Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Texas at Austin, 2008. / Vita. Includes bibliographical references.

Dagens samhälle präglas till stor del av de miljöproblem vi står inför. Växthusgaser och energiåtgång som uppstår vid tillverkning av material och produkter är en av de största orsakerna till detta och en stor utmaning finns i att minimera dessa genom nytänkande. Nytänkande brukar ofta associeras med att bygga med nya, moderna material producerade med hjälp av den senaste tekniken, men tänk om svaret istället kan finnas om man väljer att titta bakåt? Det finns gott om exempel på hus som står kvar än idag som är över hundra år gamla, halmbalshus är ett sådant. Studien är en del av utbildningen Högskoleingenjör inom Byggteknik på Linköpings Universitet, den utförs den sista terminen och fungerar som en avslutande del av utbildningen. Syftet med studien är att ge en övergripande bild in i vad som ingår i att bygga ett halmbalshus. Man ska få sig en uppfattning om för- och nackdelar för denna typ av byggnad. Den ska också klargöra för värmeisoleringsberäkningar för väggar, detta för att fastställa husets värmeisoleringsförmåga. Studien ska leda till en förståelse kring hur man kan producera ett halmbalshus samt tillhörande värmeisoleringsberäkningar för väggar. Målet med studien är att redogöra byggsättet för ett halmbalshus i Sverige. För- och nackdelar ska föras fram. En mätning av halmbalshusets u-värde ska göras och jämföras med en teoretisk beräkning av samma hus. Eventuella skillnader i resultaten ska diskuteras. För att genomföra studien så har en litteraturundersökning använts som den primära metoden för insamling av information. Teoridelen lutar sig huvudsakligen mot avhandlingar och böcker i ämnet. Plattformar som DIVA och UniSearch har använts för att hitta avhandlingar. För att utvärdera värmeledningsförmågan för konstruktionen kommer två metoder användas och sedan jämföras. En teoretisk beräkning som baseras på beräkningsformler ur en bok som behandlar ämnet. Detta resultat ska jämföras med en mätning i fält med kompletterande beräkning med hjälp av värdena som mäts upp. Även denna beräkning grundar sig i samma bok. Resultatet gav att byggsättet har både för- och nackdelar. Den främsta egenskapen är att byggsättet är miljövänligt. Men anledningen till att halmbalshus inte byggs i Sverige är för att det tidsineffektivt p.g.a. två anledningar. Dessa anledningar är informationsbrist och tidskrävande moment. För att byggsättet ska bli mer populärt så krävs vidare utveckling för att minimera tidsåtgången eller att behovet av miljövänliga hus ökar så att fördelarna överväger nackdelarna. Värmeledningsförmågan har blivit utredd med två metoder som sedan jämförts med varandra. En teoretisk beräkning med hjälp av tidigare känt lambdavärde som gav oss U-värdet 0,14 W/m2K och en praktisk mätning i fält som utfördes på ett halmbalshus som gav oss U-värdet 0,09 W/m2K. Efter analys av värdena anses den praktiska mätningen ha stor felmarginal då förutsättningarna och/eller utförandet resulterat i orimliga resultat. Man kan dock få en uppfattning av hur halm ter sig som isoleringsmaterial och detta ser mycket lovande ut. Uvärdet klarar med god marginal de krav som satts av boverket utsatt för en villa. / Today's society is characterized largely by the environmental problems we face. Greenhouse gases and energy use from the production of materials and products is one of the largest reasons for this study and a major challenge is to minimize these through innovation. Innovation is often associated with the construction of new, modern materials produced using the latest technology, but what if the answer can instead be if one chooses to look back? There are plenty of examples of houses that are still standing today which are over a hundred years old, Straw-bale construction is one such. The study is part of the training Bachelor in Civil Engineering at Linköping University, performed the last term and serves as a final part of the training. The purpose of the study is to provide a comprehensive view into what is involved in building a Straw-bale construction. You'll get an idea of the pros and cons of this type of building. It should also clarify the thermal calculations for the walls, in order to determine the building's thermal insulation capacity. The study will lead to an understanding of how to produce a Straw-bale construction and related calculations for thermal insulation walls. The goal of the study is to explain the construction method of a Straw-bale construction in Sweden. The pros and cons will be presented. A measuring of the strawbalehouse U-value will be made and compared with a theoretical calculation of the same house. Any differences in the results will be discussed. A literature survey has been used as the primary method of gathering information. The theory part is based mainly of these and books on the subject. Platforms such as DIVA and UniSearch and have been used frequently. To evaluate the thermal conductivity of the structure, two methods have been used. A theoretical calculation based on formulas of a book dealing with the subject. This result compares with a measurement in the field of complementary calculation using the values measured. Even this calculation is based on the same book. The result gave us that the construction method has both advantages and disadvantages. The main feature is that the building is environmentally friendly. But why the Strawbale construction is not built in Sweden on a large scale is because of the time inefficiency. As we know time is money and the will to build environmentally is not enough for people to start building more of these types of houses. The thermal conductivity has been investigated by two methods which are then compared with each other. A theoretical calculation using previously known lambda values gave us the U-value 0.14 W/m2K and a practical measure in the field carried out in a Straw-bale construction gave us the U-value 0.09 W/m2K. After analysis of the values considered the practical measurement have large margin of error when conditions and / or performance resulted in unreasonable results. However, one can get an idea of how the straw performs as insulation and this looks very promising. The U-value pass by a good margin the requirements set by Boverket.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Königliche Universität Greifswald, 1911. / Vita. Includes bibliographical references (p. [109]-110).

