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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
71

Effects of recurring perturbations on byproduct cross-feeding chain lengths in a digital microbiome

Schwarz, Johanna January 2021 (has links)
The human gut microbiome is a complex ecosystem with hundreds of species interacting with each other and the host. One function of the microbiome is to break down undigested nutrients into smaller nutrients, sometimes available for uptake by the host. The digestion of such macromolecules can involve several species where one feeds on another’s byproducts, forming a large cross-feeding network. The method of digital evolution can be of great aid in studying such complex ecosystems by creating models of the studied system. In this study, the digital evolution software Avida was used to study the effects of perturbations in the system on byproduct cross-feeding chain length. Intense perturbations were found to shorten the chain lengths in general whereas weaker perturbations had either a small or no effect. When perturbations ceased, most byproduct chains displayed recovery to lengths similar to the preperturbation lengths. This indicates that byproduct chain lengths may be kept short by common ecological mechanisms alone, explaining why very long chains are rarely observed while still theoretically possible.
72

DETERMINATION OF STRATEGIC PRIORITIES FOR A MICROBIOME COMPANY THROUGH ANALYSIS OF TECHNICAL CAPABILITIES AND CURRENT MARKET LANDSCAPES

Andrew, Brandon E. 29 May 2020 (has links)
No description available.
73

The Role of Diet and Phytochemicals for the Prevention of Pre-Clinical Prostate Cancer and Impact on Gut Microbiome Structure

Geraghty, Connor Mulroy January 2020 (has links)
No description available.
74

Characterization of Growth Hormone's Role on the Gut Microbiome

Jensen, Elizabeth A. 22 September 2020 (has links)
No description available.
75

Artificial intelligence-based clinical classification of diseases: Utilizing gut microbiota as a feature for supervised learning and diagnostic screening of inflammatory bowel diseases

Manandhar, Ishan January 2021 (has links)
No description available.
76

Gut Microbiome, Intestinal Permeability, and Tissue Bacteria in Metabolic Disease: Perpetrators or Bystanders?

Chakaroun, Rima M., Massier, Lucas, Kovacs, Peter 20 April 2023 (has links)
The emerging evidence on the interconnectedness between the gut microbiome and host metabolism has led to a paradigm shift in the study of metabolic diseases such as obesity and type 2 diabetes with implications on both underlying pathophysiology and potential treatment. Mounting preclinical and clinical evidence of gut microbiota shifts, increased intestinal permeability in metabolic disease, and the critical positioning of the intestinal barrier at the interface between environment and internal milieu have led to the rekindling of the “leaky gut” concept. Although increased circulation of surrogate markers and directly measurable intestinal permeability have been linked to increased systemic inflammation in metabolic disease, mechanistic models behind this phenomenon are underdeveloped. Given repeated observations of microorganisms in several tissues with congruent phylogenetic findings, we review current evidence on these unanticipated niches, focusing specifically on the interaction between gut permeability and intestinal as well as extra-intestinal bacteria and their joint contributions to systemic inflammation and metabolism. We further address limitations of current studies and suggest strategies drawing on standard techniques for permeability measurement, recent advancements in microbial culture independent techniques and computational methodologies to robustly develop these concepts, which may be of considerable value for the development of prevention and treatment strategies.
77

Dynamique saisonnière du microbiome intestinal en réponse à la diète traditionnelle inuite

