<p>Men’s violence against women is a universal issue affecting health, human rights and gender-equality. In pregnancy, violence is a risk for both the mother and her unborn child.</p><p>The overall aims were: to determine the prevalence of such violence in a Swedish pregnant population, to investigate pregnant women’s attitudes to questioning about exposure to violence, and to evaluate experience gained by antenatal care midwives having routinely questioned pregnant women regarding violence.</p><p>All women registered for antenatal care in Uppsala, Sweden, during 6 months were assessed regarding acts of violence. The Abuse Assessment Screen (AAS) was used twice during pregnancy and again after delivery when the women were asked an open-ended written question regarding attitudes to questioning about violence. Midwives’ experiences regarding routine assessment were evaluated in focus group discussions.</p><p>The AAS questions were answered by 93% (1,038) of those eligible. Physical abuse by a partner or relative during or shortly after pregnancy was reported by 1.3%, and by 2.8% when the year preceding pregnancy was included. Lifetime sexual abuse was reported by 8.1%. Repeated questioning increased the abuse detection rate. Abused women reported more previous ill-health, and women physically abused during pregnancy more pregnancy terminations than did non-abused women. Abuse assessment was found entirely acceptable by 80%, both acceptable and unacceptable/disagreeable by 5% and solely unacceptable/ disagreeable by 3%, while 12% were neural. Abused and non-abused women did not differ regarding disinclination to answer the abuse questions. According to the midwives the delicacy of the subject and the male partners’ presence were the most prominent remaining obstacles to routine determination of violence. </p><p>Routines are required to make questioning about violence an integral part of antenatal care. This would necessitate a private appointment for the woman, knowledge among care providers about the nature of men’s violence, and awareness of referral options.</p>

Men’s violence against women is a universal issue affecting health, human rights and gender-equality. In pregnancy, violence is a risk for both the mother and her unborn child. The overall aims were: to determine the prevalence of such violence in a Swedish pregnant population, to investigate pregnant women’s attitudes to questioning about exposure to violence, and to evaluate experience gained by antenatal care midwives having routinely questioned pregnant women regarding violence. All women registered for antenatal care in Uppsala, Sweden, during 6 months were assessed regarding acts of violence. The Abuse Assessment Screen (AAS) was used twice during pregnancy and again after delivery when the women were asked an open-ended written question regarding attitudes to questioning about violence. Midwives’ experiences regarding routine assessment were evaluated in focus group discussions. The AAS questions were answered by 93% (1,038) of those eligible. Physical abuse by a partner or relative during or shortly after pregnancy was reported by 1.3%, and by 2.8% when the year preceding pregnancy was included. Lifetime sexual abuse was reported by 8.1%. Repeated questioning increased the abuse detection rate. Abused women reported more previous ill-health, and women physically abused during pregnancy more pregnancy terminations than did non-abused women. Abuse assessment was found entirely acceptable by 80%, both acceptable and unacceptable/disagreeable by 5% and solely unacceptable/ disagreeable by 3%, while 12% were neural. Abused and non-abused women did not differ regarding disinclination to answer the abuse questions. According to the midwives the delicacy of the subject and the male partners’ presence were the most prominent remaining obstacles to routine determination of violence. Routines are required to make questioning about violence an integral part of antenatal care. This would necessitate a private appointment for the woman, knowledge among care providers about the nature of men’s violence, and awareness of referral options.

O objeto deste estudo são as práticas que favorecem a participação social, realizadas por enfermeiros na Atenção Básica, em Unidade de Saúde da Família (USF). As práticas dos enfermeiros na Atenção Básica têm sido orientadas pelas diretrizes das políticas públicas de saúde, por isso devem adotar a concepção do processo-saúde doença sancionada no Sistema de Saúde brasileiro, a de que esse processo tem determinantes e condicionantes associados às formas de vida dos indivíduos e grupos sociais. Portanto, as práticas devem ser planejadas para responder necessidades de saúde ampliadas. Contudo, os protocolos que orientam práticas de enfermeiros privilegiam o enfoque da clínica médica, limitando o objeto dessas práticas a agravos e doenças. A literatura registra a descrição de práticas preponderantemente ancoradas nos saberes da clínica médica, centradas em agravos, doenças, processos característicos de determinadas fases da vida; ou seja, práticas que respondem principalmente necessidades de preservação da vida. Defende-se que a inclusão da participação social como uma das finalidades das práticas de saúde permite respostas a necessidades de saúde ampliadas, considerando-se que essa participação está nas raízes das necessidades de saúde, na medida em que possibilita o aprimoramento das condições de reprodução social. Referencial teórico: necessidades de saúde são reconhecidas como necessidades de reprodução social, portanto, determinadas pela inserção social dos indivíduos e grupos sociais, e se conformarão de forma distinta nas diferentes classes sociais. Portanto, necessidades de saúde não são respondidas apenas em serviços de saúde. Para respondê-las é necessário que se considere as necessidades de reprodução social - originadas nas formas de trabalhar e de viver, que estão na base dos processos saúde-doença; a necessidade da presença do Estado, que garante direitos para viabilizar respostas a necessidades de reprodução social e as necessidades de participação