How does progressive change happen in so-called sustainable cities? In this dissertation, I present findings from a three year-long ethnographic investigation of grassroots organizing in Portland, Oregon, a city at the leading edge of the green urbanism movement. This research centered on an extended case study of the Portland Harbor Community Coalition (PHCC). PHCC is an alliance of grassroots groups working to ensure that cleanup of the Portland Harbor Superfund Site benefits those who have been most impacted by pollution. In this dissertation, I develop three main empirical findings. First, despite depoliticized (sustainability) discourse permeating the harbor cleanup planning process, which excluded impacted communities from and minimized disparate impacts resulting from contamination and cleanup, there has not necessarily been a green growth machine operating in the way that we would expect. Instead, a classic status quo growth machine has indirectly pushed depoliticized sustainability discourse, and benefited from it at the expense of vulnerable residents -- even in a paradigmatic sustainable city. Second, in contrast to the "just green enough" strategies put forth in previous research, there are, in fact, grassroots groups who are demanding robust environmental improvements as part of broader social and environmental justice outcomes. PHCC takes an "oppositional community development" approach in attempting to transcend the green development-displacement dialectic. This approach has entailed being strategically confrontational some of the time, and engaging through more established participation channels at other times. Third, individual and collective historicized learning has played a key role in PHCC's efforts to re-politicize the cleanup planning process in three ways: it helped coalition members connect their personal experiences to the harbor; it helped coalition members build a political analysis of the cumulative and inter-generational ways that harbor pollution has impacted different groups; and a collectively produced historical narrative ultimately contributed to the coalition's moderate success in pushing public agencies to be more responsive to impacted communities. More broadly, this research draws attention to the historical contingencies, organizing approaches, challenges, and transformations experienced by ordinary people coming together to fight for a more just sustainability. It suggests that in order to develop a fuller understanding of urban socio-ecological change processes--and to make meaningful contributions to change in an era of environmental crisis, extreme housing instability, racial violence, and other forms of oppression--scholars must pay attention to those working on the front lines of change, themselves, in broader historical context.

Harbour porpoise (Phocoena phocoena) are the most abundant cetacean in UK waters, and are likely to be affected by a variety of marine industries and activities. This research uses data collected by acoustic recorders (C-PODs) and aerial video surveys to investigate patterns in porpoise detection. The findings can be split into five key themes, and are used to support the development of spatial management and survey recommendations. 1. Porpoise detection changes based on time of day in different habitats, indicating possible differences in diel habitat use and highlighting potential issues with visual or video data collection methods for assessing distribution. 2. Porpoise exhibit seasonal shifts in detection, yet year-round data are often lacking, therefore seasonal changes in distribution are often unknown. 3. The highest proportions of buzzes (associated with foraging) are not detected in areas with the highest relative density of porpoise. I propose that porpoise use different foraging strategies in different habitats which are not equally detectable by acoustic recorders. 4. Porpoise distribution may be influenced by the distribution of perceived risk from predator / competitor species (dolphins). Temporal partitioning of sites may arise either from porpoise actively avoiding times when bottlenose dolphins are expected to be present, or from porpoise and bottlenose preferences for different environmental conditions. 5. The choice of spatial modelling method can influence the fine-scale predictions of areas with the highest density. Improving our understanding of top and mesopredator ecology is informative for management strategies. Each of the points raised above should be considered when determining management strategies to minimise the impact from fisheries, offshore developments and other industrial activities on harbour porpoise.

