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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
21

Directed differentiation of mouse embryonic stem cells to haematopoietic lineages using EPL induction

Frances Harding Unknown Date (has links)
No description available.
22

Development of haematopoietic stem cells in the human embryo

Ivanovs, Andrejs January 2012 (has links)
Haematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) emerge during embryogenesis and maintain hematopoiesis in the adult organism. Qualitative and quantitative assessment of HSCs can only be performed functionally using the in vivo long-term repopulation assay. Due to the lack of such data, little is known about the development of HSCs in the human embryo, which is a prerequisite for the development of new therapeutic strategies. Employing the xenotransplantation assay, I have performed here the spatio-temporal mapping of HSC activity within the human embryo and have shown that human HSCs emerge first in the aorta-gonad-mesonephros (AGM) region, specifically in the ventral wall of the dorsal aorta, and only later appear in the yolk sac, liver and placenta. Human AGM region HSCs transplanted into immunodeficient mice provide long-term high-level multilineage haematopoietic repopulation. These cells, although present in the AGM region in low numbers, exhibit a very high self-renewal potential. A single HSC derived from the AGM region generates around 600 daughter HSCs in primary recipient mice, which disseminate throughout the entire recipient bone marrow and are retransplantable. These findings highlight the vast regenerative potential of the earliest human HSCs and set a new standard for in vitro generation of HSCs from pluripotent stem cells for the purpose of regenerative medicine. I have also established a preliminary immunophenotype of the earliest human HSC. These data will be useful for my future studies on the mechanisms underlying the high potency of human embryonic HSCs and on the characterisation of embryonic HSC niche.
23

Dissecting human haematopoietic progenitors

Samitsch, Marina January 2013 (has links)
Human haematopoiesis resembles a complex hierarchy, however most intermediate stages are only poorly defined. Efforts to characterise human progenitors have been inconsistent and failed to integrate previous knowledge. Furthermore, characterisation of normal progenitors has important implications in acute myeloid leukaemia (AML) biology. We previously established that leukaemic stem cells (LSCs) resemble the immunophenotypic progenitor compartments more closely than the stem cell fraction. Therefore, I set out to characterise human stem and progenitor cells (HSCPs) on phenotypic, molecular and functional level to complete the picture of human haematopoiesis. I purified HSPCs based on their immunophenotype from adult bone marrow (BM) and umbilical cord blood (CB) to investigate steady state and neonatal haematopoiesis. To define differentiation potentials, HSPCs were subjected to functional in vitro assays on bulk and clonal level. Limit dilution assays were used to determine the frequency of cells with multiple differentiation potentials. RNA sequencing revealed underlying lineage priming and specific gene expression signatures. I successfully characterized the incompletely defined Lin<sup>-</sup>CD34<sup>+</sup>CD38<sup>-</sup>CD45RA<sup>+</sup> fraction in BM and CB, containing a CD10<sup>lo</sup> lymphoid-primed multipotent progenitor (LMPP) with T cell, B cell, NK cell, granulocytic and monocytic differentiation potential, and succeeded in placing it in the haematopoietic hierarchy with relation to similar lympho-myeloid progenitors defined by other groups. This research lays the foundation to characterise early human progenitors with a comprehensive toolkit on a phenotypic, molecular and functional level. Findings from this thesis might provide knowledge about potential targets in LSCs.
24

A phagocyte-specific Irf8 gene enhancer establishes early conventional dendritic cell commitment

