Não obstante aos benefícios evidentes da aplicação do lodo de esgoto na cultura da cana-deaçúcar, conforme a norma No 375 do CONAMA, há ausência de informações sobre os elementos Be, Cd, Co, Cr, Ni, Pb, Tl e V que estão presentes lodo. Estes elementos podem contaminar o solo e a planta. Todavia, eles têm sido muito pouco avaliados, principalmente pelos baixos teores no solo e na planta, assim como pela baixa sensibilidade das técnicas convencionais de análise. O presente trabalho objetivou avaliar os efeitos da aplicação de lodo de esgoto na cana-planta sobre os teores de Be, Cd, Co, Cr, Ni, Pb, Tl e V no caldo. Foram aplicadas quatro doses de lodo (0; 3,6; 7,2 e 10,8 t ha-1, base seca) em experimento de campo, com cana-planta. Para obtenção do caldo de cana, os colmos foram colhidos, após 12 meses de cultivo da cana, e prensados. Inicialmente, verificou-se a viabilidade da decomposição assistida por radiação micro-ondas, utilizando-se de 5 mL de amostras de caldo, com ácido nítrico e ácido clorídrico concentrado. Este procedimento mostrou-se inadequado, pois a pressão interna gerada no tubo reacional foi superior ao limite máximo de 3.500 kPa (35 bar), com temperatura na faixa de 140oC, gerando extrato com material orgânico residual. Em novo teste, utilizando-se de 2,5 mL de amostras de caldo, com ácido nítrico, ácido clorídrico concentrados e peróxido de hidrogênio, obteve-se sucesso na decomposição da amostra, pois a pressão interna gerada no tubo reacional foi inferior ao limite máximo de 3.500 kPa (35 bar), com temperatura na faixa de 185oC, gerando extrato límpido, sem material orgânico residual. A partir de digeridos obtidos com o segundo protocolo, os teores Be, Cd, Co, Cr, Ni, Pb, Tl e V foram determinados por espectrometria de massa com plasma (ICP-MS). Os teores Be, Co, Cr, Ni, Pb, Tl e V no caldo de cana-de-açúcar não foram alterados pela aplicação do lodo de esgoto, cujos valores variaram de 1,1 a 36,4 \'mü\'g kg-1. Na dose 10,8 t ha-1, os teores de Cr e Pb no caldo foram menores e os de Cd, maiores, em relação às demais doses de lodo. Todos os teores observados foram muito abaixo dos limites máximos permitidos em alimentos, exceto o Tl, que foi o elemento que, independentemente da dose de lodo, mais limitou o consumo do caldo, em 0,6 kg dia / Despite the obvious benefits of sludge application in the sugarcane crop, as the CONAMA no 375 resolution, there is a lack of information about Be, Cd, Co, Cr, Ni, Pb, Tl and V elements present in the sewage sludge, which can contaminate soil and plant. However, they have been poorly evaluated, especially by the low contents in soil and plant, as the low sensitivity of conventional techniques. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of the sewage sludge application on the cane-plant, on the Be, Cd, Co, Cr, Ni, Pb, Tl and V contents in the juice. Four sewage sludge doses were applied (0, 3.6, 7.2 and 10.8 t ha-1, dry basis) in Field experiment with cane-plant. To obtain the sugarcane juice, the stalks were harvested after 12 months of sugarcane cultivation, and pressed. Initially, there was the feasibility of decomposition assisted by microwave radiation, using 5 mL juice samples, with nitric acid and concentrated hydrochloric acid. This procedure was inadequate because the internal pressure generated in the reaction tube was above the limit of 3,500 kPa (35 bar), with temperatures from 140 o C, leading to extract with residual organic material.In a new test, using 2.5-mL samples of juice, with nitric acid, hydrochloric acid and concentrated hydrogen peroxide, were successful in decomposing the sample, because the internal pressure generated in the reaction tube was below the limit maximum of 3500 kPa (35 bar), with temperatures in the range of 1850C, generating clear extract, without residual organic material. From digested obtained with the second protocol, the concentration of Be, Cd, Co, Cr, Ni, Pb, Tl and V were determined by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. The Be, Co, Cr, Ni, Pb, Tl and V concentration in sugarcane juice were not affected by the application of sewage sludge, with values ranging from to 1.1 a 36.4 \'mü\'g kg-1. In dose 10.8 t ha-1, the Cr and Pd concentration in the juice were lower and Cd contents were higher compared to other doses of sludge. All concentration observed were below the maximum allowed levels in food, except for Tl, which was the element that, regardless of sludge dose, limited the consumption of juice, at 0.6 kg day-1