<h1>Abstract</h1><p>The future of ethanol is depending on good solutions for the production. ENA energy power plant produces electrical power and district heating by heating biofuel. By building an integrated bioenergy plant surplus steam could be used to produce ethanol as fuel to vehicle.</p><p>This would mean that ethanol is produced renewable energy and the energy for the process derives from the surplus of power.  ENA energy, MDH (the University of Mälardalen) and the energy authority has initiated a research project were different bioenergy combinations integrate with existing power plant.  As a part of the project which size an integrated factory should be to gain the best efficiency for the plant was investigated. Consideration will be taken to the cost of the production in order to be competitive to the price of imported ethanol.</p><p> </p><p> </p><p>Etanolens framtid vilar på bra lösningar för framställning.  I ENA energi kraftverk i Enköping produceras el och fjärrvärme genom eldning av biobränsle.  Genom att bygga ett integrerat bioenergikraftverk där skulle man kunna använda överskottsånga till att framställa etanol som fordonsbränsle. Detta skulle innebära att etanolen framställs med ett förnybart bränsle och energin till framställningen kommer från ett överskott på värme.   ENA energi, MDH och energimyndigheten har initierat ett forskningsprojekt där en bioenergiintegrering skall undersökas.  Som del i detta skall här undersökas vilken storlek en integrerad etanolfabrik skall ha för att nå högsta totala verkningsgrad för verket samt om framställningspriset kan konkurrera med importerad etanol.</p><p> </p>

Abstract The future of ethanol is depending on good solutions for the production. ENA energy power plant produces electrical power and district heating by heating biofuel. By building an integrated bioenergy plant surplus steam could be used to produce ethanol as fuel to vehicle. This would mean that ethanol is produced renewable energy and the energy for the process derives from the surplus of power.  ENA energy, MDH (the University of Mälardalen) and the energy authority has initiated a research project were different bioenergy combinations integrate with existing power plant.  As a part of the project which size an integrated factory should be to gain the best efficiency for the plant was investigated. Consideration will be taken to the cost of the production in order to be competitive to the price of imported ethanol.     Etanolens framtid vilar på bra lösningar för framställning.  I ENA energi kraftverk i Enköping produceras el och fjärrvärme genom eldning av biobränsle.  Genom att bygga ett integrerat bioenergikraftverk där skulle man kunna använda överskottsånga till att framställa etanol som fordonsbränsle. Detta skulle innebära att etanolen framställs med ett förnybart bränsle och energin till framställningen kommer från ett överskott på värme.   ENA energi, MDH och energimyndigheten har initierat ett forskningsprojekt där en bioenergiintegrering skall undersökas.  Som del i detta skall här undersökas vilken storlek en integrerad etanolfabrik skall ha för att nå högsta totala verkningsgrad för verket samt om framställningspriset kan konkurrera med importerad etanol.

August Halm (1869-1929) was a composer and theorist whose writings on music, especially his Harmonielehre (1900) and Von zwei Kulturen der Musik (1913), were widely known and highly respected in the early 20th century, particularly in Germany. In Von zwei Kulturen der Musik, Halm describes two historical cultures of music, opposes them dialectically, and identifies their synthesis. His first culture--melody--is exemplified by Bach’s fugues. The second culture--harmony--is exemplified by Beethoven’s works in sonata form. Halm believed a third culture that united the previous two had arisen in Bruckner's symphonies, the subject of his next book, Die Symphonie Anton Bruckners (1914). In Von zwei Kulturen, Halm demonstrates the way that these two cultures are different manifestations of dynamic forces in music. To Halm, a well-written fugal subject contains the seed from which the entire piece is generated. A fugue will only be as good as its subject, for its listener must be able to immediately apprehend the dynamic course of the piece. In contrast, the sonata form is the form of opposition that gains its energy from the working out of its two primary key areas. His idea of the organic nature of form is clear in his description of the fugue as the "formula of individuality" and the sonata as the "formula of the collective activity of many individuals,” that is, an “organism in the large.” Halm’s Von zwei Kulturen also provides us with valuable commentary on analytical practices of the time, as Halm criticizes the hermeneutic approaches taken by theorists such as Hermann Kretzschmar (1848-1924) and the narrative approach taken by critics like Paul Bekker (1882-1937). Halm believed that analysis or criticism that relied upon hermeneutic description or imposed narratives not only failed to educate one on the merits of good music and musical form, but also encouraged one to evaluate music according to the inventiveness of the analyst or critic. It is my hope that the English version presented here will introduce many readers to Halm’s unique perspective on music and criticism. / text

