This study examined the impact of perceived economic hardship on family processes and children's socially withdrawn (reticent) behaviors in Romania. The sample consisted of 121 Romanian mothers and fathers of 4-5 year old children, as well as children's kindergarten teachers. Drawing on Conger and colleagues' family stress model of economic hardship, the associations among mothers' and fathers' ratings of economic hardship, depression, marital conflict, psychologically controlling parenting, and teacher ratings of child social withdrawal were analyzed. Structural equation modeling using AMOS 7.0 was used to test the model. Findings generally support earlier studies with European American families, as well as research with families outside of the U.S. Results indicate that higher perceptions of economic hardship related to increases in marital conflict. Mothers' and fathers' depression also associated positively with marital conflict. Marital conflict related to psychologically controlling parenting and mediated the effects of parents' depression on psychological control. Psychological control, in turn, associated positively with children's socially withdrawn (reticent) behaviors. Multiple group analysis indicated that the models for boys (N = 61) and girls (N = 60) were significantly different. Further analyses indicated that for boys, psychologically controlling parenting did not predict reticence. For girls, only fathers' psychological control predicted reticence. Significant links were additionally found for girls between economic hardship and fathers' depression, and between fathers' depression and psychologically controlling parenting.

No description available.

Le risque professionnel apparaît à la fin du XIXème siècle. Il est conçu comme le palliatif des insuffisances des principes de responsabilité civile appliquées aux victimes du travail. Le corps blessé au profit de l’industrie doit obtenir réparation. L’accident du travail est né ; sa reconnaissance est strictement encadrée. L’évolution des organisations de travail révèle d’autres insuffisances et induisent l’extension de la notion. D’un principe de responsabilité appliqué à la survenance d’un risque qualifié au préalable, le risque professionnel devient l’expression d’un droit à la sécurité. Les acteurs de l’entreprise y acquièrent un pouvoir de qualification. Au croisement du droit de la sécurité sociale, du droit du travail et du droit de la santé publique, les objectifs assignés évoluent à la lumière des enjeux humains et financiers qui s'y attachent. De nouvelles notions innervent les relations de travail. Le droit du salarié à la sécurité ne peut plus être dissocié d’un droit élémentaire à la santé. Au-delà, le bien-être au travail fait son apparition. Reste à mettre fin aux incertitudes qui affectent la notion de risque professionnel. Notion au périmètre fluctuant, la définir est essentiel. Les enjeux sont d’importance. / The notion of occupational risk appears at the end of the 19th century. It is intended as a remedy for the inadequacy of the principles of civil liability as applied to workplace victims. A person injured while working for the benefit of industry must obtain reparation. The concept of the workplace accident is born, although its applicability is strictly limited. The evolution of labor organizations reveals other shortcomings and leads to the expansion of the principle. Starting from a notion of liability applied to the occurrence of a pre-determined hazard, occupational risk becomes the expression of a right to workplace safety. Labor acquires a decision-making power in this regard. At the intersection of french social security law, labor law and public health law, the designated objectives evolve in the light of related human and financial issues. New concepts stimulate labor relations. The right to employee safety can no longer be dissociated from a basic right to health. Beyond that, the principle of workplace well-being makes its appearance. It is still necessary to resolve the uncertainties that influence the concept of occupational risk. As a notion with fluctuating boundaries, it is essential to define it. The stakes are high.

