency. The first objective of this study was to analyse and model oil palm architecture and light interception taking into account genetic variability. A second objective was to explore the potential improvements in light capture and carbon assimilation by manipulating oil palm leaf traits and propose architectural ideotypes.Allometric relationships were applied to model these traits according to ontogenetic gradients and leaf position within the crown. The methodology allowed reconstructing virtual oil palms at different stages over plant development. Additionally, the allometric-based approach was coupled to mixed-effect models in order to integrate inter and intra progeny variability through progeny-specific parameters. The model thus allowed simulating the specificity of plant architecture for a given progeny while including observed inter-individual variability. The architectural model, parameterized for the different progenies, was then implemented in AMAPstudio to generate 3D mock-ups and estimate light interception efficiency, from individual to stand scales.Significant differences in leaf geometry (petiole length, density of leaflets and rachis curvature) and leaflets morphology (gradients of leaflets length and width) were detected between and within progenies, and were accurately simulated by the modelling approach. Besides, light interception estimated from the validated 3D mock-ups showed significant variations among the five progenies.Sensitivity analyses were then performed on a subset of architectural parameters to identify the architectural traits impacting on light interception efficiency and potential carbon assimilation over plant development. The most sensitive parameters over plant development were those related to leaf area (rachis length, number of leaflets, leaflets morphology), but fine attribute related to leaf geometry showed increasing influence when canopy got closed. In adult stand, optimized carbon assimilation was estimated on plants presenting a leaf area index (LAI) between 3.2 and 5.5 m2.m−2, with erected leaves, short rachis and petiole and high number of leaflet on rachis. Four architectural ideotypes for carbon assimilation were proposed based on specific combinations of organs geometry, limiting mutual shading and optimizing light distribution within plant crown.In conclusion, this study highlighted how a functional-structural plant model (FSPM) can be used to virtually explore plant biology. In our case of study, the 3D model of oil palm, in its conception and its application, permitted to detect the architectural traits genetically determined and influencing light interception. The limited number of traits revealed in the sensitivity analysis and the combination of traits proposed through ideotypes could guide further breeding programs. Forthcoming work will be dedicated to integrate in the modeling approach other physiological processes such as stomatal conductance and carbon partitioning. The improved FSPM could then be used to test different scenarios, for instance in climate change context with low radiations or frequent drought events. Similarly, the model could be used to investigate different planting patterns and intercropping systems, and proposed new multi-criteria ideotypes of oil palm.

Les allèles en ségrégation des deux génomes Elaeis ont été tracés dans un pseudo backcross interspécifique Elaeis (E. oleifera x E. guineensis) x E. guineensis. Dix-neuf QTL de proportion d'acides gras de l'huile de palme par rapport à 16 QTL des mêmes caractères d'un croisement intraspécifique E. guineensis ont mis en évidence des QTL communs ou spécifiques aux deux espèces. Aucune corrélation n'existe entre proportions d'acides gras et le rendement en huile de palme. Le déterminisme génétique et les principaux gènes associés aux acides gras du mésocarpe ont été étudiés, à l'aide de banques d'ADNc pleine longueur et des extraits d'ARNm de mésocarpe de fruits en développement des espèces Elaeis chacune représentée par quatre fonds génétiques. L'expression de 113 gènes Elaeis clés ou de facteurs putatifs de régulation des voies de synthèse de novo des acides gras et des triacylglycérols fut caractérisée au niveau de l'espèce par analyse in silico de profils de transcription et par analyse Real Time RT-qPCR. Les gènes ont été cartographiés sur le pseudo backcross avec 180 marqueurs SNP intra-géniques. Quarante-huit gènes étaient exprimés différemment entre espèces dont 94% plus exprimés chez E. guineensis. Le facteur de transcription EgAP2-2 (WRI1-like) influence le début de la synthèsede novo des acide gras par action principale sur les gènes MAT et KAS III, parait indépendant de l'expression d'autres gènes et non différentiel entre espèces. Les variations en C16:0 et C18:0 entre espèces s'expliquent par niveau d'expression allélique et l'activité enzymatique relative des isoformes présentes dans le génome de FATB (2), KAS II (1) et SAD (3). / An Elaeis interspecific pseudo-backcross of first generation (E. oleifera x E. guineensis) x E. guineensis allowed tracing segregating alleles