This dissertation explores whether families of incarcerated fathers are more likely to experience food insecurity as a result of the conviction of the father. More specifically, I test whether food insecurity explains some of the devastating consequences of paternal incarceration on mothers and children. Because children of incarcerated fathers are at higher risk of following their fathers’ footsteps, this cycle of incarceration can be self-perpetuating. I try to determine how policy can be used to break this cycle. This dissertation examines the role of food insecurity in explaining the negative impact of paternal incarceration on the well-being of mothers and children. The United States has experienced a huge prison boom over the last 40 years. A growing proportion of the incarcerated population are parents. Children growing up with one or both parents missing tend to have long-lasting disadvantages. Previous studies have attempted to suggest a few mechanisms through which paternal incarceration has negative consequences for families but has not considered the role of food insecurity. I propose a theoretical framework to show that paternal incarceration negatively affects mothers and children through food insecurity. Using a longitudinal study of fragile families, I find that food insecurity explains some of the negative consequences of paternal incarceration on maternal depression. On the other hand, food insecurity plays no role in the effect of paternal incarceration on child behavior problems. The findings also cast doubt on whether paternal incarceration affects child well-being. The implications for policy are two-fold. First, reducing food insecurity would mitigate the negative effects of paternal incarceration on maternal depression. More research is needed in order to understand whether the negative effects of paternal incarceration on maternal well-being can be further mitigated. Second, prison reform would do little to reduce the behavior problems experienced by children of incarcerated fathers. Rather than incarceration, other factors contributing to social disadvantages could explain why children of incarcerated fathers have more behavior problems than other children.

This report examines a nonprofit executive education provider, The RGK Center for Philanthropy and Community Service (RGK), as a conduit to understanding challenges that nonprofit executive education providers in the U.S. are experiencing in the current economic environment. These challenges include attracting participants (who are presently less likely to invest in executive education because of budget constraints), cutting costs, increasing revenue, coping with slashed budgets, and trying to stay innovative by developing timely, relevant content that meets nonprofit leaders’ evolving needs and desires during economic hardship. RGK aims to strategically use its limited resources to expand its executive education programming, called the Strategic Management Program (SMP), in hopes of increasing revenue while better meeting the needs of its local nonprofit leadership community. This report provides the first steps in planning for SMP’s strategic expansion with a market analysis that will give RGK a thorough understanding of the strengths and weaknesses of current SMP programming, as well as a comprehensive view of the environment in which the SMP is operating. The market analysis is achieved through examining the external environment, RGK’s internal SMP environment, and a target audience assessment. Second, the report gives specific recommendations and strategies for expanding SMP, based on insights garnered from the market analysis and other research. / text

Vadovaujantis pacta sunt servanta principu, iš esmės kiekvienas sutarties neįvykdymas, lygiai kaip ir netinkamas vykdymas reiškia sutarties pažeidimą, už kurį atsakingas skolininkas. Tačiau ši taisyklė turi išimtį – ji netaikoma tuomet, kai sutarties vykdymui trukdo po sutarties sudarymo atsiradusios tam tikros teisiškai reikšmingos aplinkybės, nepapuolančios į nė vienos iš šalių rizikos sritį. Tokioms situacijoms spręsti užsienio, tarptautinėje ir nacionalinėje praktikoje įtvirtinami ir taikomi sutarties vykdymo neįmanomumo dėl iš esmės pasikeitusių aplinkybių ir sutarties vykdymo apsunkinimo dėl iš esmės pasikeitusių aplinkybių teisiniai institutai, įvairiais aspektais tiriami šiame magistriniame darbe. Pirmoje darbo dalyje nagrinėjamos sutarčių vykdymo pasikeitus aplinkybėms problemai spręsti skirtų teisinių institutų ištakos, samprata, pagrindiniai požymiai ir tarpusavio santykis. Nustatyta, kad institutai yra savarankiški, todėl negali būti taikomi paraleliai ar subsidiariai. Antroje dalyje istoriniu – lyginamuoju aspektu tiriami Vokietijos, Prancūzijos ir Anglijos pasirinkti sutarčių vykdymo pasikeitus aplinkybėms problemos sprendimo būdai. Analizė parodė, kad šiose valstybėse sutarčių vykdymo neįmanomumo dėl iš esmės pasikeitusių aplinkybių situacijos sprendžiamos labai panašiai. Tačiau valstybių požiūris į sutarties vykdymo apsunkinimo dėl iš esmės pasikeitusių aplinkybių teisinį institutą yra ganėtinai skirtingas. Trečioji darbo dalis skirta Lietuvai reikšminguose... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / According to principle pacta sunt servanta, commonly each non-fulfilment of the contract as well as undue fulfilment is considered as an infringement, for which the promisor is liable. However, this rule has an exception – it is not applied, when performance of a contract is impeded by particular legally significant circumstances, which occurred after conclusion of a contract and the risk thereof was not assumed by either party. Such situations in foreign, international and national practice are dealt by applying legal institutes of impossibility of performance due to change of circumstances and hardship of performance due to change of circumstances, the various aspects whereof are analysed in the master thesis. First part of the thesis analyses origins, concepts, main features and correlation between the legal institutes, developed to deal with the problem of performance of contracts under changed circumstances. It has been found out that they are independent and, thus could not be applied simultaneously or subsidiary. In second part the author historically-comparatively reviews, how the problem of performance of contract under changed circumstances is dealt in Germany, France and England. The study has shown that these countries solve problem of impossibility to perform the contract due to changed circumstances in a very similar way. However, they have quite a different approach towards the legal institute of hardship of performance due to change of circumstances. Third... [to full text]

