Philosophiae Doctor - PhD / This thesis seeks to examine the making of official policies on street trading in Cape Town’s city centre and the impact of such policies. It covers an extensive period from colonial times to the Union era and from apartheid to democracy. The local government and its role in controlling the trade is the centre of focus but the thesis also explores how the oral testimonies of street traders in the city centre contribute to our understanding of the activity as well as the impact of policy. This thesis poses several questions. What influences policy? What is the impact of policy? Are there continuities or discontinuities in policy? How does one understand street trading and the impact of policy from the perspectives of street traders themselves? Given that there are significant studies of street trading in other municipalities, how does a history of street trading in Cape Town compare? Is there anything distinctive about Cape Town?` Several factors have influenced policy. These have been similar to other local authorities. These have been the desire to raise revenue for the city, to protect the interest of established businesses who feared competition from street traders, the city’s desire to maintain a clean, beautiful and orderly city, as well as traffic and sanitation considerations. Like other local authorities, strategies have included: issuing licenses to street traders and the development and implementation of street trading regulations which either restricted or prohibited street trading. In contrast to studies of other cities, this thesis explores the practice of registration as a measure of control which nonetheless confers rights. This thesis marks the 1980s as representing a decisive shift in policy from one characterized by the prosecution of street traders to a more sympathetic and supportive approach towards street traders. The post-apartheid context saw significant changes in policy motivated by the desire to seek solutions to unemployment and poverty alleviation. Thus permanent stands for street traders in the city centre have been provided, traders have been involved in decision making and power has been devolved to associations. The latter practice has been significant in Cape Town. This thesis has also found that out of the major South African cities, Cape Town comes after Johannesburg in having progressive street trader policies. This measure of progressive is seen in the number of street traders, in the provision of infrastructure such as stands and the encouragement of the sector. While the Cape Town city council has a developmental continuum plan which sees street trading leading to formal businesses, it has yet to put resources to further this. Oral histories have been particularly useful in highlighting that street trading is not only the occupation of the urban poor. This thesis highlights individuals with skills and education and who see the sector as bearing many advantages. The thesis points to the sector as being differentiated. Further, the distinction between the formal and informal gets blurred in the contemporary era. This thesis highlights the hereditary nature of street trading in Cape Town thus challenging ideas of street trading as a transitory occupation. With regard to policy, interviews highlighted the negative impact of policy during apartheid. While traders see the advantages of the democratic era, they nonetheless argue too that the encouragement of the sector has seen an increase in the number of street traders but no significant increase in a customer base. There is thus some nostalgia for the pre-1994 years. This study has allowed one to track continuity and discontinuity and to explore the idea of a progressive policy and to make comparisons with other cities drawing from official and oral sources.

This dissertation looks into the processes by which neoliberalism is mutating with various local and global discourses in order to transform urban space for marginalized street hawkers in the Global South, specifically Delhi, India. Following the current engagements in geographic literature on neoliberalism that focus on the contextually embedded character and the path-dependent process of the spread of free market ideas, I make free market advocacy think tanks--a rather unknown and under-investigated accomplice to this process--my main entry point. Corporate funded think tanks are often found advocating a neoliberal doctrine of free markets, minimal government intervention, and privatization. A self-professed civil society organization, the Center for Civil Society (CCS) in Delhi is one of the first neoliberal, national and foreign corporation funded, advocacy think tanks in India and one of its many agendas is to counter the popular belief that neoliberalism is harmful for the urban poor such as street hawkers. Various NGOs, social workers, scholars, academicians, and think tanks including CCS came together to form the National Policy of Street Vendors, 2009 (NPSV), one of the first policy proposals in modern India to tackle the problems of urban spaces of street vending. Through my investigations I wish to highlight the neoliberal attitudes that are concealed in this policy regarding street hawkers. By bringing these neoliberal undertones to the forefront, this dissertation discusses how this so called “pro-hawking” policy that is being pushed to be implemented in the majority of Indian cities is in fact hostile to hawkers. I demonstrate this fact by explaining that NPSV and its proponents view space as a capitalist commodity and are attempting to transform the rich social spaces of Indian city streets into hollow container spaces of capitalist production and consumption. In this way, this dissertation connects macro spaces of governance such as city streets to the micro spaces of governmentality such as think tanks like CCS.