Schönheit, Jörg January 2011 (has links)
Haematopoietic development is a complex process that is strictly hierarchically organized. Here, the phagocyte lineages are a very heterogeneous cell compartment with specialized functions in innate immunity and induction of adaptive immune responses. Their generation from a common precursor must be tightly controlled. Interference within lineage formation programs for example by mutation or change in expression levels of transcription factors (TF) is causative to leukaemia. However, the molecular mechanisms driving specification into distinct phagocytes remain poorly understood. In the present study I identify the transcription factor Interferon Regulatory Factor 8 (IRF8) as the specification factor of dendritic cell (DC) commitment in early phagocyte precursors. Employing an IRF8 reporter mouse, I showed the distinct Irf8 expression in haematopoietic lineage diversification and isolated a novel bone marrow resident progenitor which selectively differentiates into CD8α+ conventional dendritic cells (cDCs) in vivo. This progenitor strictly depends on Irf8 expression to properly establish its transcriptional DC program while suppressing a lineage-inappropriate neutrophile program. Moreover, I demonstrated that Irf8 expression during this cDC commitment-step depends on a newly discovered myeloid-specific cis-enhancer which is controlled by the haematopoietic transcription factors PU.1 and RUNX1. Interference with their binding leads to abrogation of Irf8 expression, subsequently to disturbed cell fate decisions, demonstrating the importance of these factors for proper phagocyte cell development. Collectively, these data delineate a transcriptional program establishing cDC fate choice with IRF8 in its center. / Die Differenzierung von hämatopoietischen Zellen ist ein komplexer Prozess, der strikt hierarchisch organisiert ist. Dabei stellen die Phagozyten eine sehr heterogene Zellpopulation dar, mit hochspezialisierten Funktionen im angeborenen Immunsystem sowie während der Initialisierung der adaptiven Immunreaktion. Ihre Entwicklung, ausgehend von einer gemeinsamen Vorläuferzelle, unterliegt einer strikten Kontrolle. Die Beeinträchtigung dieser Linienentscheidungsprogramme, z.B. durch Mutationen oder Änderungen der Expressionslevel von Transkriptionsfaktoren kann Leukämie auslösen. Die molekularen Mechanismen, welche die linienspezifische Entwicklung steuern, sind allerdings noch nicht im Detail bekannt. In dieser Arbeit zeige ich den maßgeblichen Einfluss des Transkriptionsfaktors Interferon Regulierender Faktor 8 (IRF8) auf die Entwicklung von dendritischen Zellen (DC) innerhalb der Phagozyten. Mittels einer IRF8-Reporter Maus stellte ich die sehr differenziellen Expressionsmuster von Irf8 in der hämatopoietischen Entwicklung dar. Dabei konnte ich eine neue, im Knochenmark lokalisierte, Vorläuferpopulation isolieren, die in vivo spezifisch Differenzierung in CD8α+ konventionelle dendritische Zellen (cDC) steuert. Dieser Vorläufer ist dabei absolut von der Expression von Irf8 abhängig und etabliert auf transkriptioneller Ebene die dendritische Zellentwicklung, während gleichzeitig die Entwicklung neutrophiler Zellen unterdrückt wird. Darüber hinaus zeigte ich, dass Irf8 Expression während der cDC Entwicklung von einem neu charakterisierten cis-regulatorischen Enhancer abhängt, der spezifisch in myeloiden Zellen agiert. Ich konnte zeigen, dass die hämatopoietischen Transkriptionfaktoren PU.1 und RUNX1 mittels dieses Enhancers die Irf8 Expression steuern. Können diese beiden Faktoren nicht mit dem Enhancer interagieren, führt das zu stark verminderter Irf8 Expression, damit zu Veränderungen in den Differnzierungsprogrammen der Zellen, was die Bedeutung dieses regulatorischen Mechanismus unterstreicht. Zusammengefasst beschreiben diese Daten die Etablierung der frühen cDC Entwicklung, in der IRF8 die zentrale Rolle spielt.
25

Biomathematische Modellierung von Therapiewirkungen bei Lymphomerkrankungen – Ein Beitrag zur Medizinischen Systembiologie