Estimation of the transport of persistent organic pollutants via air-water exchange requires precise field concentrations from advanced experimental techniques and adequate physic-chemical parameters generated from proper methods. In this study, concentrations of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and hexachlorobenzene (HCB) in the ambient air and water column of Kaohsiung Harbor lagoon were measured and used to determine the air-water exchange fluxes of these compounds from December, 2003 to January, 2005. The Whitman¡¦s thin-film model was used by taking temperature and salinity corrected Henry¡¦s law constants into the model to calculate the fluxes. In addition, particulate concentrations and composition in the ambient air and water column were used to apportion PAH sources and dry particle deposition of PAHs, PCBs and HCB. Instantaneous air-water exchange fluxes of PAHs, PCBs and HCB were calculated from twenty-two pairs of air and water samples. The highest net volatile (+3560 ng m-2 day-1) and absorptive (-1230 ng m-2 day-1) PAH fluxes in this study were both obtained from the three-ring PAH, phenanthrene on April 7 and January 27 in 2004, respectively. Differences of flux magnitude and direction between dry and rain season were obvious for PAHs in this study. Most net fluxes of PCB homologues and HCB in this study are from water to air (net volatilization). The highest net volatile flux observed was +172 ng m-2 day-1 (dichlorobiphenyl) in December, 2003 due to elevated wind speed and dissolved concentration, while the only net absorptive flux observed in this study was -0.03 ng m-2 day-1 (dichlorobiphenyl) in January, 2004. Mean daily PAH diffusive fluxes were -727 ng m-2 day-1 influx in dry season but +808 ng m-2 day -1 efflux in rain season and integrated 3.6 kg and 4.0 kg of PAHs were absorbed into and emitted from harbor lagoon surface waters in dry and rain seasons, respectively. The net PCBs and HCB fluxes suggest that the annual sum of 69 PCBs and HCB measured in this study were mainly volatile (57.4 and 28.3 ¡Ñ103 ng m-2 yr-1, respectively) and integrated 1.5 kg and 0.76 kg of PCBs and HCB emitted from harbor lagoon surface waters to ambient atmosphere in the year. Sources apportionment by the isomer ratios, PAHs in the air phase were mainly from grass, wood and coal combustion and some from liquid fuel combustion. Unlike that in air phase, fluoranthene / fluoranthene + pyrene ratios of water phase suggest PAHs were from incomplete-combusted fuel particles emitted from vehicle exhaust. Principal component analysis (PCA) extracted three meaningful PCs for air and water samples, respectively. For the air samples, the three major sources suggested by three sources are vehicular emissions, volatilization to the air from contaminated soil or waters and the coal-burning emission. Among the water samples, the three major sources suggested by three sources are vehicular emissions, oil spill source and coal-burning emission. Air particulate concentrations of PAHs, PCBs and HCB were also used to calculate their dry particle deposition. Throughout our sampling campaigns, PAH dry particle fluxes were quite comparable to fluxes of air-water exchange. On the contrary, PCB and HCB dry particle deposition flux were negligible comparing to their air-water exchange fluxes. Our results suggest PAHs exhibits strong absorptive or weaker volatile fluxes in the dry season but the opposite in the rain season. However, for PCBs and HCB, Kaohsiung Harbor water is potentially an important source to ambient air.

Kaohsiung Harbor is the most significant container harbor of Taiwan. Embracing the excellent geographical features for container transportation, it used to be the most attractive hub port for most of container liners. However, because of Taiwan¡¦s conservative cross-strait policy and the transformation of industries, Kaohsiung Harbor became less and less attractive for its clients in recent decade. To figure out a solution for the authority of Kaohsiung Harbor, the researcher used the Grounded Theory to interview 10 container transportation experts. Then find out 97 concept of how container liners choose their hub port when they¡¦re planning their routes. After this, the researcher integrates those concepts into 16 categories and finds their organic connection in between. Finally, researcher refines 5 central categories out of the 16 categories. Base on the relations between the central categories, researcher creates the hub port selecting model of container liners. According to what researcher found, we acknowledge that within this model, the most important hub port selecting factor for container liners is Operation Cost, then goes to Efficiency, Influence of Authority, Government Policy, and Safety.

Abstract This study investigated the distributions of polyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the sediment cores collected from continental shelf of Gaoping submarine canyon. The sediment cores were analyzed for PAHs to reconstruct historical contamination record of these compounds and to find out the possible sources, trends and fluxes. The average concentrations of £U50 and £U16 PAHs ranged from 568 to 816 ng/g and from 169 to 256 ng/g, respectively. Except for sediment cores L10 and L26, the high molecular weight PAHs (4-6 ring PAHs) were found dominant in 1960s-2006, while the low molecular weight PAHs (2-3 ring PAHs) were found dominant before 1960s. Results from diagnostic ratios and hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) both suggested that sources of PAHs in the cores of southern continental shelf were primarily from petrogenic, while those in the cores of northern continental shelf were from pyrogenic and petroleum combustion. There is a significant increasing of total PAH concentrations between 1930-1950, suggesting that might be an evident during the World War II. Due to increase of importing fossil fuel and the growth of heavy industrials in Gaoping area, the total concentrations of PAHs showed an increasing trend again since 1950s in the core from continental shelf of Gaoping submarine canyon. In addition, during 1990-2006, the total concentrations of PAHs showed a decreasing trend might result from the environmental protection laws. It is noteworthy that in L28 and L29 sediment cores, the increase of total PAH concentrations recorded during 1990-2006 may be due to the dumping of the sludge from dredged Kaohsiung harbor sediments. Comparing with the sediment quality guidelines (SQG), the PAH concentrations in the northern continental shelf sediment samples were higher than the Threshold Effect Level (TEL) value, suggesting there might be an adverse biological effects caused by PAHs. Keywords¡GPolycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), Kaohsiung harbor, Sediment quality guidelines (SQG)