from both Elaeis genomes. Nineteen quantitative trait loci (QTLs) associated to palm oil fatty acid proportions compared to 16 QTLs of same traits in an intra-specific oil palm cross evidenced common or specific QTLs in E. guineensis and E. oleifera. No correlation was found in oil palm between mesocarp fatty acid proportions and yieldtraits. The genetic determinism of main fatty acid proportions was confirmed. Genes related to palm oil fatty acids were investigated using full-length cDNA libraries and mRNA extracts from the mesocarp of developing fruits in each Elaeis species represented by four genetic pools. Expression of 113 key Elaeis genes or putative regulation factors of de novo fatty acid and triacylglycerol pathways were characterized at species level by in silico transcript profiling and Real Time RT-qPCR analysis. Genes were mapped on the pseudo-backcross using 180 intra-gene SNP markers. Forty-eight genes were differentially expressed between Elaeis species, with 94% over expressed in E. guineensis. The EgAP2-2 (WRI1-like) transcription factor might influence the start of the de novo fatty acid pathway by main action only on the MAT and KAS III genes, as independent in expression from other genes and not differential between species. Between species variations in C16:0 and C18:0 can be deciphered by relative expression levels and enzyme activities of the isoforms in the genome of FATB (2), KAS II (1) and SAD (3). An oil palm producing more oleic acid in proportion than pure E. oleifera is feasible.

O presente estudo teve como objetivo avaliar o desempenho de produção de óleo de quatro cultivares de palma irrigada em duas épocas de colheita em condições de Cerrado, avaliar o efeito do método de extração de óleo sobre o teor de óleo extraído, além de formular um protocolo com um método de extração mais barato e eficiente focado na indústria de dendê. O método de coleta de dados foi subdividido em duas fases: a primeira fase constituiu no levantamento de dados bibliográficos, possibilitando a elaboração do referencial teórico, da implantação do experimento e da análise dos resultados encontrados na avaliação experimental. Já na segunda fase foi realizada a coleta de material em campo, no município de Porto Nacional- TO, onde foi conduzido o experimento avaliado. O experimento foi composto por quatro cultivares de dendê: (BRS C 2528, BRS C 2501, BRS C 2001, BRS 2301). A coleta de dados para a avaliação do experimento ocorreu com a colheita dos cachos de dendê no estádio de maturação dos frutos, sendo realizadas análises quantitativas dos dados coletados. Os frutos coletados foram pesados, identificados e armazenados em freezer a extração do óleo observou-se que a época de formação do cacho não influencia no teor de óleo obtido e as cultivares não possuem diferenças significativas no teor de óleo avaliado e isso se dá devido o material possivelmente possuir igual origem genética. As análises laboratoriais foram feitas visando à otimização do método utilizado na indústria de dendê e para isso foram realizadas extrações de óleo de dendê com solvente hexano com testes de diferentes tempos de extração, diferentes granulometrias utilizadas no processo extrativo, avaliação do efeito da umidade no peso de óleo obtido teste de higroscopicidade para avaliar se haveria necessidade do uso do dessecador no processo de pesagem do óleo extraído. / This study aimed to evaluate the performance of four irrigated palm cultivars oil production in two harvest seasons in Cerrado conditions, evaluate the effect of oil extraction method on the extracted oil content, as well as formulate a protocol to a method for cheaply and efficiently focused on the extraction of palm oil industry. The data collection method was divided into two phases: the first phase consisted in the collection of bibliographic data, enabling the development of the theoretical framework, the implementation of the experiment and analysis of the results found in the experimental evaluation. In the second phase we collected material in the field, in Porto Nacional- TO, which was conducted the experiment evaluated. The experiment consisted of four cultivars of palm: (BRS C 2528, BRS C 2501 C BRS 2001 BRS 2301). Data collection for the evaluation of the experiment occurred with crop of palm bunches in the fruit ripening stage, and performed quantitative analysis of the collected data. Then fruits were weighed, identified and stored in a freezer at oil extraction was observed that the cluster formation time influences the obtained oil content and yield did not have significant differences in estimated oil content and this is because the material have the same genetic origin. Laboratory tests were performed in order to optimize the method used in the oil palm industry and that were held palm oil extraction solvent hexane extraction tests of different times, different particle sizes used in the extraction process, evaluation of moisture effect on weight oil obtained hygroscopicity test to assess whether there was a need desiccator use the extracted oil weighing process.