Au cours des vingt dernières années, la santé de la reproduction s’est imposée comme une priorité d’action pour le développement des pays du Sud. Au Sénégal, et dans le département de Saint-Louis, d’indiscutables progrès ont été réalisés mais certaines statistiques restent accablantes et les inégalités de santé, loin de se réduire, demeurent et se creusent. Lorsque ces disparités sont appréhendées au prisme du territoire, des configurations particulières se dessinent et font apparaître des fractures spatiales qui dépassent l’opposition classique entre la ville et la campagne. Désormais, certains quartiers et villages partagent de mêmes préoccupations sanitaires, tandis que des localités rurales acquièrent progressivement des équipements et des comportements que l’on réservait autrefois en ville. Comprendre et mesurer les inégalités territoriales de santé de la reproduction pour pouvoir travailler à leur réduction, tel est le sens de cette étude. / For the past twenty years, reproductive health has been a top priority for the developing countries. In Senegal and in The Saint-Louis department, undeniable progress has been achieved but some statistics remain bleak and health inequalities, far from decreasing tend to grow. When we look closer at these disparities over the studied region, one can observe particular configurations with layouts highlighting spatial splits which go beyond the known urban/rural divide. From now on urban areas and villages share the same sanitary concerns, while rural communities gradually acquire equipment and new habits previously reserved for towns. To understand and estimate the territorial reproductive health inequalities in order to get them to decrease, such is the goal of this study.

CoordenaÃÃo de AperfeiÃoamento de NÃvel Superior / CoordenaÃÃo de AperfeiÃoamento de Pessoal de NÃvel Superior / O projeto de pesquisa âAcessibilidade da pessoa portadora de deficiÃncia fÃsica e / ou sensorial aos serviÃos de saÃde: estudo das condiÃÃes fÃsicas e de comunicaÃÃoâ tem por objetivos identificar as barreiras arquitetÃnicas que dificultam ou impedem o acesso do portador de deficiÃncia aos serviÃos bÃsicos de saÃde e aos hospitais gerias, procura, ainda, estudar as dificuldades de comunicaÃÃo entre estas pessoas e membros da equipe de saÃde. A participaÃÃo nesse projeto despertou para o tema e originou esta dissertaÃÃo, que tem por objetivo mapear as condiÃÃes arquitetÃnicas de acesso do portador deficiÃncia fÃsica aos serviÃos hospitalares na cidade de Sobral-Ce. O referencial teÃrico apÃia-se na Lei n 7.853 de 24/10/1989 que estabelece normas que asseguram o exercÃcio dos direitos individuais e sociais das pessoas portadoras de deficiÃncia e sua efetiva integraÃÃo social. Estudo quantitativo que utilizou instrumento de coleta de dados tipo cheque lista elaborado consultando a lei, foram incluÃdos no estudo os quatro hospitais gerias da cidade, a coleta ocorreu no mÃs de maio de 2004 e foram alguns dados documentados fotograficamente. A anÃlise estatÃstica constatou no que se refere Ãs suas adjacentes aos hospitais a ausÃncia de faixas, para pedestres e de rebaixamento de meio fio em pontos estratÃgicos (25 %); obras pÃblicas e particulares desprotegidas de tapumes (100%) , avenidas livres de buracos (50%); calÃadas que nÃo estÃo livres de buracos e desnivelamento (100%), placas de sinalizaÃÃo de trÃnsito visÃveis (75%); o percurso para a instituiÃÃo està sinalizado (100%); mas nÃo hà semÃforos em pontos estratÃgicos (100%). Quanto ao acesso ao hospital, possuem rebaixamento de guias (50%); ausÃncia do sÃmbolo internacional de acesso (100%); hà rampas de acesso (100%); escadaria sem corrimÃo (50%); as portas possuem a largura ideal (100%); as de vai e vem nÃo possuem visor (100%). As caracterÃsticas internas dos hospitais mostram que as Ãreas de circulaÃÃo possuem obstÃculos (100%), o piso das rampas à