I Sverige omfattas äldre personer av ett historiskt och internationellt sett generöst offentligt ekonomiskt grundtrygghetssystem. Trots det ökade risken för relativ fattigdom bland unga ålderspensionärer (65 till 74 år) under 2000-talets första decennium. Det nya pensionssystemet, tillsammans med den demografiska och ekonomiska utvecklingen, förväntas bidra till att denna trend fortsätter. Inom ramen för dessa omständigheter undersöker avhandlingen yngre ålderspensionärers relativa ekonomiska utsatthet, vad den får för konsekvenser i deras vardag och hur de hanterar situationen. Särskilt vikt läggs vid hur människors livshistorier inverkar på problematiken. Avhandlingen baseras på 30 intervjuer med ekonomiskt utsatta och 17 intervjuer med ekonomiskt trygga yngre ålderspensionärer. Ekonomisk utsatthet preciseras till att motsvara ekonomiska förutsättningar som återfinns bland yngre ålderspensionärer med bostadstillägg. Ekonomisk trygghet definieras följaktligen som bättre ekonomiska förutsättningar än så. Tidigare forskning förklarar ekonomisk utsatthet i ålderdomen med att socioekonomiska nackdelar samverkar och följer på varandra i en negativ spiral över tid. De ger intryck av att det finns en väg fram till ekonomisk utsatthet i ålderdomen. Denna väg tar sin början i en svår ekonomisk situation i barndomen som sedan förvärras allt eftersom tiden går. I kontrast till det visar denna avhandling på fyra vägar fram till ekonomisk utsatthet i ålderdomen – kontinuitet, sluttning, fall och berg- och dalbana. Tre av dessa inkluderar erfarenheter av relativt goda ekonomiska förutsättningar tidigare under livshistorien. Tidigare forskning visar även att äldre personer som lever med ekonomisk utsatthet har anpassat sina preferenser efter små ekonomiska förutsättningar över tid och därför är nöjda med sina vardagsliv trots ekonomisk utsatthet i ålderdomen. I kontrast till det är målen i vardagen likartade bland ekonomiskt utsatta och ekonomiskt trygga pensionärer i avhandlingen. Ju sämre ekonomiska förutsättningar pensionärerna har, desto mer exkluderas de från möjligheten att nå mål om ett hälsosamt åldrande, oberoende, valfrihet och meningsfullhet. Avhandlingens visa också hur äldre personer hanterar den ekonomiska utsattheten på flera olika sätt – genom att hushålla med resurser, försöka öka inkomsterna, använda tillgångar, acceptera situationen, fokusera på positiva aspekter av vardagslivet och anpassa anspråken efter vad som blivit möjligt att uppnå. Hanteringen framträder företrädesvis som resultatet av yngre ålderspensionärers inlåsning i ekonomisk utsatthet under den resterade förväntade livstiden och inte som resultatet av deras tidigare livshistoria. I avhandlingen diskuteras slutligen hur 40-talisternas eller den så kallade rekordgenerationens ålderspensionering kan komma att påverka den ekonomiska utsatthetens betydelse i ålderdomen. Dessutom lyft standardindexering av den skäliga levnadsnivån för äldre personer samt ytterligare subventioner på utgiftssidan fram som möjliga socialpolitiska insatser mot social exklusion bland yngre ålderspensionärer. / During the first decade of the 21st century in Sweden, inequality and risk rates of poverty have increased among young pensioners (between 65–74 years of age). A new public pension system, combined with demographic and economic developments, is expected to add further to these trends. Following this context, the aim of the present dissertation is to survey and understand patterns of economic hardship and its meaning in young pensioners’ everyday lives. The study design is qualitative and takes “subtle realism” as its philosophical theoretical starting point. Economic hardship represents the economic conditions faced by young pensioners who receive the housing supplement for pensioners. It is examined through a relative perspective on poverty. The empirical data primarily consists of interviews with 30 people who live with economic hardship and 17 people who live with comparatively better economic conditions. The theoretical framework consists of theories of social exclusion, coping and life course. The participants’ life histories show four paths to economic hardship – continuity, slope, fall and roller coaster. The last three have not been explicitly described in research before. In elderly life, young pensioners describe experiences of exclusion from the possibility to achieve healthy aging, independence, freedom of choice and meaningfulness, due to their economic hardship. When combined with psychological illness, social isolation, alcohol misuse, and restricted mobility, this exclusion becomes more severe. By focusing on favourable aspects of life and adjusting preferences to fit what has been achieved, young pensioners manage to feel satisfaction with their lives despite consequences of economic hardship. In conclusion, it was primarily situational factors earlier in life that explained economic hardship among young pensioners. In contrast, the findings indicate that it is the present and future – not the past – which for the most part shape young pensioners’ coping with economic hardship. This last finding is at odds with previous assumptions. Finally, as consumption becomes increasingly central in young pensioners’ everyday lives in general, the consequences of economic hardship become more striking within the age group. / <p>Ett erratablad medföljer avhandlingen, se separat fulltextdokument.</p>