Thesis (MTech (Environmental Health))--Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2017. / Surface water is used as a source of water supply in many countries, including South Africa. One of the sources of surface water pollution is leachate and surface runoff from landfills. In agricultural soils, the landfill runoff and leachate deteriorate the quality and affect the fertility of soil. The entry of metals and microorganisms from landfill leachate to adjacent environments is through surface runoff due to rainfall. Adverse effects on human- and environmental health triggers a need to monitor and control contaminants in the environment. The aims of the study are to determine the effect of landfill runoff and leachate on agricultural soil and river water (Veldwachters River) running adjacent to the Devon Valley landfill site and to identify potential metal-tolerant organisms in environmental samples collected in Stellenbosch, Western Cape, South Africa. Samples (agricultural soil, river water and sediments) were collected once a month for a period of six months from the study area for analysis. Physicochemical parameters that are known to have major effects on environmental samples were assessed and the concentrations of various metals (Al, Pb, Cr, Mn, Mo, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Fe, Cd and V) were also determined by means of inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). Soil texture analysis was tested in order to monitor the metal distribution in soils under the influence of environmental factors.

A troca de BaF2 por NaF altera as características físicas dos vidros fluorozirconados. Verificamos um aumento do índice de refração, da estabilidade frente à nnucleação e do módulo de Young com a concentração de NaF. A microdureza Vickers mostrou ser pouco afetada pelas condições de umidade, mas bastante dependente do polimento. O modelo simples, do tipo degrau, proposto para a microdureza não foi suficiente para explicar o comportamento da microdureza em função da carga. Vidros fluorozirconados dopados com Pr e Eu mostraram-se bastante estáveis, possibilitando seu emprego em fibras ópticas. Algumas composições de vidros contendo LiF mostraram uma redução do índice de refração e aumento da condutividade iônica com a concentração de LiF. A estabilidade e as propriedades de transmissão destes vidros são comparáveis às dos fluorozirconados tradicionais. Realizamos com sucesso o puxamento de fibras de vidros fluorindatos e a técnica e problemas de preparação de pré-formas são apresentados neste trabalho. / Replacing BaF2 for NaF yields physical properties modifications on fluorozirconate glasses. An increase of refraction index, thermal stability and young modulus was observed with NaF concentration. Humidity affects less Vickers microhardness than polishing conditions. A simple step model proposed for microhardness does not fit microhardness vs. load behaviors. Fluorozirconate glasses doped with Eu and Pr showed high stability allowing their use in optical fibers. Some glass compositions with LiF showed a decrease of refraction index and an increase of ionic conductivity with LiF content. Stability and transmission properties of these glasses are similar to those of traditional fluorozirconate glasses. We drew nice fibers from fluorindate glasses and the techniques and problems of perform preparation will be reported.