antiderrapante (50%); as rampas e escadas possuem corrimÃo (50%), mas fora do padrÃo legal. Um hospital tem apenas um pavimento os outros trÃs contam com 13escadas internas com degraus ideais; os balcÃes atendem a legislaÃÃo (80%) e assentos pÃblicos tambÃm (32%). Os bebedouros sÃo acessÃveis, mas os telefones nÃo. Conclui-se que hà barreiras arquitetÃnicas no percurso casa/hospital, no acesso direto ao hospital e nas suas dependÃncias internas. A legislaÃÃo vigente que garante o acesso do portador de deficiÃncia fÃsica aos serviÃos de saÃde està sendo desrespeitadas o que demonstra desconhecimento e descaso do serviÃo pÃblico, bem como, dos profissionais da saÃde que sÃo co-responsÃveis na garantia do exercÃcio da cidadania desta populaÃÃo. / The search plan of the Nursing Department of the Federal University of Cearà called: accessibility of physically and/or sensorial deficient people to health care: the object of physical conditions and communication study is to point out any architectonic obstacles making difficult or obstructing any physically deficient people (pdp) to access basic health cares and general hospitals and study the communication problems amongst such people and health caring team members. My participation in such a plan called my attention to such a theme and gave rise to this dissertation, the objects of which are to map the architectonic conditions for the physically deficient people to access any hospital cares in the city of Sobral-CE and point out any internal architectonic obstacles and also in the hospitals for the physical move of PDPs. The theoretical system of reference is based on Law No. 7,853, dated 10/24/1989, which sets up rules to ensure the exercise of individual and social rights of physically deficient people and the effective social integration thereof. Such study is quantitative and used an instrument of data collection of check-list type made by consultation under law. Four general hospitals of the city were included in such study and data collections were performed in the month of May 2004. Some of them have been documented on photos The statistic analysis found out in connection with the areas around hospitals that there no crosswalks (100%) and lowering of curb at strategic points (75%); public and private works with no fence made of planks (100%); pavements with holes and unlevellings (100%); avenues with no holes (50%); visible transit signs (75%); the way going to the institution is signaled (100%), but there are no traffic lights at strategic points (100%). Concerning access to hospitals, there is no lowering of curbs (75%); there is no parking area for PDPs signalized with the International Access Symbol (100%); there is sloping roadway (100%), flight of stairs with no handrail (50%); doors are well sized (100%); swing doors has no appropriate visors (100%); the inner features of the hospitals show that the transit areas have obstacles (100%); the pavement on the outer sloping roadways are non skid. (100%); the inner sloping roadways and stairs have handrails available (50%) but not in compliance wit the lawful standard. One of the hospitals has one floor but the other three ones have three inner stairs; counters are in accordance with legislation (80%) and the public seats as well (33%). Drinking places and telephones are not accessible (95.5%) It was concluded that there are architectonic obstacles in the way from house to hospital, in the direct access to hospital in the inner rooms thereof. The legislation in force assuring the physically deficient people to access the health care has not been complied with. This means that the public service has obviously not been aware of such legislation and has been negligent. The health caring professionals who are also responsible for assuring the citizenship of such portion of population to be exercised have been negligent as well.