Zugl.: Berlin, Humboldt-Univ., Diss., 2007

The purpose of this work has been to create substrates that can contribute to more moisture-proof straw bale constructions through simulations in Wufi Pro. The aim was to simulate different cases with incremental variations of different parameters and to investigate the moisture significance of the parameters. This in order to later, with the help of the results, draw conclusions about how a moisture-proof construction of straw bales can be achieved. The method of carrying out the work was to utilize; previous studies and literature on the subject, Wufi Pro 6 and Wufi Bio 3.5. The results showed that: ·         The moisture content of the straw layer varies, among other things, depending on the facade orientation and geographical location. For Karlstad facades to the south-east and south are most exposed to moisture when rain cover (coat or hat) is lacking. ·         Most exposed to moisture is the straw layers near the cold side of the outer wall. ·         Increasing the interior clay thickness slightly reduces the moisture content of the straw layer. ·         Increasing the outside clay plaster thickness slightly increases the moisture content of the straw layer to a certain thickness and then decreases the same. ·         Addition of outer panel and air gap reduces RH (relative humidity) in the straw layer by about 9%. ·         Constrution in the spring is preferable given the risk of microbial growth (for Karlstad). ·         Surface treatments prolong the drying time but reduce moisture in the straw layer afterwards. ·         Straw structures are exposed to less risk of microbial growth in warmer climates. The conclusions can be summarized as follow: ·         Moisture design should take into account differences in moisture load depending on facade orientations. ·         It is very important to protect the facade from direct rainfall. ·         It is desirable to have thicker plaster on the warm side of the outer wall campared to the cold side plaster (about twice as thick as the cold side plaster thickness). ·         Work steps that add moisture to the straw layer, such as plastering, should take place during the spring. ·         The building moisture must be minimized. ·         Increasing the diffusion density of the wall surfaces increases the drying time, which entails moisture risk in the event of moisture leaks to the straw layer. ·         Straw can be used as insulation in conventional buildings with moisture brakes, provided that moisture leaks caused by unforeseen damage do not occur. ·         If surface treatments are to be used, this should be done after the building moisture has dried out.

The purpose of this thesis is to analyse the church ruin of the abandoned settlement of Övraby in Halmstad, Sweden. This is done from a modern church archaeological point of view based on Jes Wienbergs discussion on how to analyse a church as a part of a society rather than as an entity of its own. As an effect of this the thesis also discuss the settlement history of Övraby. The delimitation of the thesis is Övraby and its closest surroundings. Three issues are raised 1. Is there is a continuity of cult or place of cult from the pre-Christian era. 2. Of what type of character was the settlement? 3. How did the church architecture reflect societal change? The results in this thesis states that there are no concrete findings of cult places from the pre-Christian era which could be said to be connected to Övraby, though there are some aspects of the interior of the church building that might be considered as having been connected to a pre-Christian aristocratic cult. The thesis also states that Övraby was an aristocratic village which with time developed into a city, this aristocratic character of the early settlement is reflected both in profane buildings and on the architecture of the church. The development from village to town the thesis states, can be seen on the church architecture since the church lost many of its aristocratic features of architecture as the settlement developed.