As hipóteses apresentadas neste trabalho são relacionadas às manifestações e disputas de ambulantes no espaço de transformação urbana do centro de Campinas e bairros vizinhos, no período de 1929 a 1940. Estas mudanças aparecem como resultado de uma urbanização articulada ao processo de industrialização que tomava conta da cidade, uma vez que a acumulação gerada pelos lucros do café desdobrava-se numa dinâmica industrial e imobiliária. Além disso, empresários dos setores industriais, imobiliários, comerciais e jornalísticos pressionavam a Administração Municipal diante da necessidade, em sua opinião, do estabelecimento de regras e normas quanto ao modo de viver em uma cidade moderna. O objetivo consistia em excluir tudo que não estivesse nos moldes da modernidade, desde as ruas estreitas e casarões até a permanência no centro. Neste cenário, a partir do estudo e compilação de requerimentos de ambulantes, comunicados de fiscais, livros de registros da Repartição Fiscal, da Legislação Municipal e dos Relatórios dos Prefeitos, busca-se contextualizar, identificar e compreender as formas de resistência dos ambulantes para assegurarem seus modos de vida e sobrevivência diante das intervenções legislativas e espaciais, da fiscalização e vigilância efetuadas pela Prefeitura no município. A persistência, seja por meio de suas andanças e/ou fixação em algum ponto da cidade é problematizada e articulada a algumas questões principais: a atividade concebida como necessária à população em geral, sendo assim, parte dos costumes e cultura dos habitantes locais; a importância dessa parcela da população para o abastecimento da cidade; sua influência econômica ligada ao pagamento de impostos contribuindo, assim, para os cofres públicos e a percepção por parte da Administração Municipal quanto às consequências negativas da proibição total da prática ambulante, uma vez que era (e ainda é) uma fresta deixada pela sociedade que possibilitava a sobrevivência daqueles que não conseguiam outro tipo de profissão / The hypotheses presented in this study are related to demonstrations and disputes of hawkers in the space of urban transformation of downtown Campinas and surrounding neighborhoods, from 1929 to 1940. Such changes appear as a result of urbanization hinged to industrialization that took the city since the accumulation of income generated by the coffee unfolded in a dynamics industrial and real estate. Moreover, the sectors of industry, commerce, business, real estates and journalistic were pressing the Municipal Administration in the face of, according to them, the need to establish rules and regulations on how to live in a modern city. The goal was to exclude everything that was not in the molds of modernity, such as the narrow streets, old buildings and the custom of remaining in the center. In this scenario, by studying and compiling requeriments, statements, records books, laws and Mayors reports, this work look forward to contextualize, identify and understand the forms of resistance from hawkers to ensure their modes of life and survival in the face of surveillance, supervision and of legal and urban interventions practiced in the municipality. The persistence, either through their mobility and / or to be stationary in somewhere in the city, is problematized and articulated some key issues : the activity conceived as necessary to the general population , like part of the customs and culture of the local inhabitants ; the importance of this portion of the population to supply the city ; their economic influence linked to the payment of taxes , thus contributing to the public coffers and the perception of the Municipal Administration of the negative consequences of a total ban practice, since it was ( and still is) a gap left by the society that enabled the survival of those who could not find other type of profession

Traditional Chinese snacks have been part of Chinese food culture for years but many types of snacks have been disappearing in Singapore as a result of globalization and modernization. Since the late 1990s, however, some types of Chinese snacks have become increasingiy popular as they are being marketed in new food retail spaces. In the 1940s, kaya toast started as an inexpensive breakfast snack for Chinese immigrants but has since evolved into a lifestyle snack enjoyed by Singaporeans at any time of the day. The growing popularity of kaya toast and some other types of snacks has revived the traditional Chinese snack food industry. This thesis examines the re-emergence of a traditional Chinese snack culture in Singapore. It discusses the history of traditional Chinese snacks, its continuity and the changing nature of Chinese snack foods in Singapore. Based on case studies conducted in 2005 with retailers of selected traditional Chinese snack foods, the study examines when such food enterprises in Singapore were established, why they were established and the ways in which they were able to survive in the highly competitive market for various kinds of snack foods. It examines the business characteristics and strategies of the new vendors by comparing them to traditional hawkers in the past. Techniques employed in this study include interviews, participant observation, spatial mapping and document analysis. The findings indicate that the adaptation of the retailers by fusing authentic recipes with new ingredients and flavours, using modern technology, adopting marketing techniques, using media promotion, as well as the offering of a diverse product mix and the setting up of numerous retail outlets have helped the new hawker-entrepreneurs to stay competitive in the growing snack food market in Singapore.