Over 12% of households were food insecure in Canada in 2011. Despite recognition of this problem, there remains no targeted public policy to address it. To inform interventions, examined in this thesis were how changes in financial resources related to changes in severity of food insecurity, the needs of food insecure households, and the effectiveness of current interventions. Studies 1, 2, 4, and 5 utilized data from a sample of 485 low income families living in high poverty neighbourhoods in Toronto, and Study 3 used data from the Canadian Community Health Survey (CCHS) 2009-2011. In Study 1, the sensitivity of severity of food insecurity to changes in employment and income was observed. In Study 2, it was found that severity of food insecurity was associated with increasing probability of experiencing hardships in other domains such as delayed bill payments and giving up household services. The relationship between food insecurity and obesity among women was examined in Study 3, and it was shown that diagnoses of mood disorder partially explained the association. Patterns of association also varied by family status and severity of experiences. In Studies 4 and 5, use and non-use of current interventions focused on alleviating hunger (i.e. food banks) and improving healthy food access in communities (i.e. community gardens, Good Food Box) were examined among food insecure families. There was a low prevalence of use of all types of programs. Programs were not used because programs were not accessible or were not viewed as appropriate supports to meet needs. Taken together, findings suggest that interventions focused on potential manifestations and consequences of food insecurity are misplaced, and reinforce the urgent need for interventions to alleviate the financial insufficiency and insecurity that underpins food insecurity.

Esta dissertação tem como tema a onerosidade excessiva no direito civil brasileiro. Primeiramente, fazem-se necessários uma noção inicial da figura, uma delimitação conceitual do problema e uma síntese de seu desenvolvimento histórico no direito civil brasileiro. Feito isso, são apresentadas as teorias utilizadas para sua fundamentação pela doutrina e pela jurisprudência brasileiras antes do advento de texto legal expresso sobre a matéria. Concluída essa fase preparatória, adentra-se no direito positivo vigente, precisamente no Código Civil, para explicar o conteúdo da onerosidade excessiva, de seus pressupostos e de suas conseqüências. São diretamente estudados os artigos 478, 479, 480, 317 e ainda outros específicos de alguns tipos contratuais. São abordados ainda alguns tópicos correlatos que finalizam o entendimento da matéria, como os pressupostos negativos da figura, sua incidência em contratos de sinalagma indireto e nos contratos aleatórios e as diferenças nos pressupostos para sua configuração no Código de Defesa do Consumidor. / The theme of this dissertation is known in english as hardship, which means the fundamental alteration of the equilibrium of the contract. Firstly, it is necessary to make an introductional notion of the figure, a conceptual delineation of the problem and a summary of its historical evolution in the brazilian civil law. After that, it is presented the theories used by authors and courts to reason the solution of the problem before the existence of legal text about the issue. Then, we study the related articles of the Brazilian Civil Code to explain the content of hardship, the content of its requirements, and the content of its consequences. The articles 478, 479, 480, 317 are directly studied, and also other articles from particular named contracts. Some related issues finalize the understanding of the theme, as the negative requirements of the figure, its incidence in some particular categories of contracts, and the difference of its requirements in the Consumer Defense Code.

Diplomats spend four years at a time abroad in South Africa's foreign missions, and after a home posting to Pretoria, typically lasting two years, they leave again. Children attend international schools. Thus diplomatic families have to adjust to a lifestyle of change and discontinuity, foreign cultures and unknown environments. The extent of this adjustment seems underrated and misunderstood. Since 1994 the number of missions abroad has doubled and most of the new missions are in the third world, hence the focus on hardship postings. In this narrative research, interviews were conducted with diplomatic families in several hardship posts. The aim was to gain a better understanding of the process of adjustment based on first hand information. Adjustment is described as a complex unfolding narrative with regressive as well as progressive story lines. The first stage lasting up to six months is seen as regressive, since the person is further removed from his goal of adjustment than at arrival. The rest of the stay is largely progressive if adjustment is seen as "being settled in a familiar routine" . Regressive elements refer to environmental restrictions. Findings include a description of an ideal couple for the foreign service; a need for effective preparation for a posting is confirmed; a changed relationship between Head Office and an official when abroad; diffuse identity among adolescents who spend formative years abroad, resulting in poorly understood adjustment problems on reentry; importance of attending to the soft issues of relocation instead of focusing on financial compensation. / Thesis (PhD (Psychology))--University of Pretoria, 2007. / Psychology / unrestricted