P1B-type ATPases transport a number of monovalent and divalent heavy metals (Cu+, Cu2+, Ag+, Zn2+, Cd2+, Pb2+ and Co+2) across biological membranes. These ATPases are found in archea, bacteria and eukaryotes and are one of the key elements required for maintaining metal homeostasis. Plants have an unusually high number of P1B-type ATPases with distinct metal selectivity compared to other eukaryotes that usually have one or two Cu+-ATPases. Higher plants are the only eukaryotes where Zn2+-ATPases have been identified. Towards understanding the physiological roles of plant Zn2+-ATPases, we characterized Arabidopsis thaliana HMA2. We expressed HMA2 in yeast and measured the metal dependent ATPase activity in membranes. We showed that HMA2 is a Zn2+-ATPase that is also activated by Cd2+. Zn2+ transport determinations showed that this enzyme drives the efflux of metal from the cytoplasm. Analysis of HMA2 mRNA levels showed that the enzyme is present in all plant organs. We analyzed the effect of removal of HMA2 full-length transcript in whole plants by gene knock out. Although hma2 mutants did not show a different visible phenotype from the wild type plants, we observed increased levels of Zn2+ or Cd2+. The observed phenotype of hma2 mutants and plasma membrane location of HMA2, mainly in vasculature (Hussain et al., 2004), indicates that this ATPase might have a central role in Zn2+ uploading into the phloem. P1B-type ATPases have cytoplasmic regulatory metal binding domains (MBDs) in addition to transmembrane metal binding sites (TMBDs). Plant Zn2+-ATPases have distinct sequences in both their N- and C-termini that might contribute to novel metal binding sites. These ATPases contain long C-terminal sequences rich in CC dipeptides and His repeats. Removal of the C-terminus (C-MBD) of HMA2 leads to a 50% reduction in the enzyme turnover suggesting a regulatory role for this domain. Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (AAS) analysis showed that Zn2+ binds to C-MBD with a stoichiometry of three (3 Zn/C-MBD). Chemical modification studies and Zn K-edge X-ray Absorption Spectroscopy (XAS) of Zn-C-MBD showed that Zn2+ is likely coordinated by His in two sites and the third site slightly differs from the others involving a Cys together with three His. All plant Zn2+-ATPases lack the typical CXXC signature sequences observed in Cu+-ATPases and some bacterial Zn2+-ATPases N-terminus metal binding domains (N-MBDs). Instead, these have conserved CCXXE sequences. Truncation of HMA2 N-MBD results in a 50% decrease in enzyme Vmax suggesting that N-MBD is also a regulatory domain. The results indicate that the N-MBD binds Zn2+ with a stoichiometry of one (1 Zn/N-MBD). Metal binding analysis of individual N-MBD mutants Cys17Ala, Cys18Ala and Glu21Ala/Cys prevented Zn+2 binding to HMA2 N-MBD suggesting the involvement of all these residues in metal coordination. ATPase activity measurements with HMA2 carrying the mutations Cys17Ala, Cys18Ala and Glu21Ala/Cys showed a reduction in the enzyme activity similar to that observed the truncated protein indicating that the enzyme activity reduction observed in the N-terminus truncated forms of the enzyme is related to the removal of the metal binding capability. Summaryzing, these studies show the central role of HMA2 in plant Zn2+ homeostasis. They also describe the mechanism and direction of Zn2+ transport. Finally, they establish the presence of novel metal binding domains in the cytoplasmic portion of the enzyme. Metal binding to these domains is required for full enzymatic activity.

Depuis le début des années 1990, différentes stratégies de phytoremédiation ont été proposées pour réhabiliter les zones polluées par des éléments traces métalliques (ETM). Parmi ces stratégies, la phytoextraction consiste en l’absorption et l’accumulation par les plantes des ETM présents dans les sols. Afin de mettre en place cette stratégie, il a été proposé d’utiliser le peuplier en raison de sa croissance rapide, de son importante biomasse et de ses débouchés énergétiques. Cependant une proportion considérable des métaux absorbés par cet arbre est accumulée dans les feuilles alors que celles-ci chutent à l’automne. Ainsi, l’efficacité de phytoextraction du peuplier peut se trouver limitée si aucun mécanisme de remobilisation des ETM n’est mis en place au cours de la sénescence automnale. Dans ce contexte, une partie des travaux de cette thèse a été réalisée sur la parcelle expérimentale de Pierrelaye polluée suite à l’épandage d’eaux usées de la ville de Paris. Nous avons recherché parmi les 14 génotypes de peuplier présents sur le site, ceux qui sont les plus efficaces pour remobiliser les métaux des feuilles vers les parties pérennes. Des mesures de contenu en métaux, d’expression de gènes et des analyses corrélatives ont ouvert de nouvelles pistes concernant la gestion des métaux foliaires. Parce que la vacuole constitue le principal