The regulation of bankruptcy poses a dilemma to societies. It needs to address two problems at once: the first concerns the balance between debtor and creditor interests; the second pertains to the question between deterrence and continuity. Up to the present day there is much disagreement about the appropriate design of bankruptcy procedures. German states in the nineteenth-century found it impossible to agree on a common insolvency regime until the 1870s. This thesis investigates the legal as well as the social process of bankruptcy in a sample of towns and states in Germany between 1815 and 1870. It focused on non-Prussian legal systems in order to shed light on those alternative solutions to bankruptcy that were not ultimately adopted in the national bankruptcy code. Bankruptcy was a social process that could take place in court as well as out of court. Creditors and debtors had strong incentives to turn to extrajudicial settlement mechanisms. Where strong local corporate organisations for merchants existed, they facilitated settlements and rule-enforcement among its members out of the official court system. Those local clubs often played the role of an arbitrator. For long, bankruptcy regulation had been part of the mercantile self-administration. Legal harmonization and processes of state formation put an end to these practises. Simultaneously, an industrializing economy devised new organisational forms that were alien to the old legal framework. Toward the second half of the century, legal harmonization gained momentum; creditor protection became the focus of lawmakers while local communities and their interests no longer played a role. As German legislators built a national and universally shared legal framework, bankruptcy regulation ceased to be local and communal. This was to the liking of businessmen, who had long complained about legal fragmentation when trying to conduct business across different German regions.

O foco desta tese é a relação comercial entre três pólos principais: Brasil, Portugal e Hamburgo. Em dois momentos distintos, antes da abertura dos portos, quando o Brasil é uma colônia portuguesa e, posteriormente, quando se torna um país autônomo. O fluxo comercial de Hamburgo com o Brasil, através de Portugal, é intenso a partir de 1796, ano em que as balanças de comércio o registram regularmente. Sendo mesmo Hamburgo, ao contrário do que se costuma pensar, o principal importador de efeitos coloniais brasileiros e, por decorrência, seu principal consumidor e distribuidor na Europa do Norte e Oriental. Depois da abertura dos portos, o movimento se retraiu, mas se recuperou nos anos seguintes a paz na Europa após a queda de Napoleão, voltando a ter papel significativo com a proclamação da Independência brasileira em relação a Portugal. Os principais produtos nesse estratégico comércio e importação hamburguesa era, sobretudo, o açúcar, couros e algodão. As fontes para o estudo foram as Balanças Gerais de Comércio de Portugal com seus Domínios e Nações Estrangeiras, as Balanças Comerciais de Hamburgo e os relatórios e as cartas consulares. / The present work focus on the commercial relationship among the tree key poles Brazil, Portugal and Hamburg in two distinct moments: before the opening of the ports, when Brazil was a Portuguese colony, and afterwards, when Brazil became an independent country. The commercial flow from Hamburg to Brazil, through Portugal, is intense from 1796, the year when the trade balance started to register it regularly. In fact, contrary to what one may think, it was Hamburg the main importer of the effects from Brazil colony and therefore its major consumer and distributor along Northern and Oriental Europe. After the opening of the ports, the flow had retread but the peace recovered it on the following years, especially after Napoleons fall when the flow had played a major role with the proclamation of the Brazilian Independence from Portugal. Sugar, leather and cotton were, above all, the principal products in this strategic trade and in the Hamburguese importation. The source of the study was the General Balance of Trade between Portugal and his Colonies and Nations, Hamburgs Balance of Trade, reports and consular letters.

This Master Thesis occupies itself with Short Sea Shipping and its link to the Port of Hamburg. The theoretical part deals in its first part with the topic Short Sea Shipping in general, defines it, describes its specifics and presents its position and regulation in the European Union, second part introduces the Port of Hamburg and basic data about its performance in general and most importantly in the field of Short Sea Shipping. The practical part analyses available statistics and documents monitoring the current situation and mainly political tendencies related to Short Sea Shipping in the European Union. The concluding chapter deal with an interview held with a representative of Hafen Hamburg Marketing in Prague regarding this subject in relation to the Port of Hamburg. Main goals of this Master Thesis are to identify key Short Sea markets, potential, opportunities and challenges of the Port of Hamburg.

The thesis is focused on the consequences of the global economic crisis on the German Port of Hamburg with link to the Czech Republic. The port and its importance is introduced in the theoretical part of the thesis. The following part describes the impact of the crisis on the maritime sector and how it influenced German economy. The main goal of this thesis is to identify and analyze the key external and internal factors which were affecting performance of the Port of Hamburg during the economic crisis. Emphasis is placed on the economic situation of individual states, which use Hamburg for their international maritime transport as well as on the relevant competitive interactions between European ports. Last but not least, attention is paid to the management of the port.

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This study explores the roles of religious organizations in the refugee movement “Lampedusa in Hamburg”, in Hamburg, Germany during 2013 and 2014. “Lampedusa in Hamburg” consisted of approximately 300 refugees who had come from Libya, and decided to fight for their right to stay in Germany. Early on, religious organizations became important supporters to the movement, by providing the members food and shelter. By analyzing archival material and interviews with two religious representatives, this thesis investigates the involvement of religious organizations, their collaborations, and the outcomes produced by their work during the protests, using theories connected to secularization and religion and migration. The analysis shows that the involvement of religious organizations in the “Lampedusa in Hamburg”- movement is an example of how faith-based actors in the West are standing up against authorities and objecting migration policies. Their work, collaborations and impact were clearly shaped by national ties with the German state and their position in society.  Further, local dynamics formed the roles of the religious organizations, especially in the case of the St. Pauli church – one of the most central religious actors – located in St. Pauli, a block with a long history of protests. During the Lampedusa in Hamburg-movement, processes operating at global, national, and local scales met, exposing the complexities of the roles that religious organizations take on, as they become involved in migrant processes in Western Europe today.

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Freiräume zu entdecken und zu erobern ist ein Politikum, vor allem in Ballungsgebieten, in denen Räume sich immer mehr verknappen. Wenn sie zu Zukunftsräumen werden sollen, muss das ihnen zugrundeliegende Konzept aber immer als im Prozess befindlich und damit beweglich verstanden werden. Der Raum kann Ideen hervorrufen, gleichzeitig transformiert jede Nutzung wieder den Raum. Raum und Ideen sind in einem permanenten Dialog. Neue Räume schaffen immer auch neue Akteur*innen, die selbstbeauftragt agieren und handeln – Projektemacher*innen, Künstler*innen, kulturelle Entrepreneurs, die ohne Institutionen und ohne Ballast von Tradition entwerfen können. So können Freiräume auf politische, gesellschaftliche, künstlerische Realitäten reagieren und zu Inkubatoren von Zukunft werden. An unterschiedlichen Beispielen sollen Potenziale der Transformation von Räumen zwischen 1996 und heute nachgezeichnet werden.