Persistent organic pollutants (POPs) were widely distributed in the environment, and may cause hazardous effects to human health. Among these pollutants, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), due to their toxicity and bioaccumulation, have been banned in the mid 1970s in most countries. They are ubiquitous and highly persistent, and therefore, PCBs are of most concern for their potential to be globally transported through air-water exchange. Previous studies such as Fang et al.¡]2008¡^ and Chen¡]2010¡^have studied the air-water exchange of PCBs in Kaohsuing Harbor. This study not only continued monitoring this area but also included Gao-Ping coastal areas and Lanyu Island in order to determine the air-water exchange fluxes of PCBs in harbor and coastal area. The aim of this study was to determine the magnitude of PCB air-water exchange fluxes and dry deposition fluxes by measuring the gas/particle phase concentrations in ambient air and dissolved/particle phase concentrations in water column, and to analyze the compositional patterns of PCB homologs. Hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) and principal components analysis (PCA) were performed with compositional patterns of commercial products such as Aroclor mixtures to gain a better understanding of pollution topography for PCBs . The concentrations of £UPCBs in the ambient air ranged from 116 to 439 pg m-3, with an average concentration of 164 pg m-3 . The average PCB concentrations in gas and particle phase were 161 pg m-3 and 2.91 pg m-3, respectively. The concentrations of £UPCBs in water column ranged from 14.1 to 1750 pg L-1, with an average concentration of 233 pg L-1. The average PCB concentrations in dissolved and particle phase were 162 pg L-1 and 70.4 pg L-1, respectively. The highest gaseous concentration of £UPCBs was observed in GRE in November, suggesting that wind direction and Linyuan Industrial Park may be the major contributor of PCBs there. However, the highest dissolved concentration of £UPCBs was found in KHH in August, indicating that rainfall and runoff of Typhoon Morakot were evident in source. Results from HCA, PCA and compositional patterns indicate that lower chlorinated congeners (dichlorobiphenyls to tetrachlorobiphenyls) were predominant in the gas and dissolved phase of ambient air and water column. In particle phase of ambient air and water column, PCB compositions were dominated by higher chlorinated congeners (tetrachlorobiphenyls to hexachlorobiphenyls). TEQ was used to determine the level of pollution for environment and human health. The average TEQ was 0.0008 pg-TEQ m-3 in gas-phase of ambient air and was 0.0006 pg-TEQ L-1 in dissolved phase in water. PCB114 was observed to be the predominant congener in this study. The average flux of air-water exchange was ¡Ï31.5 ng m-2 day-1, and was much higher than the average flux of dry deposition (¡Ð0.54 ng m-2 day-1). The net PCB fluxes in KHH suggest that annual air-water exchange was ¡Ï40.2 mg m-2 yr-1 and estimated yearly, 0.5 kg of PCBs were emitted from water column of Kaohsiung harbor to the ambient atmosphere.

The purpose of this study is to understand the service quality, customer satisfaction and loyalty of Kaohsiung Harbor Cruises.This study also discuss the differences between public harbor cruises and and private harbor cruises in the three variables. In this study, 22 items of SERVQUAL model to assess the quality of service, and further analysis of the harbor cruises operators to the IPA (Importance-Performance Analysis) to propose management recommendations for improvement. Overall, the tourists give a satisfactory evaluation of service quality,customer satisfaction and loyalty generally on harbor cruises ,but the performance of public and private are slightly different. The results showed that public harbor cruises only have 6 items in quality of service better than private harbor cruises, and in "overall customer satisfaction", "fares satisfaction", "the value of the fare", "take a willingness","recommended the will¡¨of another factor of 22 such projects,the scores are lower than the private harbor cruises industry. This phenomenon may be related to higher ticket prices of public harbor cruises.When the higher fares, customer expectations the higher service quality, but the industry can not meet their needs. The projects under the IPA analysis results, the public business should improve the "catering services on board", "diversity of explanations professional "," onboard navigation", and private industry should give priority to improving the project as a "convenient transportation to the pier". Existing tour-boat operators by key operations for each fragmented marketing. This study suggests that the harbor cruises trip should actively promote the joint marketing promotional practices, cross-industry alliance, and continue to improve service quality factor,visitors revisiting willingness and the willingness of recommend,let this educational and recreational tourism industry in Kaohsiung Harbor can be sustainable management.