social, que possibilitam colocar em jogo necessidades acima de interesses, possibilitando o aprimoramento das necessidades de reprodução social. Participação neste estudo é compreendida como processos de lutas sociais voltadas para a transformação de condições da realidade social, de carência econômica e/ou opressão sociopolítica e cultural. Objetivo geral: apreender características das práticas operacionalizadas por enfermeiros, na AB, que tenham como uma das finalidades o estímulo à participação social de usuários do serviço e de grupos sociais. Objetivos específicos: identificar as práticas realizadas por enfermeiros de uma USF; identificar e analisar as práticas realizadas por enfermeiros que favorecem mobilização e participação social; analisar as práticas que efetivam a participação social, realizadas por enfermeiros. Finalidade: subsidiar as práticas de saúde na AB, com ênfase nas do enfermeiro, para que sejam operacionalizadas como respostas a necessidades de saúde ampliadas. Procedimentos metodológicos: estudo qualitativo, do tipo estudo de caso, realizado em uma USF da Supervisão de Saúde do Butantã com todos os enfermeiros que atuavam na Estratégia de Saúde da Família. Primeiro foram realizadas entrevistas e depois observação participante de práticas que favoreciam a participação social. Necessidades de saúde e participação social foram as categorias analíticas. O projeto foi aprovado por Comitês de Ética em Pesquisa e respeitou os preceitos éticos recomendados. Resultados: Foram identificadas, nos processos de trabalho de enfermeiras da USF, práticas pautadas na concepção dos determinantes sociais do processo saúde-doença; portanto, práticas ampliadas, tanto voltadas a atendimento individual ao usuário quanto ao coletivo, a grupos sociais. Essas práticas incorporavam a associação entre condições de reprodução social e processos saúde-doença; ou seja, respondiam a necessidades de saúde ampliadas, para além daquelas concretizadas no corpo bio-psíquico. Ao construir com os sujeitos do cuidado a compreensão desse nexo, essas práticas possibilitavam a mobilização, inerente à participação social, com vistas ao aprimoramento das condições de trabalho e vida e, consequentemente, de saúde. Portanto, os espaços de respostas a necessidades de saúde ampliadas não eram restritos ao cuidado individual e os de mobilização para a participação social não eram restritos, nem exclusivos do Conselho Gestor. Essas práticas participativas estavam incorporadas nos processos de trabalho das enfermeiras da USF; portanto, legitimadas pela gerente da USF, também enfermeira, em sintonia com características de gestão democrática dessa USF. Considerações finais: para que as práticas de saúde respondam a necessidades de saúde, a participação social deve ser incorporada às finalidades dos processos de trabalho de todos os trabalhadores de saúde. Acredita-se que essa é a forma de garantir que as necessidades de saúde dos moradores sejam reconhecidas e possam ser tomadas como objeto, não só dos processos de trabalho da USF, mas também dos processos de participação social, uma vez que essa participação possibilita a modificação da realidade concreta dos grupos sociais, pela via do aprimoramento das condições de reprodução social que estão, por sua vez, nas raízes das necessidades de saúde. No entanto, esse processo deve ser reconhecido pelos trabalhadores, a começar pela gerência dos serviços, para não serem esporádicos, eventuais. / The objects of the present study are the practices that favor social participation, performed by primary health care nurses working in Family Health Units (FHU). Primary health nurses practices have been guided by public health policies, and should, therefore, adopt the concept of the health-diseases process as sanctioned by the national health system, which states that there are determining and conditioning factors associated with the life styles of individuals and social groups. For this reason, nurses must plan their practices aiming to meet broader health needs. However, the protocols guiding nurses practices focus mainly on clinical medicine, thus limiting the objects of these practices to illness and disease. Literature records the description of practices based predominantly on clinical medicine knowledge, centered on illness, disease, and processes characteristic of specific life phases; i.e., practices that meet mainly the needs for the preservation of life. It is believed that including social participation as one of the goals of health care would allow achieving responses for the broader health needs, since that participation stands in the roots of health needs, as it permits to enhance the conditions of social reproduction. Theoretical framework: health needs are recognized as the needs of social reproduction, hence, they are determined by the social insertion of individuals and social groups, and will emerge in different ways in the different social classes. Therefore, health needs are not met exclusively at health services. In order to meet health needs, it is necessary to consider the needs of social reproduction which originate in the different ways of working and living, and stand at the basis of health-diseases processes; the need for the presence of the State, which assures the rights to meeting the needs of social reproduction and of social participation, which permit to attend to needs before interests, thus allowing an enhancement of the social reproduction needs. Participating in this study is understood as the processes of social battles aimed at transforming the conditions of social reality, economic needs and/or sociopolitical and cultural oppression. Overall objective: to identify the characteristics of the practices conducted by primary health care nurses, which aim to encourage the social participations of patients and social groups. Specific objectives: to identify the practices conducted by the nurses of a FHU; identify and analyze the nurses practices that benefit mobilization and social participation; analyze the nurses practices that make social participation effective. Purpose: to support primary health care