Scholz, Markus 19 December 2012 (has links) (PDF)
In der vorliegenden Habilitationsschrift werden biomathematische Modelle beschrieben, mit deren Hilfe unterschiedliche Wirkungen von zytotoxischen Chemotherapien beschrieben und vorhergesagt werden können. Die meisten Anwendungen beziehen sich dabei auf Therapien von Lymphomerkrankungen. Die dargestellten Modellkonzepte sind aber prinzipiell auch auf Therapien anderer Erkrankungen übertragbar. Den Hauptteil der Arbeit umfassen Modellierungen der Hämatotoxizität einer konventionellen Chemotherapie in Abhängigkeit von der Art, der Dosierung und der zeitlichen Verabfolgung der zytotoxischen Substanzen, dem Einsatz von hämatopoetischen Wachstumsfaktoren und individuellen Risikofaktoren. Hierbei wurde die Hämatopoese im Knochenmark, die Pharmakokinetik und -dynamik hämatopoetischer Wachstumsfaktoren sowie die Wirkung der Chemotherapie mit Hilfe gewöhnlicher Differentialgleichungssysteme beschrieben. Ähnliche Modellierungen der murinen Hämatopoese begleitet und beeinflussen diese Arbeiten. Die Modelle ermöglichen eine Reihe von klinisch relevanten Vorhersagen, insbesondere bezüglich risikoadaptierter Therapien und Optimierung der Gabe von G-CSF. Diese wurden teilweise in später durchgeführten klinischen Studien validiert. Des Weiteren wurde das Risiko des Auftretens sekundärer hämatologischer Malignitäten in Abhängigkeit von den eingesetzten Primär- und Rezidivtherapien mittels statistischer Modelle beschrieben. Hierbei stand speziell die Frage im Vordergrund, wie sich entsprechende multiparametrische Modelle geeignet reduzieren lassen, um überhaupt parametrisiert werden zu können. Abschließend wird ein Konzept für ein immunologisches Tumormodell vorgeschlagen, mit dessen Hilfe perspektivisch die Tumorkontrolle unter kombinierten Chemo- und Immuntherapien des CD20 positiven B-Zelllymphoms vorhergesagt werden könnte. Die in dieser Arbeit vorgestellten mathematischen Modelle und Modellkonzepte stellen einen Beitrag zur Planung von klinischen Studien mittels systembiologischer Modelle dar.
26

Investigating the specific roles of the growth factor kit ligand in the regulation of murine haematopoiesis

Facchini, Raffaella Maria January 2015 (has links)
No description available.
27

Notch signalling in Xenopus laevis haematopoietic stem cell programming

Stephenson, Rachel A. January 2013 (has links)
Multipotent haematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) originate in the dorsal aorta (DA) during vertebrate embryogenesis, and after migrating to a permanent niche, give rise to a continuous supply of mature blood cells of all lineages throughout adult life. Previous cell tracing experiments have shown that the cells of the DA migrate here from an early collection of haemangioblasts (bipotential precursors of blood and endothelial cells) which reside in the dorsolateral plate (DLP) mesoderm. Development of HSCs is tightly regulated by a number of key signalling pathways in both the DLP and the DA. In particular, notch signalling is considered an important factor in vascular, arterial and HSC development. Here, the relatively slow development and the spatial separation of definitive haematopoiesis from primitive haematopoiesis in Xenopus laevis has been exploited to reveal the first defect of reduced notch signalling in the Xenopus DA. Two notch inputs to HSC programming have been identified in Xenopus: notch4 and its target genes, esr7 and esr10, are expressed from stage 31, immediately after migrating haemangioblast cells reach the midline of the embryo to form the DA, whilst notch1 is expressed slightly later, from stage 34, and controls expression of two further notch target genes, esr1 and hesr1. Using both morpholino knockdown of these six genes, and chemical inhibition of notch signalling using a specific γ-secretase inhibitor, notch signalling has been demonstrated to be essential for HSC programming but dispensable for earlier haemangioblast and arterial programming. Furthermore, esr1, downstream of both notch1 and notch4, is shown to be responsible for repression of endothelial genes in the DA. Taken together, this demonstrates that a cascade of notch and notch effector genes are essential for the programming of Xenopus HSCs.
28

The mechanism of Nov (CCN3) function in haematopoiesis

Guo, Yanping January 2012 (has links)
Haematopoietic stem cells (HSC) are strictly regulated by intrinsic regulators and extrinsic signals from the microenvironment. Nov (CCN3), a matricellular protein of the CCN family, has been reported as a suppressor gene in solid tumours and chronic myeloid leukaemia (CML). Recent study identified Nov as a positive regulator in human cord blood CD34+ stem cells. However, the functions of Nov in haematopoiesis and adult HSC remain largely unknown.
29

Characterization of the mammalian homologs of the Drosophila Melanogaster Endocytic protein lethal (2) giant discs 1