lieu de stockage des métaux de la cellule, les protéines d’efflux vacuolaire NRAMP (Natural Resistance-Associated Macrophage Protein) précédemment identifiées chez Arabidopsis thaliana, représentent de bons candidats pour stimuler la remobilisation des métaux foliaires. La caractérisation de leurs homologues chez le peuplier a donc été entreprise par expression chez la levure et chez A. thaliana. Afin de contrôler indépendamment le transport des métaux essentiels et non-essentiels chez les NRAMP, une étude visant à identifier les déterminants structuraux impliqués dans leur sélectivité a été réalisée. La caractérisation des mutants NRAMP affectés dans leur sélectivité par expression chez A. thaliana a mis en lumière leur impact sur l’accumulation et la tolérance aux métaux. Dans le but d’étudier l’implication de mécanismes plus généraux de recyclage des nutriments dans la remobilisation des métaux au cours de la sénescence foliaire, le rôle de l’autophagie a été testé chez A. thaliana. L’étude de plantes déficientes pour l’autophagie a montré l’implication de ce mécanisme dans l’efficacité d’utilisation des métaux et probablement dans leur remobilisation au cours de la sénescence. En combinant des études en champ sur le peuplier et de génétique moléculaire chez Arabidopsis, ce travail permet de proposer différentes pistes pour diminuer spécifiquement l’accumulation des ETM dans les feuilles de peuplier. / Since the early 1990s, various strategies have been proposed to rehabilitate trace element (TE) polluted areas by phytoremediation. Among these strategies, phytoextraction consists in TE uptake from soil and accumulation by plants. To implement this strategy, it has been proposed to use poplar due to its fast growth, its large biomass and its use in energy production. However, a substantial proportion of absorbed metals is accumulated in poplar leaves which fall in autumn. Thus, poplar phytoextraction efficiency may be limited if TE are not re-mobilized during autumn senescence. In this context, part of this thesis work has been carried out on the experimental field of Pierrelaye which was polluted by the spreading of sewage water from Paris. Among the 14 poplar genotypes growing on the field, we tried to identify those that efficiently remobilize leaf metals to perennial organs. Metal content, gene expression and correlative analyses have been undertaken, providing new insight in the management of metals in leaves. Because the vacuole is the main metal storage compartment in the cell, NRAMP (Natural Resistance-Associated Macrophage Protein) vacuolar efflux proteins previously identified in Arabidopsis thaliana are good candidates to enhance leaf metal remobilization. Characterization of their homologues in poplar was therefore undertaken by expression in yeast and in A. thaliana. In order to independently control the transport of essential and non-essential metals by NRAMP, a study aiming to identify the structural determinants involved in selectivity was undertaken. Expression of NRAMP mutants affected in their selectivity in A. thaliana highlighted their impact on metal accumulation and tolerance. To study the involvement of more general nutrient recycling mechanisms in metal remobilization during leaf senescence, the involvement of autophagy was tested in A. thaliana. Physiological characterization of autophagy deficient plants indicated that this mechanism plays a role in metal use efficiency and probably in metal remobilization during senescence. By combining a field approach on poplar and molecular genetics in Arabidopsis, this work opens multiple perspectives to specifically reduce the accumulation of TE in poplar leaves.

Elementos-traço, de fontes naturais ou antropogênicas, são despejados continuamente nos rios, fato que acarreta sérios problemas, devido a sua toxicidade, longa persistência, bioacumulação e biomagnificação na cadeia alimentar. O sistema lagunar Tijuca-Jacarepaguá-Marapendi recebe um enorme aporte de nutrientes e poluentes devido aos impactos antrópicos em seus rios. Este estudo tem como objetivo principal avaliar os níveis de cobre, zinco, chumbo e alumínio em músculo e víscera na espécie Sardinella brasiliensis (sardinha), que habita a saída do Canal de Sernambetiba, Barra da Tijuca, Rio de Janeiro (RJ). Ao total foram analisados 44 indivíduos. O cobre em músculo apresentou uma concentração média de 0,5 0,66 mg/Kg e de 1,3 10,13 mg/Kg em víscera. Os valores de zinco em músculo e víscera foram de 5,2 3,69 mg/Kg e 25,6 48,16 mg/Kg, respectivamente. A concentração de chumbo foi de 2,48 3,09 mg/Kg (músculo) e 25,6 48,16 mg/Kg (víscera), enquanto a concentração de alumínio variou de 1,68 3,67 mg/Kg em músculo e 28,72 26,99 mg/Kg em víscera. Dentre as amostras, 56,8% apresentaram valores acima do limite estabelecido para consumo humano pela legislação brasileira para chumbo. Os elementos-traço apresentaram tendências de acumulação diferentes