The research, first, is to investigate the characteristics and heavy metal content of sediments and bottom water in Kaohsiung harbor by sampling. Second, it is to analyze the correlation of the sediments data by statistics analysis method. According to the correlation ratio, we can try to explain the distribution of heavy metals in the sediments and the water. Finally, it is to analyze the sediments data in Kaohsiung harbor from the year of 2001 to 2004 by principle compounds analysis of multivariate statistical analysis; the purpose is to find out the main reason that causes the variation of the sediments in the harbor area. The result of the sediments analysis shows that, the pollutants in Jen-Gen River, Love River and Canon River deposit in the outlet area and lead to significant difference in spatial distribution of sediments characteristics and heavy metals content in Kaohsiung harbor. The enrichment factors of heavy metals in sediments indicate that, there are enrichments for Hg (EF = 7.9 - 115), Pb (EF = 2.1 ¡V 11.7), Cd (EF = 2.4 ¡V 29.8), and Zn (EF = 1.9 ¡V 19.8) in the harbor area. And there are differences of height in the spatial distribution. The Cr enrichment (EF = 1.1 - 10.9) in the harbor exists only in the nearby area of the river outlet, especially in station KH-10 (EF = 10.9) nearby Jen-Gen River area. There is Cu enrichment in the harbor area (EF = 1.2 - 9.0) except the First and Second Harbor Entrance stations. The correlate tests of the sediments characteristics to the heavy metal concentration show that, volatile solid materials, grease and heavy metals reach significant correlated level (P<0.05); but it is irrelevant between clay and heavy metals (P>0.05). Therefore, the main controlling factor that influences the distribution of heavy metals is not the sedimentary particulates distribution but the organic characteristics. Ni distribution of bottom water in Kaohsiung harbor area, it has higher concentration from station KH-01 to KH-10 (0.4 -1.0£gg/L); and, among them, it has the highest concentration and high variation at station KH-06 (1.0 ¡Ó 1.0£gg/L). The distribution of Cu average concentration is between 1.2 - 2.9£gg/L. There is no absolutely tendency, neither is significant difference. The result of the research on Ni, SiO2 and PO4 correlated analysis is different from the result of Yeats and Campbell (1983), Chung (1995) and Huang (2002). I conjecture that the course could be the different geographic environment (Yeats and Campbell in Atlantic, Chung and Huang in the southwestern waters of Taiwan, the research in Kaohsiung harbor area). The result of sediments principle compounds analysis shows that, the sediment constituents in 2001 and 2002 are high water content, organic and fine-grain organic polluted sediments. The polluted sediments are reduced in 2003 and 2004, and that accords with the time of the harbor area dredges procedures. Therefore, there is causation between them. From PC1 and PC2, we know that Love River (KH-04), Canon River (KH-06) and Jen-Gen River (KH-10) outlet are seriously polluted in the harbor area. The river water that contains the industrial wastewater and municipal wastewater in the upper stream is the most important reason that influences the harbor sediments. The result of the research shows that, the main controlling factor that influences the distribution of heavy metals is the harbor sediment organic characteristics and that could cause the metal ions and organic matter forming into stable organic metals compounds. Its impact to ocean ecosystem is enormous, especially to benthic system. Therefore, I suggest that we should do monitoring analysis on sediment toxicity or toxic organic compounds in order to realize their influences to the ocean ecosystem. And furthermore, we should realize the standing crop and the distribution of the toxic organic compounds so that we can avoid health harming from the accumulation of the ecological food chain returning to human body.

none

Computer models are nowadays routinely used in harbor engineering applications. Models based on the two-dimensional elliptic mild-slope equation can simultaneously simulate refraction, diffraction, reflection, and dissipation in completely arbitrary coastal domains. However, floating structures such as floating breakwaters and docks are often encountered in the modeling domain. This makes the problem locally 3- dimensional. Hence it is problematic to incorporate a floating structure into the 2-d model. Tsay and Liu (1983) proposed a highly simplified but approximate approach to handle this problem practically. The validity of their approach is examined in detail and it is found that the actual solutions deviate considerably from the theoretical solutions, although their approximation provides results with the correct trend. Therefore, correction factors have been developed and may be used to produce more reliable results using the framework of Tsay and Liu (1983). The resulting method is applied to Douglas harbor in Alaska. The result shows that docks in the harbor distort the wave field considerably and create a reflective pattern that can affect navigation safety in some areas. Also plots are developed for the transmission coefficients for waves propagating past rectangular and cylindrical floating objects of infinite extent for a wide range of conditions encountered in practice.