Submitted by Ray Andra Pinheiro (andraray304@gmail.com) on 2018-08-27T15:25:22Z No. of bitstreams: 1 DISSERTACAO LARISSA - FINAL.pdf: 8679628 bytes, checksum: a12ca3c85ef2ff38eed5ce4b8339b8ed (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Divisão de Documentação/BC Biblioteca Central (ddbc@ufam.edu.br) on 2018-08-27T16:07:39Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 DISSERTACAO LARISSA - FINAL.pdf: 8679628 bytes, checksum: a12ca3c85ef2ff38eed5ce4b8339b8ed (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Divisão de Documentação/BC Biblioteca Central (ddbc@ufam.edu.br) on 2018-08-27T16:09:35Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 DISSERTACAO LARISSA - FINAL.pdf: 8679628 bytes, checksum: a12ca3c85ef2ff38eed5ce4b8339b8ed (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-27T16:09:35Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 DISSERTACAO LARISSA - FINAL.pdf: 8679628 bytes, checksum: a12ca3c85ef2ff38eed5ce4b8339b8ed (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-04-20 / CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The Metropolitan Region of Manaus (Região Metropolitana de Manaus - RMM) is located in the Legal Amazon and includes natural aspects and singular occupation, whose population is fixed in its extensive hydrographic network and dense forest. The natural aspects of the RMM determine ways of access different from the other Metropolitan Regions (Regiões metropolitanas - MR) of Brazil, especially for those who seek health in the state capital. Considering the context of population mobility in search of health at different levels of hierarchy in the study area, the present study aimed to perform a comparative analysis of the conditions of geographical access to health in the municipalities of the RMM. As a methodology, secondary data surveys, fieldwork and the use of geoprocessing techniques were carried out. The results showed that low population density, natural aspects and the organization of healthcare levels, subject the RMM population to travel long distances in search of health care, especially for the specialized care established in the city of Manaus. However, this situation also occurs in Primary Health Care (PHC) establishments, located closer to the population, especially during periods of drought in the Amazonian rivers. The seasonality of the Amazonian rivers influences the "go" and "come" of the metropolitan population of Amazonas, inducing the use of different modalities of transportation and forms of geographical access to health, and consequently, temporality, distances, costs, and direction of the itineraries vary at different times of the year. Geographic access to health becomes more unfavorable due to the low supply of physical and human health resources, especially of doctors and beds. In this sense, the low supply of these resources combined with the seasonality of the Amazonian rivers, produce health regionalizations, which differ from the Regional Health drawings that intersect the RMM. This variation of geographical access to health can induce death cases that could be avoided or reduced by effective actions of accessible and localized health services closer to the population (avoidable death), considering that this death variable represented about 70% of the deaths between the years 2010 to 2015 in the study area, to highlight: deaths due to diseases of the circulatory system, ill-defined cause, external causes, and neoplasias, whose deaths occur in residences and on public roads. Therefore, considering the results achieved in this study, it is concluded that it is necessary to plan health with a focus on Physical and Human Geography specific to the Amazon, in order to serve populations located far from urban centers, aspiring to health as the right of all, regardless of socio-spatial characteristics of disparate territories, such as the Amazon. / A Região Metropolitana de Manaus (RMM) está localizada na Amazônia Legal, e comporta aspectos naturais e de ocupação singular, cuja população estar fixada em sua extensa rede hidrográfica e floresta densa. Os aspectos naturais da RMM determinam maneiras de acesso diferente das demais Regiões Metropolitanas (RM) do Brasil, principalmente para aqueles que buscam saúde na capital do estado. Considerando o contexto da mobilidade da população em busca de saúde em diferentes níveis de hierarquia na área de estudo, o presente trabalho teve o objetivo de realizar uma análise comparativa das condições de acesso geográfico à saúde nos municípios da RMM. Como metodologia, realizou-se levantamentos de dados secundários, trabalhos de campo e a utilização de técnicas de geoprocessamento. Os resultados demonstraram que a baixa densidade demográfica, os aspectos naturais e a organização dos níveis de atenção à saúde, submetem a população da RMM a percorrer extensas distâncias em busca de atendimento à saúde, principalmente para a atenção especializada, estabelecida na cidade de Manaus. No entanto, essa situação também ocorre nos estabelecimentos