Dubois, Geneviève 12 1900 (has links)
Le microbiome intestinal humain est une importante communauté de microorganismes, spécifique aux individus et aux populations, dont la composition est influencée par de nombreux facteurs, tels que la génétique et les habitudes de vie de son hôte. La diète est cependant un élément majeur façonnant sa structure. Les influences de plusieurs diètes humaines sur le microbiome ont été largement investiguées. Toutefois, l’impact des variations saisonnières inhérentes à certaines diètes est peu connu. La diète traditionnelle inuite est un exemple de régime alimentaire riche en graisses et protéines animales qui varie temporellement en fonction de la disponibilité saisonnière des ressources. Afin d’étudier les dynamiques temporelles du microbiome intestinal inuit en réponse à la diète traditionnelle, des échantillons de papier hygiénique contenant des selles ont été récoltés auprès d’un groupe de volontaire Inuits du Nunavut (Canada) durant huit mois. Un groupe contrôle de Montréalais (Québec, Canada) de descendance européenne, consommant une diète typiquement occidentale, a également été sollicité. La diversité et la composition du microbiome ont été caractérisées par le séquençage de la région V4 de l’ARNr 16s. Les microbiomes obtenus par un échantillonnage de papier hygiénique et de selles ont été comparés. Ces deux méthodes offrent des représentations similaires mais non-identiques du microbiome intestinal. À partir du séquençage d’échantillons de papier hygiénique, nous avons trouvé que les variations inter-individuelles du microbiome sont plus importantes que les variations intra-individuelles au sein de Montréal et du Nunavut. Des différences significatives de la composition du microbiome s’expliqueraient par la consommation différentielle de certains groupes alimentaires. Bien qu’aucune différence saisonnière marquée n’ait été observée, en termes de composition, le microbiome fluctue davantage à travers le temps chez les individus inuits. Ces résultats suggèrent que le microbiome inuit pourrait être façonné par une diète plus variable. Ensemble, nos résultats suggèrent que la diète traditionnelle a encore un impact important sur la composition, la diversité et la stabilité de microbiome inuit, malgré les transitions alimentaires vécues au Nunavut. / The human gut microbiome represents a diverse microbial community specific to individuals and populations, which is heavily influenced by factors such as genetics and lifestyle. Diet is a major force shaping the gut microbiome, and the effects of dietary choices on microbiome composition have been thoroughly investigated. It has been shown that a change in diet also changes the gut microbiome, but the effects of seasonal diets are poorly known. The traditional Inuit diet is primarily based on animal products, which vary seasonally based on prey availability. To investigate the dynamics of the Inuit diet over time, we collected gut microbiome samples from Inuit volunteers living in Resolute Bay (Nunavut, Canada), and compared them to samples collected from individuals of European descent living in Montréal (Québec, Canada) and consuming a typical Western diet. We sequenced the V4 region of the 16S rRNA gene to characterize the diversity and composition of the Inuit microbiome, and surveyed differences among samples collected with toilet paper or from stool. Our results show that these sampling methods provide similar, but non-identical portraits of the microbiome. Based on sequencing from toilet paper samples alone, we found that inter-individual variations of the microbiome community composition were greater than within-individual variations, both in Nunavut and Montreal, with significant differences in microbiome explained by dietary preferences. No defined seasonal shift of microbiome composition was detected in samples collected over time. However, within-individual microbial diversity fluctuated more with time in Nunavut than in Montreal. Together, these results underline that the traditional Inuit diet still has an important impact on the composition, diversity and stability of the Inuit gut microbiome, even if the traditional seasonality of the diet is less pronounced than expected, due to an increasingly westernized diet in Nunavut.
78

Plant diversity and landscape-scale effects on multitrophic interactions involving invertebrates