de acordo com o local (músculo ou víscera). As concentrações dos metais em músculo foram menores do que em vísceras. Os valores encontrados devem servir de alerta para uma contaminação da população de Sardinella brasiliensis que habita a saída do canal de Sernambetiba. Concluiu-se que a concentração de chumbo nos peixes encontrados estão acima dos limites permitidos para o consumo humano, e que a região encontra-se impactada / Trace elements, of natural or antropogênicas sources, are poured continuously in the rivers, fact that causes serious problems, due its toxicity, long persistence, bioacumulation and biomagnification. The Tijuca-Jacarepagua-Marapendis lagunar system receives an enormous one arrives in port of nutrients and pollutants due to the humans impacts in its rivers. The present study investigated heavy metals (copper, zinc, lead and aluminum) variance in Sardinella brasiliensis (sardines) in Jacarepagua lagoon, Barra da Tijuca, Rio de Janeiro (RJ). 44 samples had been analyzed. The copper in muscle presented an average concentration of 0,50,66 mg/Kg and 1,310,13 mg/Kg in viscera. The values of zinc in muscle and viscera had been of 5,23,69 mg/Kg and 25,648,16 mg/Kg, respectively. The lead concentration was of 2,483,09 mg/Kg (muscle) and 25,648,16 mg/Kg (viscera). The aluminum concentration was of 1,68 3,67 mg/Kg in muscle and 28,72 26,99 mg/Kg in viscera. Amongst samples 56.8% they had presented values above of the limit established for human consumption for the Brazilian legislation for lead. Heavy metals had not presented the same trend of accumulation depending on the place (muscle or viscera). The concentrations of trace elements in muscle had been lesser of what in viscera. The values must serve of alert for a contamination of the population of Sardinella brasiliensis that inhabits the canal of Sernambetiba. Concluded that the concentrations of heavy metal in the fish are above of the limits allowed for the human consumption, and that the region was impacted

Submitted by Jorge Silva (jorgelmsilva@ufrrj.br) on 2017-04-11T21:39:47Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2016 - Tatiana de Oliveira Pinto.pdf: 3500914 bytes, checksum: faf0cbd627200d0ed657530e3be59be3 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-04-11T21:39:47Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2016 - Tatiana de Oliveira Pinto.pdf: 3500914 bytes, checksum: faf0cbd627200d0ed657530e3be59be3 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-02-29 / CAPES / Cadmium is a heavy metal and it offers high risks to human health and it can affect ecosystem functioning at trace levels due to high toxicity, persistence time, which transcends decades and the fact that its bioavailability not diminish the long term. Rice (Oryza sativa L.) has the ability to incorporate large amounts of Cd2+ in their tissues and, therefore, today is the cereal that further incorporates this metal in the human diet by ingestion, causing serious health problems like the known disease as "Itai-Itai", whose main symptoms severe pain in bones and frequent fractures. For this reason rice plants were used in this study in combination with natural materials to assess the effects of these Cd2+. Natural materials such derived from organic matter is currently being used in the remediation of soils and effluents, but studies on the risks of its use today are scarce and often controversial. The use of humified organic matter like vermicompost and its derivatives is a sustainable alternative for the remediation of soils and sewage contaminated by heavy metals due to their chemical composition environmentally non-aggressive, low production cost and possible application in various crops. The aim of this study was to investigate the characteristics of biochar, vermicompost (VC), its solid fraction (RVC) and humin for use in the remediation of soil contaminated with Cd2+. For this was performed characterization of the interactions between the metal and the material through Freundlich and Langmuir adsorption isotherms, spectroscopic techniques CP MAS 13C-NMR and FTIR was also evaluated the ability of each material to provide Cd2+ to plants rice, by determining the root and leaf development parameters and Cd2+ content in plant tissues and the substrate. The surface morphology of the materials was performed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). This study demonstrates that biochar used and humin are not effective materials for use in remediation. The biochar, although showing a high retention of Cd2+ allowed the bio availability of Cd2+ increasing the accumulation in tissues of rice plants. VC and RVC resulted materials with high Cd2+ retention capacity with a low availability of the metal. Specifically, the RVC can be an effective material for remediation purposes. We warn the risks of use the materials studied for soil remediation purposes contaminated with Cd2+ and propose