Plastic waste is a severe environmental problem in today's society which has been noticed and discussed during the last couple of years. A constant increase of production over the last decades hasled to a large amount of plastic waste ending up in oceans as microplastics. With harder restrictions of plastic use from the European Parliament, alternative plastics that are bio-based and therefore degradable have increased in demand. The aim of this project was therefore to synthesize alignocellulose-based material which contains the minimum amount of latex, the plastic component, while still satisfying the same requirements as a thermoplastic. The original idea was to create the latex with PISA-RAFT technique however, this was not possible since the needed materials could not be delivered due to COVID-19, therefore radical emulsion polymerization was carried out. Two latexes were synthesized to create composites with wheat-straw, latex A and latex B. Both latexes consisted of 75% of monomer vinyl acetate (VAc) which was the main component but with different weight percentages of monomers methacrylic acid (MAA) and methyl methacrylate (MMA). Latex A consisted of 20 % MAA and 5% MMA and latex B consisted of 20% MMA and 5% MAA. Latex A and latex B were then mixed with wheat straw to create composites. Due to problems withthe wheat-straw composites one additional composite was created to be able to do all of the analyses. This composite was created by using filter paper as biofiber to mix with the two different latexes. Various characterization analyses including FE-SEM, DLS, DSC, FTIR, NMR, TGA and tensile tests were performed on the composites. The NMR and DSC analyses indicated that the actual composition of monomers differs from the theoretical composition and demonstrates that the presence of MAA is hard to detect. This is due to the DSC value for latex A experimental Tg being lower than latex B experimental Tg when latex A consists of more MAA which has a higher detected Tg. During the NMR analysis MAA was also not detected in either latex A nor latex B. The analyses of FTIR contradicts the NMR and DSC analyses hence peaks believed to be from MAA are detected. When comparing the analysis for latex A and B, DLS analysis resulted in latex A having a low PDI and a bigger emulsion sphere size which is preferred when producing composites. The tensile test resulted in latex B achieving the higher values for Young’s modulus and max stress while latex A had a higher value for strain at break. The TGA and DSC analysis however resulted in latex B having a higher Tg and higher thermal stability. The overall analyses indicated that latex B was the most optimal choice for composite production with aslight difference. The analysis of the composites indicated by FE-SEM that the interaction between latex and filter paper were higher than for latex and wheat straw. A total of four wheat-straw composites were created with the weight-ratio of wheat-straw:latex, 50:50 and 75:50 for both latex A and B. Due to not being able to grind the wheat straw to the minimum size needed to create composites only FE-SEM and FTIR analyses of the wheat-straw composites could be made. Because of this no conclusion could be made whether the 75:50 or 50:50 weight ratio was the most optimal. / Plastavfall är ett allvarligt miljöproblem i dagens samhälle som uppmärksammats mycket under de senaste åren. En ständig ökning i produktionen under de senaste decennier har lett till att stora mängder plast hamnat i haven där de sönderdelas till mikroplaster. Med strängare krav av plastanvändning från Europaparlamentet har nya alternativa plaster som är biobaserade och därmed nedbrytbara ökat i efterfråga. Målet med detta projekt var därför att syntetisera ett lignocellulosabaserat material som innehåller så lite icke-nedbrytbar latex, plastkomponenten, som möjligt utan att behöva mista de egenskaper som efterfrågas av termoplaster idag. Den ursprungliga idén var att syntetisera latexen genom PISA-RAFT tekniken, dessvärre pga rådande omständigheter gällande COVID-19 var detta inte möjligt då materialen som behövdes inte kunde levereras. Därför syntetiserades latexen genom emulsionspolymerisation istället. På grund av problem med halmen skapades två olika typer av kompositer, halm kompositer och filterpapper kompositer. De två kompositerna gjordes i två varianter, en innehållande latex A och en med latex B. Latex A och B syntetiserades av olika mängd monomerer vilka var metakrylsyra (MAA) och metylmetakrylat (MMA). Både latex A och B innehöll 75 % av monomeren vinylacetat (VAc). Olika karakteriseringsmetoder, FE-SEM, DLS, DSC, FTIR, NMR, TGA och tensile test utfördes på kompositerna. NMR och DSC analyserna indikerade att den analyserade kompositionen av monomererna skiljer sig åt från den teoretiska kompositionen då närvaron av MAA var svår att detektera. FTIR analysen motsäger dock de analyserade värdena av NMR och DSC då MAA tros ha detekteras då. För jämförelsen av latex A och B resulterade DLS i lägre PDI och större emulsions sfärer för latex A vilket föredras vid produktion av kompositer. Genom analys av tensile test uppnådde latex B högre värden för Young`s modul och max stress medans latex A uppnådde högre värden för belastning vid brottet. TGA och DSC analysen resulterade dock i högre Tg och högre termisk stabilitet för latex B. Den övergripande analysen indikerade att latex B var det mer optimala valet för kompositproduktion meden liten skillnad i jämförelse. Analysen av kompositerna genom FE-SEM indikerade att interaktionen mellan latex och filterpapper var högre än latex och halmen. Total skapades fyra halm kompositer med halm:latex viktförhållandet 50:50 och 75:50 för både latex A och B. Till följd av att halmen inte kunde malas ned till den minimala storleken som behövdes för att bilda kompositer, kunde endast FE-SEM och FTIR analyser utföras. På grund av detta kunde ingen slutsats dras om vilket viktförhållande, 50:50 eller 75:50, som bildade den mest optimala kompositen.