Hébert-Losier, Andréa 04 1900 (has links)
Endocytose joue un rôle dans l'activation du récepteur Notch. Des mutations dans le gène drosophilien lethal giant discs (lgd), provoque une prolifération cellulaire en perturbant l'endocytose de Notch. Les orthologues murins mlgd1 et 2 peuvent sauver ce phénotype, démontrant une fonction conservée. Cependant, des publications récentes suggèrent que les orthologs humains de lgd (hgd1/2) sont nucléaires. Dans cette étude, il est démontré que chez la Drosophile, le mutant dlgd(08) provoque l'accumulation de Notch dans des vésicules et une surprolifération de neuroblastes . Ceci suggère que Notch est activé a l'intérieur des endosomes dans les neuroblastes. L'immunohistochimie de cellules Hela indique que hlgd1 et 2 ne sont pas nucléaires, mais associés à des strctures endosomales. Enfin, la baisse d'expression par shRNA des gènes murins mlgd1 et mlgd2 provoque une différenciation accélérée des cellules souches hématopoïétiques dans la lignée lymphopoïèse T et bloque la transition DN3 / CD4+CD8+, suggérant une suractivation de Notch. / Endocytosis plays a role in the activation of the Notch receptor. Mutations in the Drosophila gene lethal giant discs (lgd), causes cellular overgrowth by perturbing Notch endocytosis. This Drosophila phenotype is rescued by the murine orthologs mlgd1 and 2, indicating conserved function. However, recent publications suggest that the human orthologs (hlgd1/2) are nuclear. This study demonstrates that the dlgd(08) mutant in Drosophila causes accumulation of Notch in vesicles and the overproliferation of neuroblasts. This suggests Notch is activated from within endosomes in neuroblasts. Immunohistochemistry of Hela cells indicates that hlgd1 is associated with early endosome while, hlgd2 with later endosome and lysosome, and not with the nucleus. Finally, down regulation of murine mlgd1 and mlgd2 by shRNA caused an accelerated differentiation of hematopoietic stem cell into the T lymphopoiesis lineage and blocked the DN3 to CD4+CD8+ transition, suggesting that Notch is overactivated in these cells.
30

Characterization of the mammalian homologs of the Drosophila Melanogaster Endocytic protein lethal (2) giant discs 1

Hébert-Losier, Andréa 04 1900 (has links)
Endocytose joue un rôle dans l'activation du récepteur Notch. Des mutations dans le gène drosophilien lethal giant discs (lgd), provoque une prolifération cellulaire en perturbant l'endocytose de Notch. Les orthologues murins mlgd1 et 2 peuvent sauver ce phénotype, démontrant une fonction conservée. Cependant, des publications récentes suggèrent que les orthologs humains de lgd (hgd1/2) sont nucléaires. Dans cette étude, il est démontré que chez la Drosophile, le mutant dlgd(08) provoque l'accumulation de Notch dans des vésicules et une surprolifération de neuroblastes . Ceci suggère que Notch est activé a l'intérieur des endosomes dans les neuroblastes. L'immunohistochimie de cellules Hela indique que hlgd1 et 2 ne sont pas nucléaires, mais associés à des strctures endosomales. Enfin, la baisse d'expression par shRNA des gènes murins mlgd1 et mlgd2 provoque une différenciation accélérée des cellules souches hématopoïétiques dans la lignée lymphopoïèse T et bloque la transition DN3 / CD4+CD8+, suggérant une suractivation de Notch. / Endocytosis plays a role in the activation of the Notch receptor. Mutations in the Drosophila gene lethal giant discs (lgd), causes cellular overgrowth by perturbing Notch endocytosis. This Drosophila phenotype is rescued by the murine orthologs mlgd1 and 2, indicating conserved function. However, recent publications suggest that the human orthologs (hlgd1/2) are nuclear. This study demonstrates that the dlgd(08) mutant in Drosophila causes accumulation of Notch in vesicles and the overproliferation of neuroblasts. This suggests Notch is activated from within endosomes in neuroblasts. Immunohistochemistry of Hela cells indicates that hlgd1 is associated with early endosome while, hlgd2 with later endosome and lysosome, and not with the nucleus. Finally, down regulation of murine mlgd1 and mlgd2 by shRNA caused an accelerated differentiation of hematopoietic stem cell into the T lymphopoiesis lineage and blocked the DN3 to CD4+CD8+ transition, suggesting that Notch is overactivated in these cells.

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