the use of a new natural source material for phytoremediation purposes. / O C?dmio constitui um metal pesado que oferece altos riscos ? sa?de humana e que pode afetar o funcionamento do ecossistema em n?veis residuais devido ? sua alta toxicidade, seu tempo de persist?ncia, que excede d?cadas e ao fato de sua biodisponibilidade n?o diminuir a longo prazo. O arroz (Oryza sativa L.) possui a capacidade de incorporar quantidades importantes de Cd2+ em seus tecidos e, por esta raz?o, ? hoje o cereal que mais incorpora este metal na dieta humana por ingest?o, ocasionando s?rios problemas de sa?de como a doen?a conhecida como ?Itai-Itai?, que tem como principais sintomas fortes dores nos ossos e frequentes fraturas. Por esta raz?o plantas de arroz foram utilizadas neste estudo em associa??o com os materiais naturais para avalia??o dos efeitos do Cd2+ nestas. Materiais como os derivados da mat?ria org?nica vem sendo utilizados atualmente na remedia??o de solos e efluentes, por?m estudos sobre os riscos de seu uso s?o hoje escassos e muitas vezes controversos. A utiliza??o de mat?ria org?nica humificada, como Vermicomposto e seus derivados ? uma alternativa sustent?vel na remedia??o de solos e efluentes contaminados por metais pesados, devido ? sua composi??o qu?mica ambientalmente n?o agressiva, baixo custo de produ??o, e poss?vel aplica??o em diversas culturas vegetais. O objetivo deste estudo foi investigar as caracter?sticas do biochar, vermicomposto (VC), sua fra??o s?lida (RVC) e humina para serem usados na remedia??o de solos contaminados com Cd2+. Para tal foi realizada a carateriza??o das intera??es entre o metal e os materiais, atrav?s de isotermas de adsor??o de Freundlich e Langmuir, t?cnicas espectrosc?picas CP MAS 13C-RMN e FTIR, foi tamb?m avaliada a capacidade de cada material para biodisponibilizar o Cd2+ para plantas de arroz, atrav?s da determina??o de par?metros de desenvolvimento radicular e foliar e dos conte?dos de Cd2+ nos tecidos das plantas e no substrato. A morfologia da superf?cie dos materiais foi avaliada mediante microscopia eletr?nica de varredura (MEV). Este estudo demonstra que o biochar utilizado e a humina n?o s?o materiais eficientes para serem utilizados na remedia??o. O biochar, embora apresentando uma elevada reten??o de Cd2+ permitiu a biodisponibiliza??o do Cd2+ aumentando o ac?mulo nos tecidos das plantas de arroz. O VC e RVC resultaram materiais com elevada capacidade de reten??o de Cd2+ com uma baixa disponibiliza??o do metal. Especificamente o RVC pode constituir um material eficiente para fins de remedia??o. Adverte-se sobres os riscos no uso dos materiais estudados para fins de remedia??o de solos contaminados com Cd2+ e prop?em-se a utiliza??o deste novo material para fins de fitorremedia??o.

O destino e a utilização da imensa quantidade de resíduo sólido produzida nas cidades devem ser regulados por critérios rigorosamente científicos, desta forma, a aplicação no solo do composto produzido a partir deste material deve vir precedida de pesquisas que demonstrem a viabilidade ou não do seu uso. Neste trabalho utilizou-se o composto no cultivo da cenoura e analisou-se alguns parâmetros do composto, do solo e das cenouras, quantitativa e qualitativamente, para obter subsídios suficientes para o uso responsável e adequado deste tipo de resíduo na agricultura. Desta forma, com os resultados obtidos através das avaliações dos teores totais e disponíveis de metais (Zn, Pb, Ni, Cu, Cd e Cr) nas amostras de solo e nas raízes das cenouras, pode-se verificar a viabilidade da aplicação do composto para o cultivo da cenoura, considerando que não houve indícios de que o teor de qualquer metal nas raízes tenha sido suficientemente alto para trazer qualquer dano a saúde de quem as consome, entretanto o aumento da mortalidade das mudas relacionou-se diretamente com a taxa de aplicação do composto evidenciando um aspecto negativo da sua aplicação. / The destination and the use of the immense amount of municipal solid wastes should be strictly regulated by scientific approaches. Taking that into consideration, the application in the soil of the compost produced from this residue should be preceeded of studies to prove its viability. In this work, the compost was used in the cultivation of carrot. Some parameters of the compost, soil and carrots were analysed quantitatively and qualitatively to obtain subsidies for the responsible and appropriate use of this material in the agriculture. The viability of compost application was verified, when cultivating carrots, by evaluating the total amount of available metais (Zn, Pb, Ni, Cu, Cd and Cr) in the soil compost and carrot roots, because there were no indications of sufficiently high traces of metals in the roots to cause any harm to human health. However, the increase of the plants\' mortality was directly related with the compost application rate, thus evidencing a negative aspect of its use.