abstract: Personal finances are an essential part of adulthood, yet we find that many Americans have low financial literacy (Financial Industry Regulatory Authority Investor Education Foundation, 2016). This phenomenon is especially true for young adults (18-25 years old) (Lusardi, 2019). Lusardi, Mitchell, and Curto (2009) found that fewer than one-third of young adults possess basic financial knowledge. The present study examined whether financial self-efficacy and financial hardship were moderators between financial literacy and financial anxiety among a young adult sample (18-25 years old; Arnett, 2000). The current study utilized moderated moderation analyses to explore the associations between financial literacy, financial anxiety (i.e., the concern and worry about finances), financial self-efficacy, and financial hardship for young adults( N = 549, 71.6% female, Mage = 20.49). Based on survey data from the Financial and Social Stress Study (Tran & Mintert, n.d.), moderated moderation results show (a) an inverse association between financial literacy and financial anxiety (direct effects) and (b) financial self-efficacy and financial hardship moderate this relationship. Specifically, for young adults experiencing high financial hardship with high financial self-efficacy, there was a strong inverse association between financial literacy and financial anxiety. This study contributes to our knowledge of the vital role of financial literacy and its association with financial anxiety for young adults. Further, these findings highlight financial self-efficacy as a potential factor for mental health providers to consider when working with young adults experiencing high financial hardship. / Dissertation/Thesis / Masters Thesis Counseling 2019

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Magistro darbo tema – Sutarties pakeitimo dėl iš esmės pasikeitusių sutarties vykdymo apinkybių galimybės ir Lietuvos teismų praktika. Darbe analizuojamos galimybės pateisinti sutarties nevykdymą dėl pasikeitusių aplinkybių įtakos remiantis skirtingose teisės sistemose įtvirtintu reglamentavimu. Tyrime analizei pasirinktos tų valstybių nacionalinės teisės sistemos, kuriose įtvirtintas reglamentavimo modelis buvo pavyzdžiu kitoms valstybėms. Darbe analizuojamos Prancūzijos, Vokietijos, Anglijos ir Jungtinių Amerikos Valstijų teisėje įtvirtintos sutarties vykdymo pasikeitus aplinkybėms instituto reglamentavimo variacijos. Taip pat darbe analizuojami skirtinguose tarptautiniuose teisės aktuose įtvirtinti pasikeitusių aplinkybių instituto reglamentavimo modeliai, analizei buvo pasirinkti šie tarptautiniai teisės aktai: Vienos konvencija Dėl tarptautinių sutarčių teisės, UNIDROIT Tarptautinių komercinių sutarčių principai, Europos sutarčių teisės principai ir Jungtinių tautų konvencija Dėl tarptautinio prekių pirkimo – pardavimo sutarčių. Ketvirtąjame darbo skyriuje yra analizuojamos sutarties vykdymo pasikeitus aplikybėms instituto taikymo sąlygos, atskleidžiamas jų turinys ir išskiriami reikalavimų tenkinimo vertinimo kriterijai. Prieinama išvados, kad esminiu gali būti pripažintas tik toks sutarties vykdymo suvaržymas, kuris ne tik iš esmės padidina sutarties įvykdymo kainą arba sumažina gaunamą įvykdymą, bet ir itin komplikuoja suvaržymą patiriančios šalies galimybes toliau... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / Thesis of the paper – Probability to adjust the contract terms regarding to changed circumstances and the analysis of Lithuanian courts practice. The paper analyzes the justification for the failure to perform on the basis of changed circumstances. The study selected for analysis the national legal systems, which maintained regulatory model has been followed by other countries. The paper examines French, German, British and United States law of contract and the variety of regulatory variations regarding changed circumstances. It also analyzes the regulatory models of hardship established in different international legal instruments. For the analysis were selected following international instruments: the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties, the UNIDROIT Principles of International Commercial Contracts, the Principles of European Contract Law and United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods. The fourth chapter analyzes the requirements for the situation in order to claim hardship. This chapter revealed the content of requirements and identifies the assessment criteria for declaring the fulfilment of the conditions. Analysis leads to the conclusion, that the substantial restriction of the contract can be recognized only in cases, which not only substantially increases the price of the performance or reduce the resulting performance, but also substantially complicates and burdens the possibilities of affected contractor to continue performing... [to full text]