Tiede, Julia 15 November 2017 (has links)
No description available.
79

L’évolution des pangénomes de procaryotes sur des échelles de temps humaines

N'Guessan, Arnaud 12 1900 (has links)
Le pangénome est l’ensemble des gènes uniques retrouvé chez une espèce. Dans le cas des espèces procaryotes, notamment celles qui sont présentes dans le microbiote intestinal humain, la variation du contenu en gène est caractérisée par des événements de gain de gènes principalement par transfert horizontal de gènes (THG) et de perte de gène. Cette variation du contenu en gène peut être plus rapide que le taux de mutation et permettre aux microbes de s’adapter rapidement à des pressions sélectives. Cela justifie donc l’étude de l’évolution pangénomique des procaryotes sur des échelles de temps humaines qui sont considérées comme étant courtes du point de vue évolutif, par exemple de l’ordre de quelques années. La plupart des études sur ce sujet impliquent des espèces relativement distantes qui ont divergé depuis des millions d’années. De plus, l'équilibre des forces évolutives majeures impliquées, telles que le THG, la sélection, la dérive génétique et les mutations, n’est pas clairement défini et est au cœur d’un débat dans la littérature. Ce projet de maîtrise permet donc d’élargir le portrait évolutif des pangénomes de procaryotes en s’intéressant à l’évolution des gènes transférés horizontalement, aussi appelés gènes mobiles, sur de courtes échelles de temps. Pour ce faire, nous allons d’abord passer en revue la littérature pertinente en lien avec ce sujet, notamment les méthodes employées pour détecter les gènes mobiles et les modèles d’évolution pangénomique. Nous allons ensuite analyser l’évolution d’une collection de 37 853 gènes mobiles impliqués dans des THG récents détectés dans le microbiote intestinal d’individus provenant d’Amérique du Nord ou des îles Fidji. Pour détecter des signatures évolutives des forces en action, nous estimerons divers paramètres de génétique des populations à partir de l’alignement entre les lectures de séquençage métagénomique de 176 microbiotes fidjiens et cette collection de gènes mobiles. Nous expliquerons aussi l’outil de simulations évolutives que nous avons développé afin de valider et expliquer certaines de nos observations. Sans exclure la présence de pressions de sélection pour des gènes mobiles ayant des fonctions spécifiques, les données réelles et les simulations nous amènent à conclure que l’évolution des gènes mobiles sur de courtes échelles de temps peut être expliquée par un modèle d’évolution où les gènes mobiles ne sont pas largement adaptifs à leurs hôtes humains ou microbiens, contrairement à ce qui est parfois observé sur de longues échelles de temps évolutif. / The pangenome is the collection of unique genes found in a species. For prokaryotes, especially those present in the human gut microbiota, variation in gene content is characterized by gene gain through horizontal gene transfer (HGT) and gene loss. In human gut, gene content variations can occur at faster rates than mutation, which allow microbes to adapt rapidly to environmental changes. This justifies the study of the prokaryotes pangenome evolution on human time scales which are considered evolutionarily short, e.g. in the order of few years. Most studies about the evolution of prokaryotic pangenomes involve relatively distant species that have diverged since millions of years. In addition, the balance of major evolutionary forces involved, such as horizontal transfer, selection, genetic drift, and mutations, is not clearly defined and is debated in literature. This master's project therefore aims to broaden the evolutionary portrait of prokaryotic pangenome evolution by focusing on near-term evolution. To do this, we will first review the relevant literature related to this topic, including the methods used to detect mobile genes and the pangenome evolution models. We will then analyze the evolution of a pre-existing collection of 37 853 mobile genes involved in recent HGT events detected in the gut microbiota of individuals from North America and Fiji Islands. To detect evolutionary signatures of the forces in action, we will estimate various population genetics parameters from the alignment between metagenomic sequencing reads of 176 Fijian microbiomes and this collection of mobile genes. We will also explain the evolutionary simulation tool that we have developed in order to validate and explain some of our observations. While we don’t exclude the importance of selection for specific cellular functions for pangenome evolution, we found that the near-term evolution of mobile genes can be explained by a model in which mobile genes can spread selfishly without being largely adaptive to their human or microbial hosts, contrarily to what is often observed over longer evolutionary time scales.
80

Efekt bezlepkové diety na zbytkovou kapacitu β-buněk, imunitní funkci a střevní mikrobiom dětí s nově manifestovaným diabetem 1. typu / The effect of gluten-free diet on β-cell residual capacity, immune function and gut microbiome in children with newly diagnosed type 1. diabetes

Neuman, Vít January 2021 (has links)
The effect of gluten-free diet on β-cell residual capacity, immune function and gut microbiome in children with newly diagnosed type 1. diabetes Abstract The pathophysiology of the onset and progression of type 1 diabetes (T1D) is not fully understood. Gluten has a proinflammatory effect on the immune system and is therefore considered as one of the factors affecting the onset and progression of T1D. The aim of the thesis is to allow a complex insight into the role of the GFD on the residual β-cell capacity, T1D control, gut microbiome, gut permeability, subtypes of immune cells and the effect of gut microbiome transfer into germ-free non-obese diabetic (NOD) mice on the incidence of diabetes. On the group of 45 children with T1D (26 intervention group, 19 control group) we proved the association of the GFD with slower decrease of β-cell residual capacity (the difference in the trend of C-peptide decrease 409 pmol/l/year; p = 0,04) and lower HbA1c (by 7,8 mmol/mol; p=0,02). We also described the changes in the gut bacteria that were differentially abundant after the administration of the GFD and the changes in abundance of the regulatory and effector immune cells. We showed there was no change in the gut permeability with respect to the study group. We also proved that the transfer of human gut microbiota...

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