Submitted by Silvana Teresinha Dornelles Studzinski (sstudzinski) on 2016-06-15T13:44:09Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Luísa Schenato Staldoni_.pdf: 4792953 bytes, checksum: 84d4c5a4a327e7b23a28c7909b93ef19 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-15T13:44:09Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Luísa Schenato Staldoni_.pdf: 4792953 bytes, checksum: 84d4c5a4a327e7b23a28c7909b93ef19 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-04-22 / CNPQ – Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / Esta pesquisa é um estudo de duas culturas alternativas: heavy metal e veganismo. Nossa proposta é analisar os processos de interação (entre indivíduos) e a circulação comunicacional derivada nessas culturas na perspectiva intra e intermidiática (FERREIRA, 2007; 2013 e ROSA; 2012), sob a ótica dos conceitos de sociedade em rede (CASTELLS, 2002) e dispositivo midiático (BRAGA, 2015 e FERREIRA, 2006; 2015), a fim de entender como se constitui o processo de midiatização nesses espaços. Para a observação empírica selecionamos o site Whiplash, que veicula matérias sobre heavy metal e seus subgêneros, e o Portal Vista-se, que produz conteúdo sobre veganismo. Em ambos identificamos agrupamentos e lógicas que conceituamos como confraria de amadores (FLICHY, 2010). A partir disso, a pergunta de base deste trabalho é: Nos casos específicos (Whiplash e Vista-se), que lógicas são acionadas na circulação intramidiática e intermidiática para a constituição de culturas alternativas? Com base nessa problematização, constituímos nosso caso de pesquisa, elaborando análises individuais para cada um desses objetos, observando usos e apropriações midiáticas realizadas pelos atores sociais inscritos nesses espaços, construindo, deste modo, um episódio analítico. Por fim, cruzamos estes dados em um texto de reflexão transversal, que nos permitiu entender, para além dos casos específicos, como está acontecendo o processo de midiatização dessas culturas alternativas e como este cenário complexifica não só as relações, mas a própria cultura. / This research is a study of two alternative cultures: heavy metal and veganism. Our porposal is to analyze the interaction (among individuals) and communicational circulation processes derived in these cultures in the intramediatic and intermediatic perspective (FERREIRA, 2007: 2013) and (ROSA, 2012), under the scrutiny of network society (CASTELLS, 2002) and mediatic devices (BRAGA, 2015 e FERREIRA, 2006; 2015) concepts, in order to understand how the mediatization processes occur in these spaces. To the empiric observation, we selected the site Whiplash that issues reports on heavy metal and its subgenres, and the site ―Vista-se‖, which produces content about veganism. On both we identified groupings and logics which we named ―Confraria de Amadores‖ (Amateur Confraternity) (FLICHY, 2010). From that, the main question for this research is: In these specific cases (Whiplash and Vista-se), what reasoning is activates at the intramediatic and intermediatic circulations for the construction of alternatives cultures? Based on this problematization, we constituted our research case, elaborating individual analysis for each of these objects, observing the use and mediatic appropriation carried out by the social actors subscribed in this objects, building, thus, an analytical episode. Finally, the data were crossed in a transversal analytical text allowing, thus, the understanding beyond the specific cases how the mediatization processes of these alternative cultures are occurring and how this scenario, complexifies, not just the relations, but the culture itself.

This study looks at female musicians performing in subcultural rock genres commonly considered non-gender-conforming, such as punk rock, heavy metal, noise, and experimental. Twenty-four interviews were conducted with female musicians who reflected on their experiences as musicians. Themes emerged on women’s patterns of entry into music, barriers they negotiated while playing, and forces that may push them out of the music scene. Once women gained a musician identity, their gender functioned as a master status. They negotiated sexism when people questioned their abilities, assumed men played better, expected them to fail, held them to conventional gender roles, and sexually objectified them. Normative expectations of women as primary caregivers for children, internalization of criticism, and high personal expectations are considered as factors that contribute to women’s exit from musical careers. This research closes with suggestions for how more women and girls can be socialized into rock music.