practices, focused on nurses practices, so they are conducted as responded to broader health needs. Methodological procedures: qualitative case study, performed with all nurses working with Family Health Strategy at the FHU of the Butantã Health Division. First, interviews were conducted. After, were made the participant observation of practices that favor social participation. Health needs and social participation were the analytical categories. The project was approved by Research Ethics Committees and complied with all ethical principles. Results: It was identified, in the FHU nurses working processes, practices based on the concept of the social determinants of the health-disease process; hence, broader practices, aiming at the health care to individuals as well as to social groups. Those practices incorporated the association between the conditions of social reproduction and health-disease processes; in other words, they answered broader health needs, beyond those of the bio-psyche-body. By achieving an understanding of that nexus with the subjects of care, those practices allowed for mobilization, inherent to social participation, with a view to improving ones work, life, and, thus, health conditions. Therefore, the spaces for answering broader health needs were not restricted to individual care, and those of mobilization for social participation were not restricted nor exclusive of the Administration Committee. These participative practices were incorporated in the working processes of FHU nurses; however, legitimated by the FHU manager, who was also a nurse, in harmony with the characteristics of the democratic administration of the referred FHU. Final remarks: in order for health practices to meet health needs, social participation must be incorporated to the purposes of the working processes of all health care workers. This is the way of assuring that the health needs of the local population will be recognized and made the object not only of the work at the FHU, but also of processes of social participation, as the latter allows making a change in the concrete reality of the social groups, by improving the conditions of social reproduction, which, on their hand, stand within the roots of the health needs. Nevertheless, workers, particularly and firstly the management, must acknowledge that process, so it does not become periodic, sporadic.

Introduktion: Digitalisering är en pågående process i samhället som berör många aspekter relaterat till folkhälsa. Samtidigt är folkhälsovetare, folkhälsoarbetet eller folkhälsoperspektivet vaga beskrivet i policys och vetenskaplig litteratur rörande ämnet digitalisering och folkhälsa. Tidigare forskning har även belyst hur digitaliseringen främst inkluderat tekniska och ekonomiska perspektiv med brist på sociala, kulturella och politiska perspektiv.  Syfte: Studiens syfte var att beskriva folkhälsovetares uppfattningar och erfarenheter kring implementering och nyttjande av digitala verktyg i folkhälsoarbetet på kommunal och regional nivå i norra Sverige.  Metod: En kvalitativ intervjustudie med semistrukturerade intervjuer genomfördes med åtta folkhälsovetare på kommunal och regional nivå i norra Sverige. En manifest innehållsanalys med induktiv ansats användes för att analysera materialet.  Resultat: Resultatet bestod av 4 kategorier och 14 subkategorier som beskrev deltagarnas olika erfarenheter och uppfattningar. Kategorin Erfarenheter och användningsområden beskrev de varierande erfarenheterna som deltagarna besatt samt inom vilka användningsområden deltagarna nyttjade eller önskade nyttja digitala verktyg. Kategorierna Politik och resursfördelning samt Behov beskrev de förutsättningar som deltagarna betraktade som betydelsefulla för att kunna nyttja digitala verktyg i folkhälsoarbetet. Sista kategorin God och jämlik hälsa beskrev de möjligheter och utmaningar som deltagarna uppfattade med att nyttja digitala verktyg i folkhälsoarbetet för att uppnå en god och jämlik hälsa.  Slutsats: Studiens fynd tyder på att det råder varierande erfarenheter av digitala verktyg inom folkhälsoarbetet på kommunal och regional nivå. Resultaten antyder även att en ökad integrering av folkhälsoperspektivet inom digitaliserings- och e-hälsosammanhang kan vara betydelsefull för möjligheterna att bidra till en god och jämlik hälsa. / Introduction: Digitalization influences multiple aspects of public health, yet the literature and policies related to digitalization and public health tend to provide vague descriptions of public health practice or public health perspectives. Previous research has further revealed an excessive emphasis on the technical and economic dimensions of digitalization, consequently overlooking social, cultural, and political perspectives. Aim: The aim of the study was to describe public health practitioners’ perceptions and experiences of the implementation or use of digital tools in public health practice at municipal and regional level in northern Sweden. Method: A qualitative interview study with semi-structured interviews was conducted with eight public health practitioners at municipal and regional level in northern Sweden. A manifest content analysis with an inductive approach was used for analysing. Results: The result consisted of 4 categories and 14 subcategories. The category Experiences and areas of use described the participants varying experiences as well as within which areas the participants used or wished to use digital tools. The categories Policy and resource allocation and Needs described prerequisites that the participants considered important to be able to use digital tools in public health practice. The last category Good and equal health described the opportunities and challenges that the participants perceived related to using digital tools within their work to achieve better and equal public health. Conclusion: The study findings indicate varying experiences of digital tools in public health practice at municipal and regional level. It emphasizes the importance of integrating public health perspectives into digitalization and e-health contexts to enhance public health outcomes.