When difficulties appear concerning the environment and the social relationships in teams, leading others become very interesting as well as challenging. I am sharing in this research an understanding of the concept of hardship in order to point out a main leadership issue, which is to lead others in extreme situations. It is a new and innovative approach of leadership within the business area based on the literature and completed by sailors’ experiences of hardship.Offshore sailors have the use to handle hardship situations alone as well as in crews, and they cannot avoid it when they are far away from the coasts. Thus when a problem occurs they must fix it themselves. During offshore races and expeditions, sailors have to deal with teams issues and cannot quit for going back home. Thereby, a boat, which is going to sail for few months without stop, is a real laboratory of leadership and social relationships.The starting point of this approach concerns the art of leading oneself, which represents a prerogative for a great leadership in extreme conditions. Indeed when a leader loses his or her self-control in extremes situations, he or she will probably not be able to lead others. Thus, in order to illustrate the literature approach to this concept, this thesis has been completed with an auto-ethnographical approach. I as a sailor have experimented hardship alone on my boat during some offshore sailing trips. I present an analysis of these experiences to explain the issues of leading oneself in such conditions. Thanks to the participation of some sailors experts in hardship, I illustrate the possibility to lead others in hardship context with the inspiration of their experiences. It is possible to lead others in very extremes conditions, and offshore sailors that I called hardship experts could represent a real inspiration to leaders, for a real and great leadership.

Submitted by Rafael Costa (americanobr@gmail.com) on 2014-11-12T17:04:56Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação - MPGI - Rafael Costa.pdf: 532945 bytes, checksum: 26a47bf7335b9a5f2cdecf3dd358b0ac (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Luana Rodrigues (luana.rodrigues@fgv.br) on 2014-11-12T17:18:37Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação - MPGI - Rafael Costa.pdf: 532945 bytes, checksum: 26a47bf7335b9a5f2cdecf3dd358b0ac (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2014-11-12T17:18:59Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação - MPGI - Rafael Costa.pdf: 532945 bytes, checksum: 26a47bf7335b9a5f2cdecf3dd358b0ac (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-10-23 / Este trabalho acadêmico explora, em linhas gerais, a questão da adaptação do contrato de investimento internacional, e o tema ‘cláusula de hardship’ em específico. Objetiva-se efetuar uma análise detalhada da cláusula de hardship, como meio de adaptação e flexibilização de contratos internacionais de investimento sob a ótica da prática jurídica e mercantil contemporânea. A discussão se centra no contraste entre a possibilidade de adaptação do contrato por circunstâncias imprevisíveis e o imperativo de previsibilidade no investimento. Nesse sentido, o estudo busca oferecer soluções práticas para o dilema existente entre a necessidade de segurança na relação econômica (cumprimento do contato) e a prevenção da possibilidade de ruína financeira para quaisquer das partes no caso de uma mudança brusca no contexto dos negócios. O trabalho está centrado em uma investigação teórica acerca dos temas de readaptação contratual; diferenças entre sistemas jurídicos de estados-nações, e suas consequências no comércio internacional; e a cláusula de hardship em si. Como forma de contribuir para uma compreensão prática na questão da adaptação do contrato de investimento internacional devido a fatores imprevistos, este trabalho analisa casos reais e tendências atuais observadas na arbitragem internacional. / This paper explores the phenomenon of adaptation of an international investment contract, in general, and the hardship clause, in specific. The aim is to provide a comprehensive analysis of the hardship clause, as a tool for adaptation and flexibility of international investment contracts in the context of contemporary legal, commercial and managerial practice. The discussion attempts to contrast the theme of adaptation of the contract due to unforeseen circumstances against the commercial imperative of investment predictability. In that sense, the study forays in the search for practical solutions in the dilemma of ensuring foreseeability of the economic relationship (contract performance) while at the same time preventing the financial ruin of one of the parties in the case of a harsh change of circumstances. The work is grounded on a theoretical investigation of the issues of adjustment of the contract; differences in national law systems and their consequences to international investment; and the hardship clause itself. As means to offer a practical understanding on the matter of adaptation of the international investment contract due to unforeseen factors, the paper analyses real cases and the prevalent trends in international arbitration.

