In several countries that have been early in the development of wind farms, there is today a second hand market for the used wind turbines. The European Union (EU) has established a waste hierarchy in order to minimize throwaway mentality. The second hand market is a part of this as the steps are to minimize, reuse, recycle, extract energy and landfill. In order to promote the development of renewable energy, there are energy certificates for the producers that provide it, wind power being one type of renewable energy. After 15 years the energy certificates for a specific wind turbine are no longer paid, and after that there are several different scenarios for the wind turbine. The scenarios investigated in this bachelor’s thesis are export of the wind turbine to countries that are not as far along as Sweden in their development towards renewable energy, selling in Sweden to individuals, and recycling of the wind turbine, as it mostly consists of metals and therefore is recyclable. In these three scenarios it is assumed that the sites for wind turbines are being reused for new larger wind turbines that produce more energy. Two additional scenarios are to reduce the number of wind turbines in a wind farm by half, in this way gaining access to free spare parts for the remaining wind turbines and continued operation, i.e. operate them for as long time as possible. To assure the decommissioning of the wind turbines and restoration of the site, there are several economical choices for the operator of the wind turbine. No matter what choice is made, the total amount should be 500 000 SEK according to the permission for the wind turbine. A Swedish authority, Miljöprövningsdelegationen, decides whether the operators choice in reassuring and make a decision based on that. To see which scenario is most profitable the economical part is crucial in this bachelor’s thesis. As a wind turbine is a large investment, the investment calculation is sensitive even to small changes. Inflation, interest rate, electricity price and energy certificate price can all vary a good deal but as it is almost impossible to predict the development of these factors, the inflation, interest rate and energy certificate price are all on a fixed level in this report. The electricity price is assumed to be dependent of the inflation solely. By using these assumptions and Microsoft Excel it has been clear that selling the wind turbine and reuse the site for a new larger wind turbine is the most profitable. Sweden has the goal to have 30 TWh, equivalent to 20 %, electricity from wind until year 2020. Today the part is 6.5 TWh, equivalent to 4 %. To make this goal reality it is necessary to make the permitting process easier and faster than the case is today. If Sweden compares to Denmark they already have 28 % electricity from wind and they aim for 50 %. / I flera länder som har legat i framkant med att uppföra vindkraftsparker finns idag en andrahandsmarknad för verken. Inom Europeiska Unionen (EU) har en avfallshierarki upprättats för att minska slit- och slängmentaliteten. Andrahandsmarknaden är en del i detta då stegen är minimera, återanvända, återvinna, energiutvinna och deponera. För att främja utvecklingen av förnyelsebar el finns elcertifikat till de producenter som tillhandahåller detta, däribland vindkraft. Efter 15 år slutar elcertifikatet att utbetalas för ett specifikt vindkraftverk, och då finns olika scenarier för vindkraftverket. De scenarier som undersöks i detta examensarbete är export av verket till länder som inte kommit lika långt som Sverige med förnyelsebar energi, försäljning inom Sverige till privatpersoner och återvinning av verket, som främst består av metaller och därmed är återvinningsbart. I dessa tre scenarier avses det att samma plats återanvänds för nya större verk som producerar mer. Ytterligare två scenarier är att halvera antalet verk i en park och på så vis få tillgång till gratis reservdelar till de återstående verken samt fortsatt drift av verket, det vill säga köra dem så länge det går. För att säkerställa nedmontering av vindkraftverk och återställning av platsen finns olika ekonomiska alternativ för verksamhetsutövaren. Oavsett vilket alternativ som väljs ska summan resultera i 500 000 kronor per vindkraftverk enligt tillståndet till verket. Miljöprövningsdelegationen (MPD) avgör om verksamhetsutövarens valda alternativ är betryggande och beslutar utifrån det. För att se vad som är det mest lönsamma scenariot spelar den ekonomiska delen en stor roll för arbetet. Eftersom vindkraft är en stor investering blir investeringskalkylen känslig även för små förändringar. Inflationen, räntan, elpriset och elcertifikatpriset är poster som kan variera mycket men eftersom det är i princip omöjligt att förutspå hur utvecklingen kommer se ut är inflationen, räntan och elcertifikatpriset satt på en fast nivå. Elpriset är sedan beroende av inflationen. Med hjälp av dessa antaganden och Microsoft Excel har det mest lönsamma scenariot tagits fram vilket är att sälja verket och sätta upp ett nytt större på platsen. Sverige har som mål att fram till år 2020 ha 30 TWh, motsvarande 20 %, el från vindkraft i elnätet. Idag är andelen 6,5 TWh, motsvarande 4 %. För att detta ska bli verklighet måste tillståndsprocessen förenklas och gå snabbare än vad fallet är idag. Jämförs Sverige med Danmark har de redan 28 % vindkraftsel och siktar på 50 %.

Background and purpose: Tuberculosis (TB) is one kind of chronic infectious disease which caused by the mycobacterium tuberculosis, and still widely exists in the world. In Taiwan, there are approximately 15,000 new tuberculosis patients and 1,300 died annually. The incidence and mortality rate rank the number one among the legal reported disease in Taiwan. Therefore, how to prevent and control the tuberculosis becomes a crucial policy for Centers for Disease Control (CDC) in Taiwan. Directly Observed Treatment, Short-course (DOTS) is a TB control program implemented in many countries aggressively by the World Health Organization (WHO) since 1993. The implementation method is that patients are supervised by well-trained health care staff while medication is administered, to assure the clients taking each dose of medicine. This policy is intended to cure the patient in time, cutting off the infectious sources, prevent the efficacy of anti-tuberculosis drugs and cease the emerging of multidrug resistant tuberculosis (MDRTB) . For the long-term planning and the target of ¡§Halve the TB over the next ten years,¡¨ the CDC of Taiwan has been enforced the DOTS program since April 1st, 2006. The rate implementing DOTS in smear- positive case has been exceeded 90%. The purpose of this study is to examine the effect of DOTS policy on the outcomes of Tuberculosis before and after the DOTS policy implementation. Methods: The secondary databases from the study hospital were retrieved. The data included 24 months before and after the DOTS implementing (April 1st, 2006). We investigated if there¡¦s significant improvement in treating tuberculosis after the DOTS. Both descriptive and Chi-square tests were used to depict the study sample and to examine the correlation between treatment outcome and DOTS, respectively. Results: There is no difference on treatment outcome between male and female. Male had higher cavity formation on the chest x-ray. There¡¦s more easy treatment completion when the clients were younger than 65 years old. No cavity on the chest x-ray was statistically associated with negative acid fast stain. The chest x-ray showed cavity was related to higher completion rate of treatment. There¡¦s no correlation between the acid fast stain and treatment completion. There¡¦s no significant difference on treatment outcome after the DOTS implementing. Conclusions: There¡¦s no difference in treatment result between the ¡§DOTS¡¨ and ¡§without DOTS¡¨ group after April 2006. The reason we deliberate that may be the study hospital is located at the urban area, which is high prevalence area in tuberculosis and thus have been under control for years. The completion rate in tuberculosis treatment is already high enough. No wonder there¡¦s no such difference. Anyway, we can not ignore the policy of the DOTS, we must keep cooperation with this policy, make great efforts on tuberculosis prevention and control in Taiwan.