de Atenção Primária em Saúde (APS), localizados mais “próximos” da população, principalmente em períodos de seca dos rios Amazônicos. A sazonalidade dos rios amazônicos influencia no “ir” e “vir” da população metropolitana do Amazonas, induzindo a utilização de diferentes modais de transportes e formas de acesso geográfico à saúde, e consequentemente, a temporalidade, as distâncias, os custos e a direção dos itinerários variam em diferentes épocas do ano. O acesso geográfico à saúde torna-se mais desfavorável em virtude da baixa oferta dos recursos físicos e humanos de saúde, principalmente de médicos e leitos. Neste sentido, a baixa oferta destes recursos combinada com a sazonalidade dos rios amazônicos, produzem regionalizações de saúde, que se diferem dos desenhos das Regionais de Saúde que entrecortam a RMM. Essa variação de acesso geográfico à saúde podem induzir casos de mortes que poderiam ser evitadas ou reduzidas por ações efetivas dos serviços de saúde acessível e localizados mais próximos da população (morte evitável), tendo em vista que essa variável de morte representou cerca de 70% das mortes entre os anos de 2010 à 2015 na área de estudo, a destacar: mortes por doenças do aparelho circulatório, causa mal definida, causas externas e neoplasias, cuja mortes ocorrem nas residências e em vias públicas. Portanto, considerando os resultados alcançados neste trabalho, conclui-se que é necessário planejar a saúde com foco na Geografia Física e Humana específicas da Amazônia, no intuito de atender as populações localizadas distantes dos centros urbanos, aspirando a saúde como o direito de todos, independentemente das características socioespaciais de territórios díspares, como os Amazônicos.

Motivated by the ongoing and widespread xenophobia in South Africa, this study explores the experiences of health access and the health sector by refugees and asylum seekers so as to understand intergroup relations, and more specifically the tensions between nationals and non-nationals. In achieving this, an ethnographic fieldwork was conducted in Cape Town, South Africa during Spring 2017; semi-structured interviews with refugees and asylum seekers provide the material for analysis to identify key perceptions on health and xenophobia to shed light on what possible peacebuilding initiatives should address. Key themes uncovered that intergroup violence based on nationality is prevailing in the areas and townships where refugees and asylum seekers live side by side with (black) South Africans. The presence of violence and the fear of risk of violence appear to fuel intergroup resentment and hostility. The lack of social well-being of the refugee became apparent in their frustrations in attaining safety in their everyday life. Moreover, it positions them so that they are unable to improve their own situation and attain health, health access, and health rights. Additionally, it found that a major obstacle to the realisation of health is connected to legal documentation as well as perceived competition for scarce health service. Specifically, it uncovered the perception of assumed hostile attitude (or fear hereof) by nationals among refugees and asylum seekers constitute both visible and invisible access barriers to the public health system and social integration. The application of the instrumental group conflict theory to the ethnographic interview material thus showed that to end what I term ‘norms of protracted social conflict rooted in xenophobia’, refugees and asylum seekers access to and treatment in the health sector is integral for their inclusion into society. It can simultaneously foster relations with the locals and, at the same time, allow for an everyday life wherein the individual can participate in and contribute to the South African society.

This thesis aims to provide a framework for analyzing the moral responsibilities of global agents in what I call the Global Health Crisis (GHC), with special attention devoted to the moral responsibilities of pharmaceutical companies. The main contribution of this thesis is to provide a general account of the moral responsibilities of different global players, mapping the different kinds of duties they have, their content and force, and their relation to the responsibilities of other relevant actors in the GHC. I also apply this account to current debates surrounding the need for reforms to the international legal rules addressing the GHC, notably the TRIPs regime. In doing so, this thesis will discuss the allocation of responsibilities for the GHC among different global players, such as state and non-state actors, the latter including pharmaceutical companies. In order to investigate the allocation of duties, I will first analyze the object of such allocation which constitutes the object of the current GHC (Part A); then the agents responsible for addressing this crisis (Part B); and finally, existing institutional alternatives to reform the international legal rules addressing the GHC, such as the TRIPs regime (Part C).