As hipóteses apresentadas neste trabalho são relacionadas às manifestações e disputas de ambulantes no espaço de transformação urbana do centro de Campinas e bairros vizinhos, no período de 1929 a 1940. Estas mudanças aparecem como resultado de uma urbanização articulada ao processo de industrialização que tomava conta da cidade, uma vez que a acumulação gerada pelos lucros do café desdobrava-se numa dinâmica industrial e imobiliária. Além disso, empresários dos setores industriais, imobiliários, comerciais e jornalísticos pressionavam a Administração Municipal diante da necessidade, em sua opinião, do estabelecimento de regras e normas quanto ao modo de viver em uma cidade moderna. O objetivo consistia em excluir tudo que não estivesse nos moldes da modernidade, desde as ruas estreitas e casarões até a permanência no centro. Neste cenário, a partir do estudo e compilação de requerimentos de ambulantes, comunicados de fiscais, livros de registros da Repartição Fiscal, da Legislação Municipal e dos Relatórios dos Prefeitos, busca-se contextualizar, identificar e compreender as formas de resistência dos ambulantes para assegurarem seus modos de vida e sobrevivência diante das intervenções legislativas e espaciais, da fiscalização e vigilância efetuadas pela Prefeitura no município. A persistência, seja por meio de suas andanças e/ou fixação em algum ponto da cidade é problematizada e articulada a algumas questões principais: a atividade concebida como necessária à população em geral, sendo assim, parte dos costumes e cultura dos habitantes locais; a importância dessa parcela da população para o abastecimento da cidade; sua influência econômica ligada ao pagamento de impostos contribuindo, assim, para os cofres públicos e a percepção por parte da Administração Municipal quanto às consequências negativas da proibição total da prática ambulante, uma vez que era (e ainda é) uma fresta deixada pela sociedade que possibilitava a sobrevivência daqueles que não conseguiam outro tipo de profissão / The hypotheses presented in this study are related to demonstrations and disputes of hawkers in the space of urban transformation of downtown Campinas and surrounding neighborhoods, from 1929 to 1940. Such changes appear as a result of urbanization hinged to industrialization that took the city since the accumulation of income generated by the coffee unfolded in a dynamics industrial and real estate. Moreover, the sectors of industry, commerce, business, real estates and journalistic were pressing the Municipal Administration in the face of, according to them, the need to establish rules and regulations on how to live in a modern city. The goal was to exclude everything that was not in the molds of modernity, such as the narrow streets, old buildings and the custom of remaining in the center. In this scenario, by studying and compiling requeriments, statements, records books, laws and Mayors reports, this work look forward to contextualize, identify and understand the forms of resistance from hawkers to ensure their modes of life and survival in the face of surveillance, supervision and of legal and urban interventions practiced in the municipality. The persistence, either through their mobility and / or to be stationary in somewhere in the city, is problematized and articulated some key issues : the activity conceived as necessary to the general population , like part of the customs and culture of the local inhabitants ; the importance of this portion of the population to supply the city ; their economic influence linked to the payment of taxes , thus contributing to the public coffers and the perception of the Municipal Administration of the negative consequences of a total ban practice, since it was ( and still is) a gap left by the society that enabled the survival of those who could not find other type of profession

No description available.

This study is an analysis of the traffic situation for pedestrians and bicyclist, unprotected road users, in Accra’s Central Business District. A Swedish method, Calm streets, is used to identify conflicts in the mixed traffic situation. The findings reveal a large amount of conflicts between unprotected road users and motor vehicles. These conflicts cause congestions which have negative implications on the environment, health and economy. In addition an assessment of the quality of and access to pedestrian and bicycle facilities were conducted. This assessment indicates that the quality and access to the facilities are in general low, especially for the disabled, elderly and children. A larger Traffic Network Analysis and a Cost Benefit Analysis are needed to address these problems for stakeholders and decision makers.

<p> </p><p>This study is an analysis of the traffic situation for pedestrians and bicyclist, unprotected road users, in Accra’s Central Business District. A Swedish method, Calm streets, is used to identify conflicts in the mixed traffic situation. The findings reveal a large amount of conflicts between unprotected road users and motor vehicles. These conflicts cause congestions which have negative implications on the environment, health and economy.</p><p>In addition an assessment of the quality of and access to pedestrian and bicycle facilities were conducted. This assessment indicates that the quality and access to the facilities are in general low, especially for the disabled, elderly and children. A larger Traffic Network Analysis and a Cost Benefit Analysis are needed to address these problems for stakeholders and decision makers.</p><p> </p>

Magister Public Health - MPH / This study is aimed to assess the extent of street food vendor information and education on food safety. Aim: To determine the knowledge, attitudes and practices (KAP) of street food vendors, within the City of Johannesburg, with regard to food hygiene and safety. Methods: A descriptive, cross-sectional study utilizing a quantitative research approach. Data was collected through face-to-face interviewing of street food vendors, with observations of general hygiene and cleanliness. Data was captured in Excel and imported into CDC Epi Info version 3.4.3 (2007) for analysis. Numerical data was analyzed using descriptive statistics and categorical data was analyzed using frequencies. Bivariate analysis was used to establish differences between regions with high and low proportions of street food vendors with regard to knowledge, practices and attitudes variables. / South Africa

No description available.