The aim of this study is to investigate how administrators of financial aid experience that legislation and municipal guidelines take a children’s rights perspective into consideration, and whether there, within the organizational structure and its norms, is room for maneuvering in order to meet the needs of children. A children’s perspective has since long been included in Socialtjänstlagen and has only gotten stronger since The Convention on the Rights of the Child became a part of Swedish legislation. According to research prior to this study the public debate has been lively as to what is an acceptable living standard for children and whether or not the conditions should be allowed to be affected by the limited recourses of the guardians. The results of the study show how the financial aids administration mainly focuses on an adult perspective where demands on guardians sometimes trump the needs of children. Furthermore, the study shows that there is no unanimous answer to what can be considered a reasonable standard of living for children. This causes administrators of financial aid to be caught between two contradictory sensations. On the one hand they feel relatively free in how they can maneuver within the guidelines given by the organization, on the other hand they are restrained by national guidelines. In summary it is apparent that the children’s rights perspective within financial aid is dependent on a large number of parameters ranging from the individual human standpoint to the national and formal ones, all of which need to be taken into consideration.

No description available.

Le devoir d’accommodement raisonnable a fait couler beaucoup d’encre, au Québec et ailleurs au Canada, au cours de la dernière décennie. Depuis la première fois où elle fût énoncée par la Cour suprême du Canada en 1985, les tribunaux ont été appelés à se prononcer à maintes reprises sur cette notion. Partant d’un concept juridique vague et peu précis, les décideurs ont cherché à définir le concept d’accommodement raisonnable à travers une étude approfondie de sa seule limite : la contrainte excessive. Il est désormais acquis que les employeurs ont l’obligation d’adapter le travail et les lieux de travail pour permettre aux personnes handicapées d’avoir accès à l’emploi sans discrimination. Le syndicat, tout comme le salarié visé par une demande d’accommodement, a également l’obligation de collaborer à la recherche de mesures de redressement. Ce mémoire propose une étude jurisprudentielle des concepts d’accommodements raisonnables et de contrainte excessive. Notre analyse portera sur les décisions des tribunaux judiciaires et administratifs rendues au Québec entre 1999 et 2010. La présente étude a pour objet principal d’analyser l’étendue de la notion de contrainte et à la circonscrire avec clarté et précision. / The obligation of reasonable accommodation has been the object of much discussion during the last decade, in Quebec and elsewhere in Canada. Since this issue was first broached by the Supreme Court of Canada in 1985, the courts and tribunals have had many occasions to render decisions on the topic. Starting at the onset with a very vague and indistinct legal concept, decision makers have since sought to define the concept of reasonable accommodation through studying its only limit: undue hardship. It is now accepted that the employers must adapt work and workplaces to enable disabled workers with an access to employment without discrimination. Trade unions, just like employees aimed by a request for accommodation, also both have the obligation to collaborate in the search of measurements of rectification. This Master’s thesis proposes a jurisprudential study of the concepts of reasonable accommodation and undue hardship. Our analysis will relate to the decisions of the judicial and administrative tribunals rendered in Quebec between 1999 and 2010. The present study has for main objective to analyze the extent of the concept of undue hardship and to define it clearly and with precision.

Mémoire numérisé par la Division de la gestion de documents et des archives de l'Université de Montréal.